COHERENCE and COHESION

Coherence: Tính mạch lạc

- Chia đoạn logically
- All ideas have to support central idea

Cohesion: Tính liên kết

- Connections between sentences

Linking phrases - Relation: Therefore, However,

- Complement (Mệnh đề bổ ngữ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn): In
recent years,
- Indirect speech: It is obvious that,/ It is the fact that

Referencing - They / it
- This / It / That thay thế cho cả câu phía trước
- This/That/these/ those (+N)

Ideas Hidden linking phrases

Obvious connection between 2 sentences

Linking phrases

Cause - Result Therefore, / Thus, / Hence,

E.g. I will go to Ellen’s party and thus/therefore, I will meet you.
As a result,/ As a consequence, / Consequently,
It is due to/because of + N/ V_ing
It is because S + V
due to = because of = by virtue of

Contrasting By contrast, / In contrast, / On the contrary,

However, / Nevertheless, / Nonetheless,
Regardless of N = Despite N

Detail To be more specific, / To be more detailed, / In details,

Generalize In general, / In summary, / To summarize, / In a nutshell,

- Connections between ideas

GRAMMAR
- Error-free sentences
+ Disagreement between S and V
+ Punctuation ( Mệnh đề 1, F A N B O Y S Mệnh đề 2)
+ Word form
+ Dangling participle
Being bitten at the age of 5, he is scared of the dog for life.
- Advanced grammar
 + Relative clause (rut’ gon)
+ If (thường đk loại 1 và có thể thay thế cho when)
Provided that (= if) students are exposed to international news at a very young age, they will
form a habit of updating information when they grow up.
Without the support of citizens (= if there is no support of citizens), the government could not
handle the problem.
In case of fire (= if fire happens), you should run out the front door.
+ Inversion (đảo ngữ)
Not only _ but also: (dùng thay cho ...and...)
Travelling abroad not only can give people more opportunities to connect with others, but it
also allows them to broaden their horizons.
=> Not only can travelling abroad give people more opportunities to connect with others, but
it also allows them to broaden their horizons.
Under no circumstance: Không trong bất kỳ tình huống nào (= definitely not)
You should definitely not approach the man.
=> Under no circumstance should you approach the man.
Maths should be a selective subject
=> Under no circumstance should maths be made a selective subject = Maths should
definitely not be made a selective subject.
Under no circumstance could the government handle environmental problems alone.
- The variety of sentence structure
Compound
Mệnh đề 1, FANBOYS mệnh đề 2
Complex
If
mệnh đề ràng buộc: although, while, when, after/before
indirect speech: It is that fact that plastic bags are destroying our environment.
relative clause
Compound complex
Plastic bags which are made from recycled plastics can damage the environment, so in
order to reduce that negative impact, the government should encourage citizens to use
paper bags or cloth bags.

S V O Complement

in 1999
in Vietnam
=> where, when
to recycle

HOMEWORK
Some people say that protecting the environment is the responsibility of the
governments, not individuals because individuals can do too little. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
-> totally agree/ Disagree
-> agree/disagree with extent (disagree: individuals’ effort matters. However, it needs the
guidance/support of the government: funding, strategy, equipment, scientific research ->
PROVE why they needs support from the government, NOT listing the ways that
government can support)

LEXICAL RESOURCE
- less common vocabularies
- collocations
- fixed structure: allow sb to do st, invest in st
Environment:
eco-balance
carbon footprint _ ecological footprint

Secondly, greater living standard helps people to enhance our knowledge about how
to preserve the surroundings.