CSE 2019

19 January 2024 21:46

The land grant, called iqta'a, was usually for a holder's lifetime; . In the Mughal
times, the jagirdar collected taxes which paid his salary and the rest to the Mughal
treasury, while the administration and military authority was given to a separate
Mughal appointee , the system of jagirs was retained
by Marathas, Charans, Rajput, Rajpurohit, Jat, and Sikh jat kingdoms, and later in a
form by the British East India Company
Land reform in India
• Abolition of intermediaries (rent collectors under the pre-Independence land revenue
system);
• Tenancy regulation (to improve the contractual terms including the security of tenure);
• A ceiling on landholdings (to redistributing surplus land to the landless);
• Attempts to consolidate disparate landholdings;
• encouragement of cooperative joint farming;
• settlement and regulation of tenancy
The most notable and successful example of land reforms are in the states of West
Bengal and Kerala Another successful land reform program was launched in Jammu
and Kashmir after 1947.
1942 the Kumarappan Committee recommended the maximum size of lands a
landlord can retain. By 1961-62, all the state governments had passed the land
ceiling acts.
fair rent was fixed at 20% to 25% of the gross produce level in all the states except
Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and some parts of Andhra
Pradesh.

1972, national guidelines were issued with ceiling limits

10-18 acres for best land, 18-27 acres for second class land and for the rest with
27-54 acres of land with a slightly higher limit in the hill and desert areas.
‘benami transfers’ – which allowed them to keep control over the land.
Mūlamadhyamakakārikā-mahayana text
The Theravada arguments are preserved in the Kathavatthu

Gupta-forced labour-vishti-sort of tax
source of income -Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist,
Kanaganahalli-bhima river sannati --International Buddhist Centre Hama
Chaitya During the Satavahana period, the Amaravati School of art made a deep
impact Kanaganahalli Maha Stupa is the veritable gallery of eminent rulers like
Mahabodhi Temple dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE.
Pataini temple is a Jain temple
Dashavatara Temple
tetrastyle prostyle
the caves at Ajanta, Elephanta, and Ellora (respectively Buddhist, Hindu, and mixed including Jain)
Krishna fighting the horse demon Keshi, 5th century
Bitargaon temple one of the earliest examples of pointed arches anywhere in the world
Nalrajar Garh fortification wall in Chilapata Forests, West Bengal
Painting of Padmapani Cave 1 at Ajanta
Dashavatara Temple 5th century
Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves
Buddha from Sarnath, 5–6th century CE
Gunaighar copper plate inscription of Vainya Gupta mentions ships but not chariots
Ships had become integral part of Indian military in the 6th century CE.
Sohgaura copper plate is written in Prakrit in the Brahmi script and is from the Maurya period.
Gorakhpur, in the Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh,

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 Gorakhpur, in the Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh,
impact Kanaganahalli Maha Stupa is the veritable gallery of eminent rulers like
King Ashoka and the Shatavahana rulers (Simuka, Pulumavi) inscription in Brahmi
script reading "Ranyo Ashoka" (King Ashoka)

Silā Thabhe (𑀲𑀺 𑀮𑀣

𑀸 , Stone Stambha, i.e. stone pillars). Lumbini inscription, Brahmi script.
Swadeshi movement-indigenous 1905 ----bengal partition
at the Calcutta Town Hall in Bengal. The movement is now
known as the "Make in India" campaign.
National Council of Education (NCE) 1906 founded by Indian nationalists in Bengal to
promote science and technology as part of the Swadeshi industrialization movement
In 1904, the Universities Act was passed,
All india u/t league-M.Gandhi
all india kisan sabha -swami sahajanand

Kalyana mantapa-vijaynagara

DS
AMILS-revenue collection
IQTA -west asia origin --unique type of land distribution and
administrative system introduced during the reign
of Iltutmish.large and small tracts called Iqta
mir bakshi-akbar reign --maintain record of soldiers

Saint nimbarka -12th C =Dvaitadvaita (dvaita–advaita) or dualistic–non-dualistic Saint kabir --14th to 15th C -painting of weaving
worship of the divine couple Radha and Krishna, Today, his poems are not only sung by Hindus and Sikhs, but also by Muslims, especially Sufis.
Telugu Brahmin family, born "truth" is with the person who is on the path of righteousness, To know the truth, suggested Kabir, drop the
sometimes identified with another philosopher named Bhaskara, "I", or the ego.

Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi lived in the 16th-17th century,

Tej Bahadur Sapru

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Indian lawyer and politician

He was the leader of the Liberal party in British-ruled India.

KC neogi-finance minister
PC Joshi --gen sec --communist party]===The other early communist leaders who
were arrested along with him included Shaukat Usmani, Muzaffar Ahmed, S.A.
Dange and S.V. Ghate.
Mian tansen-Akbar considered him one of the Navaratnas Nine Ministers (the nine
jewels) and gave him the title Mian, an honorific, meaning learned man.
Tansen is remembered for his epic Dhrupad compositions, creating several new ragas,
as well as for writing two classic books on music, Sri Ganesh Stotra and Sangita Sara.
raja vikramjit gave title to tansen
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) -innovation and entrepreneurship NITI 2016 including
overseas student

Neora valley np -WB

Asiatic lion-naturally only in india EN
double humped camel=nubra valley ladakh,china,mongolia ,iran,afg CR
One horned rhino =Vu largest on earth,india,nepal,bhu,pa

Pandarpur-chandrabaga riv(bhima)
Tiruchirapalli-kaveri riv
hampi -tungabadra
Offl poverty lines vary becoz of price differences

Cirrus cloud thinning technique-inject surface aerosol into stratosphere-it allows

more heat to escape into space cooling the earth basically to reduce global warming
Pyrolysis and plasma gasification=waste to energy technologies
convert organic matter into syngas --H2 and CO in making tar ,ash,coal,,coke,char,gas
in pyrolysis waste is heated in the absence of oxygen
Agastyamalai BR-==tamirabarani and periyar neyyar,shendurney-shendurney Kawal-TS---godavari river
river,peppara-karamana riv,kalakkad mundanturai-tamirabarani riv nagarjuna-srisailam TR-nallamalla,andra,krishna river
srivenkateshwara wls-seshachalam swarnamukhi river
kaundinya-palar
gundlabrahmeshwaram-gfundlakamma river
papikonda wls=godavari
mukurthi np -bhavani river
mudumalai -moyar river
satyamangalam-bhavani
wayanad-kabini river-nagarhole,bandipur,mudumalai
silent valley-kunti -crystal clr kerala near nilgiris

Cold blodded-fish,reptiles
warm blodded -mammals ,birds
Blue finned mahsheer=cauvery river
irrawaddy dolphin-EN
myan,indinesia,mekong ,in india -chilika lake
rusty spotted cat -guj ,MH ,-tadoba andari ,EG,NT
Microbeads-plastic less than 5 mm in dia used as exfoliatings-
cosmetics,scrubs,toothpaste,harms marine animals
can absorb toxins
netherlands -1st country to ban ,sunscreens
Himalayan nettle-girardina diversifolia-pernnial herb ,native to india ,nepal,china
medicine,fabrics -hindu kush himalayas
khar -hamlet in west nepal
non timber
bichhoo ghas
Remote sensing-Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about the surface and the atmosphere and oceans, based on propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation). It
an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object, in contrast may be split into "active" remote sensing (when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft to the object and
to in situ or on-site observation its reflection detected by the sensor) and "passive" remote sensing (when the reflection of sunlight is
used in numerous fields, including geophysics, geography, land surveying and detected by the sensor)
most Earth science disciplines (e.g. exploration
geophysics, hydrology, ecology, meteorology, oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also Landsat was used to identify areas of conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian deforestation in areas such as the Amazon Basin, glacial features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and depth
applications sounding of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the Cold War

• Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore
tide gauges.
• Light detection and ranging (LIDAR)

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 • Light detection and ranging (LIDAR)
• Radiometers are also used at night, because artificial light emissions
% of forest cover=Chhatis>odisha>MP>MH

Deposits of methane hydrates-large deposits under arctic tundra and under the sea
floor
CH4 in atmos oxidises to C02 after decade or two
consist of methane and water.slowly convert organic substances to methane
Methane hydrates are only stable under pressures in excess of 35 bar
and at the low temperatures of the bottom waters of the oceans and the deep
seabed, range from 0 to 4°C
Methane hydrates therefore occur mainly near the continental margins at water
depths between 350 and 5000 m.
. At the bottom of the expansive ocean basins, scarcely any hydrates are found
because there is insufficient organic matter embedded in the deep-sea sediments.
still possible to extract from frozen soils
2 × 1014 m3 of methane
Burning of crop/biomass residue
CO,CH4,O3,SO2
Adriatic sea-albania
caspian sea-kazakh
mediterranean-morocco

India has been the largest global rice exporter since 2014/15
Over the past four years, its market share has averaged over 40%
Other major rice exporters include Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, the United States,
China, Burma, and Cambodia. These eight countries account for about 90 percent

Bandarpunch-yamuna Mandakini River is a tributary of the Alaknanda River in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
bara shigri -chenab
milam -kumaon himalayas-River Gori Ganga,a tributary of the river Kali
Siachen-nubra
zemu-teesta - east side of Kanchenjunga, the world's third highest mountain
Carbon furan ,methyl parathion,phorate,triazophos-pesticides Sugar, salt, nitrites, butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA), butylated hydroxyl
toluene (BHT), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), vinegar, citric acid, and
calcium propionate are all chemicals that preserve food

ethylene gas cylinders, compressed ethylene gas, ethanol, ethephon, etc.

can be used on fruits to trigger the ripening process

glycerin, lactic acid, panthenol, butylene glycol, propylene glycol, sodium

pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) and urea in cosmetics
Agri soils release Nox into envt
cattle release ammonia into envt
poultry industry release reactive N2 compounds into envt
Aliyar,isapur,kangsbati-water reservois

H-CNG H2 -low ignition energy, high reactivity, diffusivity and burning velocity
4–9 percent hydrogen by energy. , Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) is still under research
used as a fuel gas for internal combustion engines HCNG will ensure 70% more reduction in carbon monoxide emissions compared to CNG.
Dwarka and Faridabad (Delhi), India
. Blends with < 20% hydrogen by volume are treated identically to CNG

• Delhiwill be the first city in the country to roll out hydrogen-

enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) buses for public
transport from November 2020. Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)
and Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL) began work to set up India’s first semi-
commercial HCNG station.
Dew drops not formed on clody night Meteorologists measure cloud cover, or the amount of the visible sky covered by clouds, in units
called oktas. An okta estimates how many eighths of the sky (octo-) is covered in clouds. A clear sky is
Clouds reflect back earth radiation
0 oktas, while a totally overcast or gray sky is 8 oktas.
cloud seeding= microscopic particles, are placed in clouds.,artificial cloud condensation
nuclei (CCN), which are tiny particles of dust, salt, or pollution that collect in
all clouds.cloud seeding will allow people to control precipitation.
Interstellar clouds, which exist in the space between planets and stars, are not really clouds at
all. Interstellar clouds are areas where gases and plasma are dense and, sometimes,
visible.Most interstellar clouds are made of hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. The dusty “milk” of
the Milky Way is an interstellar cloud between the stars of our galaxy.
Contrails (short for condensation trails) are the linear clouds left behind a jet as it flies through the high
atmosphere.
38th Amendment Act 1975 -declaration of emergency by the
President nondebatable and non-justiciable
39th the election of the President, the Vice President, the Prime
Minister and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha beyond the scrutiny of the
Indian courts
99th AA -cut down by SC and brought collegium system

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99th AA -cut down by SC and brought collegium system
Details and process of judges impeachment --given in judges inquiry act ,1968
impeachment of judge -spl majority

9th schedule ,1951 -JL Nehru

President of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad - open the first Asian Games in the
National Stadium on March 4, 1951 in New Delhi.
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan-VP
coal mining-from 1774 by M/s Sumner and Heatly of East India Company in the
Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of river Damodar-uction of steam Caking coal is the Coal which will form a solid residue on heating to very high temperature around
locomotives in 1853 1100 deg Celsius in the absence of oxygen (or very less amount of oxygen).
National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), 1956 Non-Caking coal is the Coal which will form powder residue on heating to very high temperature
Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 around 1100 deg Celsius in the absence or very less amount of oxygen.
. SCCL is now a joint undertaking 51:49 ratio.coking coal reserves in Jharia Coalfield. Caking coal is called as Coking coal if the solid residue formed is coke (hard but porous solid
nationalisation was done in two phases, the first with the coking coal mines in form of carbon)
1971-72 and then with the non-coking coal mines in 1973 For Steel Industry, the Iron Ore must be reduced with almost PURE Carbon. Coke is nothing but a hard, porous
brought under the Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), mass of carbon formed by heating the Coking coal in the absence of oxygen to very high temperature.
India is the second largest producer and consumer of coal after China,
Dhanbad, the largest coal producing city, has been called the coal capital of India
The Indira Gandhi administration of India nationalized coal miningpolicy was reversed
by the Narendra Modi administration 2015, the government permitted private
companies to mine coal for use in their own cement, steel, power or aluminium
plants.
India has abundant domestic reserves of coal. Most of these are in the states
of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh
India has the fourth largest coal reserves in the world
gest lignite reserves are present in Tamil Nadu. Only about 16% of India's lignite
reserves are proven, 56% are indicated/probable, and 28% are inferred
The energy derived from coal in India is about twice that of the energy derived from
oil, whereas worldwide, energy derived from coal is about 30% less than energy
derived from oil
Coal washeries are generally not a part of coal mines in India Coking coal consists of less sulphur (less than 0.75% calculated based on DMMF (Dry, mineral matter free)
The electricity sector is the largest consumer of raw coal in India -64.07% basis, less phosphorus (0.15 to 0.25% on DMMF basis) and less mineral matter (which will turn into ash on
teel and washery industry (6.65%), the sponge iron industry (1.06%), the cement burning
industry (0.75%), and fertilizers and chemicals (0.19%)
Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific value and high ash content., Indian coal has a GCV
of about 4500 Kcal/kg,
Parlia -prev of disqualification act 1959-exempts several posts frm disqualification on
grounds of office of profit
amended five times

5th schedule-transfer of tribal land ti pvt properties for mining be declared null and
void
PVTG -PVTGs reside in 18 States and one union territory.Dhebar Commission Baigas
(1960-1961) TRIFED is the implementing agency for the Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission
fourth Five Year Plan the sub-category "Primitive tribal group" was created pre- setting up 3000 Haat Bazars and 600 Warehouses under the scheme
agricultural system of existence, that is practice of hunting and gathering, zero or
negative population growth, and extremely low levels of literacy in comparison with
other tribal groups.
Fifth Five year plan, 52 communities were identified as being a "primitive tribal
group"
total 75 groups were identified as Primitive Tribal Group
75th group --manipur
basis of the 2001 census
they hv right to use contraceptives
Art 142--decrees and orders of SC

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