KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

◼ 1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain the properties of

liquids and solids (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)
◼ 2. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)
◼ 3. Discuss the 5 basic assumptions using the Kinetic Molecular
Theory
ELICIT

◼ Which basketball weighs more an inflated or deflated ball?

Why?
ENGAGE:

◼ An inflated balloon weighs mores than a deflated balloon because it has

more gas molecules inside it. Each of the gas particles has a mass, thus it
weighs more.
ENGAGE:

Observation on Gases Postulates on Kinetic Molecular Theory

An inflated basketball weighs more than a deflated A gas consist of a very small particles each of which has
basketball mass
Gases are easily compressed The distance separating gas particles is relatively large
Gases has low densities
Gases quickly diffuse. Collision slow diffusion Gas particles are in constant, rapid, random motion,
continually colliding
Gases exert pressure. Pressure is force per unit area. (add Collision of gas particles with each other or with the walls
more gas, get more pressure) No KE is lost of the containers are perfectly elastic.
Gas particles do not slow down and condense into a liquid Gas particle exert no force on one another. They do not
because they exert only very weak attractive forces upon attract or repel each other.
each other.
Kinetic energy is energy in motion. Gas particles speed up The average kinetic energy of gas particles depend only
as the temperature increases. on the temperature of the gas.
 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
Postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

1. Gases consist of tiny particles (atoms or molecules)

2. These particles are so small, compared with the distances between

them, that the volume (size) of the individual particles can be assumed
to be negligible (zero).

3. The particles are in constant random motion, colliding with the walls of
the container. These collisions with the walls cause the pressure exerted
by the gas.

4. The particles are assumed not to attract or to repel each other.

5. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is directly proportional

to the Kelvin temperature of the gas
EXPLORE:
A. There are 2 bottles. Bottle A is
smaller than bottle B. Each of the
bottles has the same amount of gas
and has the same temperature.
Which one contains the lower
pressure? Why?
Bottle A :T= 300 K
A B
B. There are 2 bottles. Bottle A has a temperature
of 300 K while bottle B has a temperature of 350K.
Both of the bottles has the same size and contains
the same number of gas molecules. In which would
be the pressure be highest? Why?
K = unit of temperature
Bottle B :T= 350 K
EXPLORE:

C. Ben saw his dad open a champagne bottle on is

birthday. He heard it go pop and saw it bubble up.
Which postulate do you think this scenario
follows?
KMT EXPLAINS THE GAS LAW

A. Boyles Law:
When the gas volume is
reduced., the container area will
also reduced and the frequency
of molecule wall collision
increases the gas pressure.
KMT EXPLAINS THE GAS LAW

B. CHARLES LAW
a constant pressure can only be
maintained if the volume filled by the
gas increases as the temperature of gas
rises.

As a result, the molecules will travel

longer average length to reach the
container walls resulting in more
surface area on the container walls.
KMT EXPLAINS THE GAS LAW

C. GAY-LUSSAC’s LAW
The average speed and Kinetic energy of
gas molecules increases as the temperature
rises. If the volume remain unchanged, the
higher speed of the gas molecules causes
more frequents and more powerful
collision with the container walls, resulting
in greater pressure.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
◼ Particles in an ideal gas…
◼ Particles in an ideal gas…
◼ have no volume.
◼ don’t attract or repel each other.
◼ have elastic collisions.
◼ have an avg. KE directly related to
◼ are in constant, random, straight-line motion. Kelvin temperature.

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

REAL GASES
◼ Gas behavior is most ideal…
◼ Particles in a REAL gas…
◼ at low pressures
◼ have their own volume
◼ at high temperatures
◼ attract each other ◼ in nonpolar atoms/molecules

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES

Gases expand to fill any container.

◼ random motion, no attraction

Gases are fluids (like liquids).

◼ no attraction

Gases have very low densities.

◼ no volume = lots of empty space

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

 CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES

◼ Gases can be compressed.

◼ no volume = lots of empty space

◼ Gases undergo diffusion & effusion.

◼ random motion

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

PROPERTIES OF GASES

Gas properties can be modeled using math.

Model depends on:

V = volume of the gas (liters, L)

T = temperature (Kelvin, K)
P = pressure (atmospheres, atm)
n = amount (moles, mol)
PRESSURE - TEMPERATURE - VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

P V
P TTT V
P V
1 ___
Boyle’s P α
V
Charles V α
T
Gay-Lussac’s P α
T
PRESSURE - TEMPERATURE - VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

P Tn VV
1 ___
Boyle’s P α
V
Charles V α
T
Gay-Lussac’s P α
T
PRESSURE AND BALLOONS
B When balloon is being filled:
PA > P B
A
When balloon is filled and tied:
PA = P B
When balloon deflates:
PA < P B

A = pressure exerted BY balloon

B = pressure exerted ON balloon
 BALLOON RIDDLE

When the balloons are untied, A

will the large balloon (A) inflate
the small balloon (B); will they
end up the same size or will the
small balloon inflate the large B
balloon?

Why?

C
KINETIC THEORY AND THE GAS LAWS

10
10 10 10

(a) (b) (c)

original temperature increased temperature increased temperature
original pressure increased pressure original pressure
original volume original volume increased volume

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 323 (newer book)
ELABORATE: KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY LIMITATION

◼ Kinetic Molecular theory assumptions that intermolecular forces are minimal and molecule volume is
insignificant.

◼ Intermolecular forces do not exist in real gas molecules. When the pressure on the real gas rises, and the
molecules are forced closed together, they can attract one another . This attraction cause the molecules to slow
down before slamming into the container walls.
ELABORATE:
WHAT IS THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN IDEAL GAS AND REAL GAS?

IDEAL GAS .
◼ is one that obeys the gas laws under all temperature and pressure
conditions.
◼ The gas must strictly adhere to the Kinetic Molecular Theory
◼ The gas particles must occupy zero volume and display no attractive
forces toward one another.
ELABORATE:
WHAT IS THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN IDEAL GAS AND REAL GAS?

REAL GAS .
◼ is one that does not behave according to the kinetic molecular theory’s
assumptions.
◼ The temperature and pressure found in the laboratory , actual gases tend
to behave quiet similarly to Ideal gases
 KMT IN RELATION TO LIQUIDS AND SOLID

C. GAY-LUSSAC’s LAW
The average speed and Kinetic energy of
Activity 2: Be a Science Detective!
◼ Directions: Investigate and analyze the given situation. Explain the phenomenon. Based on the kinetic
molecular model, solids usually have higher densities compared to liquids. However, ice, a solid form of
H2O floats on liquid water which means ice is less dense than water. What do you think is the reason
for this observation? What is the biological significance of this concept?
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EVALUATE:
REFLECT

◼ In your own words, can you explain the Kinetic Molecular Theory to
your younger siblings?
How can you explain it to them so that they can appreciate it?
 LESSON 2: TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

◼ The attractions between molecules are not nearly

as strong as the intramolecular attractions (bonds)
that hold compounds together.
◼ Many physical properties reflect intermolecular
forces, like boiling points, melting points, viscosity,
surface tension, and capillary action.
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES

(within molecules).
◼ forces hold atoms together in a
molecule. Intramolecular forces
stabilize individual molecules.
Generally, these forces are simply
chemical bonds such as ionic and
covalent bonding.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
❑ are attractive forces between
molecules. Intermolecular forces are
responsible for the non-ideal behavior
of gases, but they exert more influence
in the condensed phases of matter -
liquids and solids.
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

◼ London Dispersion Forces

◼ Dipole-dipole Forces
◼ Hydrogen Bonding
◼ Ion-Dipole Forces
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

1. London Dispersion Forces

◼ are intermolecular forces of attraction between all atoms and molecules

◼ In addition, dispersion forces are the only kind of intermolecular forces
present among symmetrical nonpolar substances such as O2 and CO2
and monoatomic species such as noble gases. Without dispersion forces,
such substances could not condense to form liquids or solidify to form
solids.
◼ Dispersion forces are weak attractive forces that result from the
continuous movement of electrons in particles.
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

2. Dipole-dipole Forces

◼ are attractive forces between polar molecules, that is, between

molecules that possess dipole moments.
◼ The larger the dipole moment, the greater the force. Dipole-dipole
forces are the attraction between the positive end of one molecule
and the negative end of another.
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

3. Hydrogen Bonding
◼ Hydrogen bond is a special case of very strong dipole-dipole interaction.
It is not a chemical bond in a formal sense.
◼ Strong Hydrogen bonding occurs among polar covalent molecules
containing H and one of the three small, highly electronegative elements
– F, O, or N.
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

4. Ion-Dipole Forces
◼ Ion-dipole force acts between an ion (either cation or anion) and a polar
molecule.
◼ When an ionic compound is placed in an aqueous solution, the positive
end of the ionic compound becomes surrounded by the partial negative
end of the ionic compound.
◼ In turn, it becomes surrounded by the partial positive Hydrogen ion in
water. In short, the positive pole is attracted to the negative ion (anion),
while the negative pole is attracted to a positive ion (cation).
WHAT'S MORE P. 9

Activity 4: Operation Crossword Puzzle Directions: Complete the crossword by filling in the boxes to form a word
that fits each clue. Disregard space between two-word phrases or hyphens.

Across:
1. This is a special case of a very strong dipole-dipole interaction.
2. 4. The force that holds atoms together in a molecule.
3. 6. Intermolecular forces present among symmetrical nonpolar
substances.
4. 8. The attractive force between molecules.

Down:
2. This is an intermolecular force that acts between an ion and a polar
molecule.
3. A collective term used to define the attraction of intermolecular
forces.
5. These are attractive forces between polar molecules.
7. The atom of this element forms hydrogen bonding.
ACTIVITY 5: WHAT IF?

◼ Directions: Investigate and analyze the given situation. Provide a detailed explanation for each case.

Water is present in almost every living thing, including human beings. It was discussed
that water molecules are held by Hydrogen bonds. What do you think will happen if
Hydrogen bonding in water does not exist at all?
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EXPLORE:
Materials:
◼ Procedure:
◼ Bowl / cup / beaker
1. Fill a bowl with water close to the top
◼ 100 ml of water
◼ Pin / paper clip, tissue paper
2. Very gently, place the paper clip or pin on the surface of water
so that it floats there.
3. Observed the surface of the water around the floating paper
clip
4. Take the clean toothpick and touch the surface of water? What
will happen?
5. Now take the tissue paper and place the paper clip/pin on the
top of it.
What do you think will happen when you touch the surface of the
water?
 LESSON 3. PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

◼ Surface Tension
◼ Surface tension is the force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract.

◼ It is the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an

external force due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.

◼ Phenomena such as insects walking on the surface of the water, droplets of

liquid being spherical in shape, and needles remaining suspended on the
surface of the water can all be explained in terms of surface tension
CAPILLARY ACTION

◼ tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be drawn into

small openings such as those between grains of a rock. Capillary
action, also known as capillarity, is a result of the intermolecular
attraction between the liquid and solid materials.
TWO TYPES OF FORCES ARE INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY ACTION:

2. Adhesion
is an attraction between unlike molecules (such as those in
water and in the particles that make up the glass tube).
VISCOSITY

◼ Viscosity is the resistance of fluids to flow. A liquid's

resistance (friction) to flow exists between the
molecules of liquid when they move past each other. The
greater the resistance in flowing, the more viscous the
liquid is.
VAPOR PRESSURE

◼ Vaporization is a phase change from liquid to gas, while

the opposite process (gas to liquid) is condensation.
When liquid molecules break free from their neighbors
and escape into the gas phase, the process is called
evaporation.
MOLAR HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

◼ The relationship between vapor pressure and strength of intermolecular forces is

consistent with the trends in two other properties of liquids, the enthalpy or molar
heat of vaporization and the boiling point of the liquid.

◼ The heat of vaporization may be considered a measure of the strength of intermolecular

forces in a liquid. If the intermolecular attraction is strong, it takes a lot of energy to free the
molecules from the liquid phase, and the heat of vaporization will be high.
BOILING POINT

◼ The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the

liquid changes into a gas. A liquid boils when its vapor pressure
equals the pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. The
boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of
a liquid is equal to the external pressure.
ENGAGE
EVALUATE: WORD HUNT
REFLECTION: