69_EN_12381-3_2016_DHW heat load and needs M8-2_M8-3

EUROPEAN STANDARD FINAL DRAFT
NORME EUROPÉENNE FprEN 12831-3

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2016
ICS 91.140.65 Will supersede EN 15316-3-1:2007
English Version
Energy performance of buildings - Method for calculation

of the design heat load - Part 3: Domestic hot water
systems heat load and characterisation of needs, Module
M8-2, M8-3
Systèmes de chauffage et systèmes de refroidissement Heizungsanlagen und wassergeführte Kühlanlagen in
à eau dans les bâtiments - Méthode de calcul des Gebäuden - Verfahren zur Berechnung der
déperditions calorifiques de base - Partie 3 : Charge Energieanforderungen und Nutzungsgrade der
thermique des systèmes de production d'eau chaude Anlagen - Teil 3: Trinkwassererwärmung, Heizlast und
sanitaire, caractérisation des besoins Bedarfsbestimmung
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for formal vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 228.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprEN 12831-3:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 9
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 10
4 Symbols and abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.1 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
4.2 Subscripts........................................................................................................................................................ 13
5 Description of the methods ...................................................................................................................... 15
5.1 General description of the method for sizing domestic hot water systems ............................ 15
5.2 General description of the methods for calculating the energy needs for domestic
hot water ......................................................................................................................................................... 16
6 Calculation procedures .............................................................................................................................. 16
6.1 Output data ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2 Calculation time steps ................................................................................................................................ 16
6.3 Input data ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
6.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
6.3.2 Product data ................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.3.3 System design data ...................................................................................................................................... 18
6.3.4 Operating data and boundary.................................................................................................................. 18
6.3.5 Other data ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
6.4 Calculation procedure for sizing domestic hot water systems .................................................... 18
6.4.1 Calculation of the energy needs curve for DHW ............................................................................... 18
6.4.2 Energy supply ................................................................................................................................................ 21
6.4.3 Procedure for dimensioning the DHW system .................................................................................. 34
6.5 Calculation procedure for determining the energy needs for domestic hot water.............. 37
6.5.1 Energy need for domestic hot water based on draw-off or load profiles ................................ 37
6.5.2 Energy need for domestic hot water based on volume required................................................ 37
6.5.3 Energy need for domestic hot water based directly on floor area ............................................. 39
6.5.4 Tabulated energy need for domestic hot water ................................................................................ 40
7 Quality control .............................................................................................................................................. 40
8 Compliance check......................................................................................................................................... 40
Annex A (normative) Template for input data ................................................................................................. 41
A.1 Load profiles .................................................................................................................................................. 41
A.2 Parameters to calculate energy needs ................................................................................................. 41
A.3 Parameters for sizing DHW systems ..................................................................................................... 42
A.3.1 Loading factors fl of hot water tanks ..................................................................................................... 42
A.3.2 Standby losses qsb,sto of hot water tanks ............................................................................................... 43
A.3.3 Specific heat loss of the distribution lines per length of pipe q´dis ........................................... 43
A.3.4 Time lag of the heat generation system tlag ......................................................................................... 43
A.3.5 Start values for calculating the supply curve ..................................................................................... 44
A.3.6 Design flow rate for direct flow systems ............................................................................................. 44
A.4 General values ............................................................................................................................................... 44
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Annex B (informative) Default input data .......................................................................................................... 45

B.1 Load profiles ................................................................................................................................................... 45
B.2 Parameters to calculate energy needs .................................................................................................. 47
B.2.1 Energy needs for domestic hot water based on usage and floor area ....................................... 47
B.2.2 Energy needs for domestic hot water based on volume required .............................................. 48
B.2.3 Water Temperatures ϑW,draw; ϑW,c.................................................................................................... 50
B.3 Parameters for sizing DHW systems...................................................................................................... 50
B.3.1 Loading factors fl of hot water tanks...................................................................................................... 50
B.3.2 Standby losses qsb,sto of hot water tanks ........................................................................................... 51
B.3.3 Specific heat loss of the distribution per length of pipe q´dis and ϑm ......................................... 52
B.3.4 Time lag of the heat generation system tlag,HG ................................................................................ 52
B.3.5 Default start values for determining the supply curve ................................................................... 53
B.3.6 Default values for the design flow rate VD for direct flow systems ............................................ 54
B.4 General values ............................................................................................................................................... 55
B.4.1 Density of water ............................................................................................................................................ 55
B.4.2 Specific heat capacities ............................................................................................................................... 55
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 56
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European foreword
This document (FprEN 12831-3:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 228
“Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.
This document will supersede EN 15316-3-1:2007.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
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Introduction
CEN/TC 228 deals with heating systems in buildings. Subjects covered by CEN/TC 228 are:
— energy performance calculation for heating systems;
— inspection of heating systems;
— design of heating systems;
— installation and commissioning of heating systems.
This European Standard was developed to cover hourly and minutely time-steps.
This European Standard is part of a series of standards aiming at international harmonization of the
methodology for the assessment of the energy performance of buildings, called “set of EPB standards”.
All EPB standards follow specific rules to ensure overall consistency, unambiguity and transparency.
All EPB standards provide a certain flexibility with regard to the methods, the required input data and
references to other EPB standards, by the introduction of a normative template in Annex A and Annex B
with informative default choices.
For the correct use of this standard a normative template is given in Annex A to specify these choices.
Informative default choices are provided in Annex B.
Use by or for regulators: In case the standard is used in the context of national or regional legal
requirements, mandatory choices may be given at national or regional level for such specific
applications. These choices (either the informative default choices from Annex B or choices adapted to
national / regional needs, but in any case following the template of this Annex A) can be made available
as national annex or as separate (e.g. legal) document (national data sheet).
NOTE So in this case:
— the regulators will specify the choices;
— the individual user will apply the standard to assess the energy performance of a building, and thereby use
the choices made by the regulators.
Topics addressed in this standard can be subject to public regulation. Public regulation on the same
topics can override the default values in Annex B of this standard. Public regulation on the same topics
can even, for certain applications, override the use of this standard. Legal requirements and choices are
in general not published in standards but in legal documents. In order to avoid double publications and
difficult updating of double documents, a national annex may refer to the legal texts where national
choices have been made by public authorities. Different national annexes or national data sheets are
possible, for different applications.
It is expected, if the default values, choices and references to other EPB standards in Annex B are not
followed due to national regulations, policy or traditions, that:
— national or regional authorities prepare data sheets containing the choices and national or regional
values, according to the model in Annex A. In this case the national annex (e.g. NA) refers to this
text;
— or, by default, the national standards body will consider the possibility to add or include a national
annex in agreement with the template of Annex A, in accordance to the legal documents that give
national or regional values and choices.
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Further target groups are parties wanting to motivate their assumptions by classifying the building
energy performance for a dedicated building stock.
More information is provided in the Technical Report accompanying this standard (EN 12831-3).
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1 Scope
This European Standard describes a method to calculate the power and the storage volume required for
the dimensioning of domestic hot water systems (DHW). The applicability ranges from direct water
heaters (no storage volume and a comparatively large effective heating power) to larger storage
systems with a comparatively small heating power and large storage volumes.
This European Standard is applicable to the following water storage systems:
— storage systems characterized by a minimal mixing zone, (such as stratified charging storage tanks
or storage tanks with external heat exchangers): these systems are nominated in this standard as
“charging storage systems”;
— storage tank water heaters and warm water storage tanks with a pronounced mixing zone (such as
DHW storage tanks with internal heat exchangers), nominated in this standard as “mixed storage
systems”;
and for different uses.

The Scope also includes standardization methods for determining the energy need for domestic hot
water. This European Standard covers the domestic hot water needs in buildings.
The calculation of the energy needs for DHW-Systems applies to residential and non-residential
buildings, a building or a zone of a building.
Figure 1 shows the relative position of this standard within the set of EPB standards in the context of
the modular structure as set out in prEN ISO 52000-1.
NOTE 1 In prCEN ISO/TR 52000-2 the same table can be found, with, for each module, the numbers of the
relevant EPB standards and accompanying technical reports that are published or in preparation.
NOTE 2 The modules represent EPB standards, although one EPB standard may cover more than one module
and one module may be covered by more than one EPB standard, for instance a simplified and a detailed method
respectively. See also Clause 2 and Tables A.1 and B.1.
Table 1 shows the relative position of this standard within the EPB package of standards.
Table 1 — Position of EN 12831–3 within the modular structure
Building
Overarching Technical Building Systems
(as such)
Dehumidification
automation and
Humidification
Domestic Hot
Descriptions
Descriptions
Descriptions
Sub module
production
Ventilation
Electricity
Building
Lighting
Heating
Cooling
control
water
sub1 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11

15316 15316–
1 General General General
–1 1
Common
terms and Building
12831
2 definitions; Energy Needs
–3 ?
symbols, units Needs
and subscripts
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Building
(as such)
Dehumidification
automation and
Humidification
Domestic Hot
Descriptions
Descriptions
Descriptions
Sub module
production
Ventilation
Electricity
Building
Lighting
Heating
Cooling
control
water
sub1 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11
(Free)
Indoor Maximum
12831 12831
3 Applications Conditions Load and
–1 –3
without Power
Systems
Ways to
Ways to Ways to
Express
Express Express 15316 15316–
4 Energy
Energy Energy –1 1
Performan
Performance Performance
ce
Building Heat
categories and Transfer by Emission 15316 15316
5
Building Transmissi and control –2 –2
Boundaries on
Heat
Building
Transfer by
Occupancy Distribution 15316 15316 15316–
6 Infiltration
and Operating and control –3 –3 3
and
Conditions
Ventilation
Aggregation of
15316–
Energy
Internal Storage and 15316 5
7 Services and
Heat Gains control –5 15316–
Energy
4-3
Carriers
Building Solar
8 Generation
zoning Heat Gains
Combustion 15316 15316–
8–1
boilers –4-1 4-1
15316 15316 15316–
8–2 Heat pumps
–4-2 –4-2 4-2
Thermal
solar 15316 15316– 15316–
8–3
Photovoltaic –4-3 4-3 4-3
s
On-site 15316 15316– 15316–
8–4
cogeneration –4-4 4-4 4-4
District
15316 15316 15316–
8–5 heating and
–4-5 –4-5 4-5
cooling
Direct
15316 15316–
8–6 electrical
–4-8 4-8
heater
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Building
(as such)
Dehumidification
automation and
Humidification
Domestic Hot
Descriptions
Descriptions
Descriptions
Sub module
production
Ventilation
Electricity
Building
Lighting
Heating
Cooling
control
water
sub1 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11
Wind 15316–
8–7
turbines 4-10
Radiant
15316
8–8 heating,
–4-8
stoves
Load
Building
Calculated dispatching
Dynamics
9 Energy and
(thermal
Performance operating
mass)
conditions
Measured
Measured Measured
Energy 15378 15378–
10 Energy Energy
Performan –3 3
Performance Performance
ce
15378 15378–
11 Inspection Inspection Inspection
–1 1
Ways to
Express
12 – BMS
Indoor
Comfort
External
13 Environment
Conditions
Economic 15459
14
Calculation –1
a The shaded modules are not applicable.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12897, Water supply - Specification for indirectly heated unvented (closed) storage water heaters
EN 50440, Efficiency of domestic electrical storage water heaters and testing methods
prEN ISO 52000-1:2015, Energy performance of buildings — Overarching EPB assessment — Part 1:
General framework and procedures (ISO/DIS 52000-1:2015)
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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in prEN ISO 52000-1:2015 and the
following apply.
3.1
energy storage tank
storage tank for providing thermal energy amongst others for use in domestic hot water systems
(DHW)
Note 1 to entry: The storage medium is not potable water.
3.2
centralized DHW system
DHW system where water for several building units is heated centrally and then distributed to each
building unit
3.3
potable water, cold (PWC)
water that has not been heated by the DHW system
3.4
decentralized, individual DHW system
DHW System in which PWC is distributed to each draw off point, dwelling or building unit and then
individually heated (e.g. via a separate DHW module), in which case hot water is only distributed within
individual building units)
Note 1 to entry: In this case, hot water is only distributed within individual building units.
3.5
domestic hot water
DHW
potable water, the temperature of which has been increased by means of heat transfer
Note 1 to entry: In this standard, the term domestic hot water (DHW) is equivalent to the term potable water
hot (PWH). The usage of the term DHW also applies to non-domestic buildings and their systems.
3.6
DHW storage tank
tank for storage of domestic hot water (DHW)
3.7
mixed storage systems
tank (energy storage or DHW storage tank) which is characterized by a pronounced mixing zone during
the charging phase
Note 1 to entry: During the exclusive discharging phase, the mixing zone is minimal (e.g. storage systems with
internal heat exchangers).
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a) Loading phase of a mixed storage b) Discharging phase of a mixed storage

system system
Figure 1 — Phases of a mixed storage system
3.8
charging storage system
tank (energy storage or DHW storage tank) which is characterized by a minimal mixing zone during
charging and discharging phases
Note 1 to entry: Examples are: stratified charging tanks and tanks with external heat exchangers.
a) Charging phase of a charging storage b) Discharging phase of a charging

system storage system
Figure 2 — Phases of a charging storage system
3.9
summation curve
cumulated course of a time-dependent element over time
Note 1 to entry: The needs curve and the supply curve are summation curves.
3.10
needs curve
cumulated course of energy needs which is to be supplied by the DHW system
3.11
supply curve
cumulated course of energy supplied by the DHW system including the losses thereof
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3.12
residual capacity curve
cumulated course of useful energy in the storage tank at the switch-ON point
3.13
distribution system
piping sections connecting the heat generator, storage system (energy- and DHW storage tanks) and
tapping points
3.14
draw-off temperature
temperature measured at the draw-off point (tapping point) of the DHW system
3.15
minimal useable draw-off temperature
minimal withdrawal temperature at a draw-off point which can still be seen as a fulfilment of the
specified temperature needs
Note 1 to entry: In systems with different temperature needs, the highest temperature needs to be applied.
4 Symbols and abbreviations

4.1 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in prEN ISO 52000-1:2015 and the specific
symbols listed in Table 2 apply. Symbols and subscripts may have more than one denotation.
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Table 2 — Symbols and units
Symbol Name Unit

Φ Power/Wattage (Heat power) W
ϑ Temperature on the Celsius scale °C
Q Energy kWh or J/3,6x106 also
depending on context, absolute or time-specific kWh/[unit of time]
q´ heat loss per unit length of pipe W/m
V volume flow rate (water) l/s
U (Linear) Thermal transmittance of the piping W/mK

l Length of the piping m
f Adjustment/correction factor or term -
ρ Density kg/m3 or kg/l
c Specific heat capacity kJ/kgK
V Volume m3
n number –
h Height m
x Relative amount of water drawn within a certain period of time -
t Depending on context, a period of time or a time step (e.g. 1 min) eg. min
S standing loss value [W]
4.2 Subscripts
For the purposes of this document, the subscripts given in prEN ISO 52000-1:2015, and the specific
subscripts listed in Table 3 apply. Subscripts may have several denotations.
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Table 3 — Subscripts
Index Meaning/Use
W Water
a Ambient
b Building needs
c Cold; referring to cold water
ch Charging
D Design
A Draw-off flow rate
sto Storage
sb Standby
dis Distribution
d, day Per day, daily
t Time; referring to a period of time or one time step within the calculation
draw Drawn; referring to properties of the water drawn-off at the tap
i General numbering index
i Loop cycle / calculation step (one cycle per each minute of the period under consideration); referring
to cumulated items
t Time step, one minute; referring to non-cumulated items
l Load, loading
ch Charging
h Hourly, per hour, over the time of an hour
sensor Temperature sensor of the storage tank
sup Supply
start Start; referring to (estimated) start values for iterative calculation approaches
ON Switch on point; setting, at which the temperature sensor turns on the heat generator (reheat)
OFF Switch off point; setting, at which the temperature sensor turns off the heat generator
eff Effective
HE Heat exchanger
HG Heat generator
min Minimum
max Maximum
m Mean
N Net floor area
N Nominal
lag (Time) lag
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5 Description of the methods

5.1 General description of the method for sizing domestic hot water systems
This standard describes a method to determine the power and the storage volume required for
designing and dimensioning DHW systems. The method is based on a comparison of the curves of the
energy needs for domestic hot water and the energy supply from the hot water system as a function of
time.
The sizing of DHW systems can be depicted graphically. The graphical approach is called summation
curve method. Here, the energy need for DHW (needs curve) as well as the energy supply from the hot
water system (supply curve) are depicted in the form of cumulative curves for a certain time period
(usually 24h). The hot water system is adequately designed as long as:
— the supply curve does not intersect with or fall below the needs curve in systems with a minimal
mixing zone (charging storage systems) or
— the supply curve always lies above the needs curve while maintaining a minimal distance in
systems with a distinct mixing zone (mixed storage systems).
Both curves are determined with a time step of 1 min. The input data for the needs curve can also be
given on a different time basis, such as an hourly basis. In this case, the data are broken down into equal
minutely values.
The design steps are as follows:
a) determination of the hot water needs:
1) by measuring the volume flow rate of hot water on a minutely basis and considering the hot
and cold water temperatures;
2) on the basis of statistical methods (characteristic needs);
3) on the basis of published and accepted characteristic load profiles (to be determined on a
national basis. In the absence of national values default profiles are given in Annex B);
b) calculation and depiction of the needs curve;
c) definition of the design parameters of the hot water system:
1) selection of the hot water system;
2) type and power of the available heat source and other required data such as thermal losses of
the storage and distribution systems;
d) dimensioning of the hot water system. Calculate and depict the supply curve, starting alternatively
by either:
1) defining the power on the basis of the available power of the heat generator;
2) defining the storage volume (storing the peaks in the hot water needs or via daily, half-daily or
hourly energy needs);
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3) using a starting value for either the power of the heat generator or the storage volume by
evaluating the mean slope of the needs curve in cases where no distinct data on heat generator
power or storage volume is available;
e) determination of the missing parameter (volume or power) by modification of the supply curve;
f) optimization of the system by using manufacturers' data and by considering further boundary
conditions (e.g. restricted periods, work cycles and hygienically aspects).
5.2 General description of the methods for calculating the energy needs for domestic hot
water
This clause describes several methods for calculating the energy needs of domestic hot water. The
methods differ as to the level of detail assumed for the domestic hot water demand; for example
whether the conditions relating to the different uses of the hot water are taken into account. The energy
needs per day may also be used to size the DHW system according to Clause 5, provided an appropriate
load profile is used. When using this approach it should be considered that the energy needs and the
load profile do not necessarily reflect a worst-case scenario.
A National Annex may specify which method should be used for different building categories. A national
Annex may also specify which method is acceptable for the purpose of energy labelling or any other
specific use.
The calculations are based on a daily domestic hot water requirement.
6 Calculation procedures
6.1 Output data
This standard provides a method or (default) values to determine the following items. Note that the
method presented here may require first estimates (start values) of some items considered output data.
Therefore, some items may be both output and input data (see Table 4).
Table 4 — Output data
Description Symbol Unit Intended use Intended

destination module
Effective power ΦW,eff W Dimensioning of M8–8, M3–8
required for DHW components for DHW, as
Storage volume of Vsto heat generators
m3 M8–7
the hot water tank hot water tanks
Energy needs for QW;nd;i kWh/t Energy demand calculation M8–1
DHW in time step
Volume of water Vt m3/ti M8–6
drawn at the
current time step
6.2 Calculation time steps
The calculation time step for the purpose of sizing the DHW system is one minute. The input data for the
energy needs can however also be given on a different time basis (usually an hourly basis) and can then
be converted.
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6.3 Input data

6.3.1 General
The following data are required and shall be obtained from the sources named hereafter. In case of
multiple sources for one item, all sources are arranged in order of priority from highest to lowest.
6.3.2 Product data
Table 5 — Product Input data
Symbol Name Unit Origin

Vsto Effective size of the hot water storage l Depending on application case
tank Manufacturer data or
Estimate (start value)
hsensor Height of the temperature sensor in m Manufacturer data / design
the storage tank National annex to this standard
Informative Annex B
fl loading factor – Manufacturer data / design
National annex to this standard
Informative Annex B
qsb,sto Standby heat loss of the hot water kWh/d Manufacturer data
tank Estimation in accordance with EN 12897
tlag time lag of the heat generation min Manufacturer data / design
system (from the perspective of National annex to this standard
water-heating)
Informative Annex B
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6.3.3 System design data
Table 6 — System design input data
Symbol Name Unit Origin

Vw,,f,day Volume of water drawn per day; l Building data / design
optional: may be used to determine National annex to this standard
Vt
Informative Annex B
f number of units to be taken into - Building data / design
account
A floor area m2 Building data / design
nP number of persons to be taken into - Building data / design
account
xh Relative amount of water drawn each - Building data / design
hour of a day; optional: may be used National annex to this standard
to determine Vt
Informative Annex B
ϑw;sto,max maximal water temperature in the °C National annex to this standard
storage tank used for design Informative Annex B
purposes
ϑw;draw Water temperature of the mixed °C Building data / design
(cold and hot) water drawn at the National annex to this standard
tap (e.g. 42 °C) - as used for the
Informative Annex B
calculation of the energy needs
type of building (building category); List Building data
6.3.4 Operating data and boundary
ϑw;c Cold-water temperature (e.g. 10 °C) °C From M1–13
6.3.5 Other data
ρw Density of water kg/m3 National annex to this standard

Informative Annex B
cw Specific thermal capacity of water kJ/kgK National annex to this standard
Informative Annex B
6.4 Calculation procedure for sizing domestic hot water systems

6.4.1 Calculation of the energy needs curve for DHW
The energy needs curve is determined by cumulating the energy needs of the individual hot water
draw-off sequences. The needs curve is, amongst others, dependent on the type of building and its use.
The cumulative energy need for hot water is calculated in accordance with Formula (1) on a minutely
basis over a period of time (usually 24 h) and is depicted as cumulative values in a diagram. The total
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energy need for DHW over a certain time period QW;b can be determined according to Clause 6. It can
also be calculated from every-minute values.
i
=Q W;b;i ∑=
Q W;b;t  with i 1, 2,...,i max
t =1
(1)
where
QW;b;i cumulative energy need for water heating from time period t = 1 to i [kWh]
QW;b;t energy need for water heating at the time t (minute), either taken from a [kWh/min]
national annex to this standard or calculated in accordance with Formula (3)
t time step, one minute [min] [min]
i loop cycle / calculation step [-]
imax maximum number of loops [-]
The method requires one loop per every-minute value of energy need. Thus, the evaluation over the
period of one day requires 1 440 loops. [-]
Key
X time [h]
Y cumulated energy [kWh]
Figure 3 — Exemplary needs curve (summation curve diagram)
The energy need for DHW in time steps of one minute can be calculated from the water volume drawn
every minute (see Formula (2)):
1 Q ⋅x
Q W;b;t = Vt ⋅ ρ w ⋅ c w ⋅ (ϑw;draw − ϑw;c ) ⋅ = W;b h
3600 60 (2)
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
where
QW;b;t energy demand for DHW at the time t (minute) [kWh/min]
Vt volume of water at ϑw,draw, drawn in the time interval t (minute) [l]
ρw density of water [kg/l]
cw specific heat capacity of water [kJ/kgK]
ϑw;draw minimum temperature of the mixed water drawn at the tap (needs [°C]
temperature)
ϑw;c cold-water temperature [°C]
QW;b energy needs for DHW over the considered period (e.g. one day) [kWh/d]
xh relative amount of water drawn each hour. xh is the ratio between the hot -
water volume drawn during the hour h and the total daily hot water
volume in % (Σxh = 1)
The basis of Vt is a load profile which gives the percentage of DHW volume withdrawn at a certain time
xh. Examples of such load profiles based on a minutely basis are given in EN 50440. Individual
measurements are also possible. Where such detailed every-minute data on the drawn-off water
volume is not available, Vt may be calculated from data based on hourly tapping patterns as shown in
Formula (3) and Figure 4:
x h ⋅ Vday
Vt =
60 . (3)
where
Vt volume of DHW drawn at the time t (minute) [l]
Vday total volume of DHW drawn in a day [l]
xh relative amount of DHW drawn each hour. xh is the ratio between the hot water volume -
drawn during the hour h and the total daily hot water volume in % (Σxh = 1)
20
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Key
X time [h]
Y relative amount of daily DHW needs drawn in each hour -
1 potable water hot, PWH
2 potable water cold, PWC
Figure 4 — Exemplary needs profile, relative hot-water demand over the day given in hourly
values
The load profiles can be depicted based both on drawn-off volume as well as energy. They shall be given
on a national basis. In the absence of such national data, typical profiles are given in Annex B.
6.4.2 Energy supply
6.4.2.1 General
The supply curve is determined by cumulating the energy supplied by the DHW system. The supply
curve is dependent upon the type of DHW-System and its components.
6.4.2.2 DHW systems
6.4.2.2.1 General
The different systems for hot water production covered by this standard are classified according to
their heating principle.
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
6.4.2.2.2 DHW mixed storage systems
Characteristics:
- central system
- directly or indirectly heated
- monovalent hot water tank
- with distinct mixing zone
while charging
- internal heat exchanger
- with or without circulation
- with or without space heating
Key
Figure 5 — Monovalent DHW- mixed storage systems
This system diagram is also suited for a bivalent storage system with heat exchangers connected in
series.
Characteristics:
- central system
- bivalent hot water tank
- with distinct mixing zone in
the stand-by volume of the
tank while charging
- internal heat exchanger
Key
Figure 6 — Bivalent DHW- mixed storage systems
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
6.4.2.2.3 DHW charging systems
Characteristics:
- central system
- charging storage system
(minimal mixing zone
during charging and
discharging of the DHW
tank)
in DHW loop
- with or without space
heating
Key
Figure 7 — DHW charging system
6.4.2.2.4 DHW direct flow system with energy storage tank
Characteristics:
- central system
- DHW production in direct
flow
- energy storage tank as a
charging system (minimal
mixing zone during charging
and discharging)
- external or internal heat
exchangers
in DHW loop
heating
Key
Figure 8 — DHW direct flow with energy storage tank, central system
23
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Characteristics:
- decentralized DHW system
- DHW production in direct
flow
- energy storage tank as a
charging system (minimal
mixing zone during charging
and discharging)
- external heat exchangers
- DHW loop without
circulation
- circulation within the
charging system
heating
Key
Figure 9 — DHW direct flow with energy storage tank, decentralized system
6.4.2.2.5 DHW direct flow system
Characteristics:
- centralized DHW system
- DHW production in direct flow
- centralized heat exchangers
- with or without circulation in DHW
loop
Key
Figure 10 — DHW direct flow, centralized system
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Characteristics:
- decentralized DHW system
- DHW production in direct flow
- decentralized heat exchangers
- without circulation in DHW loop
Key
Figure 11 — Decentralized system
The storage tanks (DHW storage and energy storage tanks) are categorized and calculated according to
their mixing characteristics during charging and discharging phases. In this standard, a mixed storage
tank maintains its temperature layering while in discharge mode (hot water withdrawal) and has a
minimal mixing zone in this mode. In the loading phase (reheating), the storage tank is ideally mixed
due to convection. The principle is shown in 3.7.
A charging storage tank is characterized as a tank which maintains its temperature layering both in
charging and discharging mode. The principle is shown in 3.8.
6.4.2.3 Procedure for the determination of the supply curve
6.4.2.3.1 General
The main elements of the supply curve are the utilizable energy content of the storage tank (depicted in
the diagram as the vertical distance between the supply curve and the needs curve), the effective
reheating power of the system Φeff (depicted in the diagram as a line with a positive slope) and the
thermal losses of the system (depicted in the diagram as a line with a negative slope).
The thermal losses, arising mainly from the storage and distribution systems, result in a continual
decrease of the useful energy content of the storage system (see Figure 12). The hot water withdrawal
(represented by a rising needs curve) further decreases the utilizable energy content of the storage
system which also results in the rising of the cold water layer in the tank. A temperature sensor (often
positioned in the middle of the storage tank) registers the sudden drop in temperature and activates the
reheating system (switch-ON-point). The useful thermal energy in the storage tank at this point in time
is defined as the residual capacity QSto,ON QSto,ON can be depicted in the summation diagram as a
characteristic curve. The reheating system is always activated, when the supply curve falls below the
QSto,ON curve.
Depending on the DHW system, there is a time lag tlag between the switch ON point and the time where
the full reheating power of the heat generation system is available in the storage system. The effective
reheating power Φeff can be depicted in the summation curve as a line with a positive slope. In mixed
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
storage systems, the heat exchange rate is reduced as the temperature in the storage tank gradually
increases with the state of loading thus gradually reducing the slope of the curve.
In mixed storage systems, a minimal storage capacity QSto,min is given in order to ensure the required
draw-off temperature of hot water while the system is reheating (see 5.5.2.4). QSto,min can be depicted
in the summation diagram as a characteristic curve.
The effects of these parameters in the summation curve can be seen in Figure 12.
In order to determine the energy supply curve, the following parameters shall be determined:
— maximum storage capacity of the hot water tank Qsto;max;
— minimum storage capacity of the hot water tank Qsto;min in the case of mixed storage systems;
— heat losses of the hot water storage tank Qw,sto (integrated power losses);
— heat losses of the hot water distribution pipes Qw,dis (integrated power losses);
— switch-on and switch-off points for reheating Qsto,ON, Qsto,OFF (expressed as residual energy);
— time lag of the heat generator until the full power of the heat generator is available tlag;
— effective reheating power of the heat generator Φeff.
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Key
X time h 6 heat losses W
Y cumulated energy kWh 7 time lag tlag h
1 needs curve – 8 switch ON point –
minimal storage capacity
2 supply curve – 9 QSto,min kWh
maximum storage capacity

3 QSto,ON curve – 10 QSto,max kWh
4 QSto,min curve – 11 starting capacity QSto,Start kWh

5 effective power Φeff W
Figure 12 — Needs and supply curve, exemplary
6.4.2.3.2 Maximum storage capacity QS,max
The maximum capacity of the hot water tank is given by Formula (4):
1
Qsto;max = Vsto ⋅ ρ w ⋅ cw ⋅ (ϑw;sto;max − ϑw;c ) ⋅ fl ⋅ (4)
3 600
where
Qsto;max maximum capacity of the hot water tank [kWh]
Vsto size of the hot water tank (internal volume) [l]
ϑw;sto;max maximum temperature of the water stored in the hot water tank according [°C]
to design specifications
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
ϑw;c cold water temperature [°C]
fl loading factor -
For mixed storage systems with a uniform temperature distribution, the storage volume can be
corrected by the loading factor fl, since it is usually not possible to heat up the entire storage volume. fl,
is given by the manufacturer of the storage tank and can be given on a national basis. In the absence of
national data, default values are given in Annex B.
For bivalent systems, only the standby volume of the storage tank shall be used for calculating the
maximum storage capacity. The standby volume is given by the manufacturer. In cases where this
volume is not known, the volume defined by the lower edge of the upper heat exchanger can be used.
6.4.2.4 Minimal storage capacity
6.4.2.4.1 Mixed storage systems
In the case of mixed storage systems, there is a risk during the reheating phase, that the required draw
off temperature at the tapping point (e.g. 42°C) is not attained due to mixing effects in the storage tank.
This effect shall always be taken into account when the storage tank has been discharged and the
temperature stratification within the storage tank is mixed due to the charging process.
For reasons of security of supply, a minimum storage capacity shall be maintained during the
recharging phase, after the storage tank has been discharged and until it is loaded next. This ensures
that the temperature of the water drawn off the hot water tank is always above the minimum water
temperature drawn from the tap.
The minimal storage capacity is calculated with Formula (5):
 h  1
Qsto ,min = Vsto ⋅ r w ⋅ cw ⋅ 1 − sensor  ⋅ (ϑw,draw − ϑc ) ⋅ fl ⋅ [kWh] (5)
 2 ⋅ hsto  3 600
where
Qsto;min minimum capacity of the hot water tank [kWh]
Vsto size of the hot water tank (internal volume) [l]
cw specific heat capacity of water [kJ/kgK

]
hsensor height of the temperature sensor in the storage tank as measured from the [m]
bottom of the tank
hsto height of the storage tank [m]
ϑw;draw minimum temperature of the mixed water drawn at the tap (needs [°C]
temperature). In case of more draw-off points with different temperatures, the
highest draw-off temperature shall be used.
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
ϑw;c mean cold water temperature [°C]
fl loading factor -
This method can also be applied when using energy storage systems; the underlying assumption is that
the heat is transferred to DHW without loss.
6.4.2.4.2 Loading storage systems
In loading storage systems, the power supplied by the heat exchanger is immediately available to the
system (no mixing zone). Thus the supply curve may fall as low as the needs curve (Qsto,min = 0).
6.4.2.5 Heat losses of the storage tank
The heat losses of the hot water tank shall be calculated on a minutely basis from the standby losses
(see Formula (6)):
ϑw;sto;max − ϑa 1
QW ;sto;t =
qsb;sto ⋅ ⋅ (6)
45 1 440
where
QW;sto;t energy loss of the hot water tank at the time t (minute) [kWh/min]
qsb;sto standby loss of the hot water tank per day (specified by manufacturer) [kWh/d]
ϑw;sto;max maximum temperature of the water stored in the hot water tank [°C]
ϑa ambient temperature of the hot water tank [°C]
The standby losses of the storage tank qsb,sto can be obtained from manufacturers data according to
EN 12897. Alternatively the qsb,sto value can be calculated from the “standing loss value” S as given in
Regulation (EU) No 812/2013. The value “S” corresponds to Φw,sto. qsb,sto can therefore be
determined by Formula (7):
qsb , sto =
Φ w, sto ,t ⋅ 0, 024
(7)
where
qsb;sto standby loss of the hot water tank per day (specified by manufacturer) [kWh/d]
ΦW;sto;t power loss of the hot water tank at time t (ΦW;sto;t = S) [W]
Values for qsb,sto can be given on a national basis. In the absence of national data, default values for
qsb,sto are given in Annex B.
In direct flow systems, qsb,sto = 0.
6.4.2.6 Distribution heat losses
The heat losses of the distribution system can be calculated from parameters given in prEN 15316-3
which is used to calculate the energy losses of the DHW system. The values shall be calculated for each
29
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
period of time as the sum of the heat losses of the appropriate distribution pipeline sections. The
appropriate time period is an every-minute basis (see Formula (8)):
1
Q= ∑U ⋅ ldis;j ⋅ (ϑm;j − ϑa;j ) ⋅ t ⋅ (8)
60 000 [ min ]
W;dis;t dis;j
j
where
QW;dis;t energy loss of the distribution within time step t (minute) [kWh/min]
Udis;j linear thermal transmittance of the respective pipe section (j) [W/mK]
ldis;j length of the distribution pipe section (j) [m]
ϑm;i mean inner temperature (water temperature) of the pipe section (j); °C
usually, ϑm;j can be assumed constant (ϑm;j approximately ϑm)
ϑa;j ambient temperature for the pipe section (j) °C
t time step in which the heat loss shall be calculated for; min
The heat losses of the distribution pipelines from heat generation to heat emission shall be included in
this calculation. This also includes the charging pipes (pipes between the heat generator and the storage
tank). In this standard however, only the sections within circulating loops are considered. The heat
losses arising from the intermittently used draw-off lines can be significant as they increase the energy
needs, but are neglected in this standard. The needs profiles in Annex B and daily energy needs in
Clause 6 do not include the heat losses arising from intermittently used draw-off lines.
The distribution heat loss can also be calculated with the simplified method given below in Formula (9):
1
Q W;dis;t = q'dis ⋅ ldis ⋅ (9)
60.000
where
QW;dis;t Energy loss of the distribution within time step t (minute) [kWh/min]
q’dis Specific power loss of the distribution per length of pipe [W/m]
ldis Length of distribution pipe [m]
Values for q´dis and ϑm can be given on a national basis. In the absence of national data, default values
for q´dis are given in Annex B.
6.4.2.7 Switching points
6.4.2.7.1 Switch-on point in mixed storage and loading storage systems
The switch-on point for reheating is dependent on the relative height of the temperature sensor in the
hot water tank (see Figure 13). Loading storage systems have at least one other temperature sensor for
determining the switch-off point for reheating.
30
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Figure 13 — Position of the temperature sensor in the hot water tank
The storage tank is discharged up to a residual capacity QSto,ON, which is determined as the energy
content of the tank corresponding to the point where the temperature in the storage tank at the height
h = hsensor falls below the set temperature and activates the reheating system (see Formula (10)):
 h 
Qsto;on
= Qsto;max ⋅ 1 − sensor 
 h sto 
(10)
where
Qsto;on residual capacity of the tank at beginning of the reheating phase [kWh]
hsensor (internal) height of the temperature sensor in the hot water tank [m]
hsto (internal) total height of the hot water tank [m]
The hysteresis effects of the temperature sensor are neglected in this standard. The hysteresis
influences both switching points and the maximum storage capacity of the tank.
6.4.2.7.2 Switch-off point
In mixed storage systems, the switch-off point is reached when the temperature at the temperature
sensor equals the specified water temperature. In the case of loading systems, the switch-off point is
reached when the required specified water temperature is measured at a second sensor positioned in
the lower section of the tank.
6.4.2.8 Time lag of the heat generation system
After the switch-on signal has been given, the heat generation system requires a certain time until the
full power of the generation system is available at the hot water tank.
Depending on the control system and the hydraulic integration of the heat generator into the DHW
system, a continually increasing power output can be available within the period of time lag. For
reasons of simplicity, it is assumed in this standard, that the power output of the generation system is
available only after the time lag has elapsed (step function response).
This time lag is determined by Formula (11):
t lag t lag,HG + t lag,dis
=
(11)
where
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
t lag time lag for reheating of the DHW system [min]
t lag,HG time lag for reheating arising from the heat generator [min]
t lag,dis time lag for reheating arising from the distribution and loading pipes [min]
The time lag of the heat generator t lag,HG is primarily due to the ignition process, power acceleration
and power adjustment as well as heating up the water content and mass of the heat generator.
t lag,HG can be determined by Formula (12):
( mW , HG ) ⋅ cW + mM , HG ⋅ cM ⋅ f HG ,ϑ  ⋅ (ϑW , sto ,max − ϑU )

tlag , HG =   (12)
Φ HG ⋅ f HG ,Q ⋅ 60
where
t lag,HG time lag for reheating arising from the heat generator [min]
mW,HG mass of the water content of the heat generator [kg]
mW,dis mass of the water content of the distribution pipes [kg]
mM,HG mass of the heat generator (manufacturers data) [kg]
c ,W specific heat capacity of water [kJ/kgK]
c ,M specific heat capacity of the heat generator [kJ/kgK]
fHG,ϑ empirical factor taking into account the unequal temperature [–]
distribution of the heat generator
ϑW,sto,max maximum temperature of the storage tank [°C]
ϑa ambient temperature [°C]
fHG,Q empirical factor taking into account the power adjustment of [–]
the heat generator
ΦHG nominal power of the heat generator [kW]
The time lag t lag,dis for heating the water content and the mass of the piping of the loading pipes from
the heat generator to the storage tank can be neglected if both components are in the same room. A
National Annex may indicate the method to be used for the calculation of this parameter.
Values for the above parameters can be given on a national basis. In the absence of national data,
default values are given in Annex B.
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
6.4.2.9 Effective reheat energy and power for water heating Qeff and Φeff
In the case of loading storage systems, the effective reheat power is calculated by subtracting the
thermal losses due to storage and distribution from the nominal power output of the heat generator
(see Formula (13)):
Φ eff = Φ N − Φ w, Sto − Φ w,dis
(13)
where
Φeff effective power for water heating [kW]
ΦN nominal power of the heat generator [kW]
ΦW;sto storage heat loss [kW]
ΦW;dis distribution heat loss [kW]
In the case of mixed storage systems, the effective power transferred to the DHW system decreases as
the temperature in the storage tank increases. In this case, Φeff is calculated by Formula (14):
 ϑ
Φ eff = Φ N ⋅ 1 − Sto ,m
( t ) − ϑc  − Φ − Φ (14)
 w, Sto w, dis
 ϑch , HG − ϑc 
where
Φeff effective power for water heating during time step t [kW]
ΦN nominal power of the heat generator [kW]
ϑSto,m(t) mean water temperature of the storage tank during time step t [°C]
ϑc cold water temperature [°C]
ϑch,HG charging temperature of the heat generator (supply temperature) [°C]
ΦW;sto storage heat loss during time step t [kW]
ΦW;dis distribution heat loss during time step t [kW]
ϑSto,m (t) is determined by Formula (15):
 t

( t ) ϑSto,m,t 0 + (ϑch, HG − ϑSto,m,t 0 ) ⋅ 1 − e t 
−
ϑSto ,m = (15)
 
where
ϑSto,m(t) mean water temperature of the storage tank as a function of time [°C]
33
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
ϑSto,m,t0 mean water temperature of the storage tank at the time the reheating is [°C]
switched on
ϑch,HG charging temperature of the heat generator (supply temperature) [°C]
τ time constant of storage tank during loading [min]
t time [min]
The time constant of the storage tank during the charging phase can be determined by Formula (16):
mSto ⋅ cw
=t ⋅ 0, 06 (16)
U HE ⋅ AHE
where
τ time constant of storage tank during charging [min]
msto mass of the water in the storage volume [kg]
cW specific heat capacity of water in the storage volume [kJ/kgK]
UHE thermal transmittance of the heat exchanger [W/m2K]
AHE effective surface of the heat exchanger [m2]

UHE and AHE are values specified by the storage tank manufacturer. A National Annex may specify
these values for different storage systems and volumes.
The energy supplied during reheating is also calculated on an every-minute basis according to the
following Formula (17):
Qeff =Φ eff ⋅ t (17)
where
Qeff effective energy for water heating during reheat [kWh/min]
t time (t = 60 s/min) [min]

6.4.3 Procedure for dimensioning the DHW system
6.4.3.1 General
The individual steps for dimensioning domestic hot water systems according to the algorithms
described in this standard are specified as follows.
34
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
6.4.3.2 Calculation of the needs curve
Determine the energy need for the representative design period (usually 24h) and the temporal
distribution of the need within this period (relative amount of water needed). This can be achieved by
several methods:
— by using direct measurements of the volume flow rate and the appropriate warm- and cold water
temperatures over the representative design period. The data shall be converted to a minutely time
step should the original data be based on a different time periods.
— by using a value of the daily energy need obtained by one of the methods described in Clause 6 of
this standard and applying a load profile as in Figure 4 to obtain the temporal distribution within
the design period. The data shall be converted to a minutely time step, should the needs profile be
based on a different time step (e.g. hourly basis using Formula (3)).
6.4.3.3 Algorithm for calculating the supply curve
The supply curve is calculated on an every-minute basis according to the following algorithms
(Figure 14):
35
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Figure 14 — Determination of the supply curve, calculation flow chart
If the difference between the supply curve and the needs curve is less than Qsto;min (Qsto;min = 0 for
charging systems), the DHW system is not able to fulfil the needs set by the profile. In this case either
the power of the heat generator or the volume of the hot water tank shall be increased until the
condition in the flowchart is fulfilled.
6.4.3.4 Starting values for calculating the supply curve
If the values for Φeff and Vsto are known, then the algorithm in Figure 15 can be used for determining
the supply curve and for optimizing the power or storage volume. Should however one or both
parameters not be known, then a method for determining these start values may be given on a national
basis. In the absence of a national method, a default method is given in Annex B.
36
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
6.4.3.5 Dimensioning direct flow DHW systems with no storage volume
In the case of DHW systems with no storage volume, the effective power needed to directly heat the
water to the required temperature is determined as in Formula (18):
Φ eff = VD ⋅ rW ⋅ cW ⋅ (ϑW ,draw − ϑc )

(18)
with
VD design flow rate [l/s]
ϑw,draw minimum temperature of the mixed water drawn at the tap (needs [°C]
temperature)
ϑW,C cold water temperature [°C]
The design flow rate VD can be determined on a national basis. In the absence of a national values, a
default method is given in Annex B.
6.5 Calculation procedure for determining the energy needs for domestic hot water
6.5.1 Energy need for domestic hot water based on draw-off or load profiles
This method is characterized by the use of one or more 24-h cycles that define a number of domestic
hot water draw-off requirements.
Draw-off or load profiles may be given in a National Annex. These shall identify the building category
for which they can be used. These profiles shall include the relative amount of water drawn during each
time step as well as the corresponding delivery temperature at the draw-off point and the cold water
temperature. The energy content of each draw-off can then be calculated from this data. The smallest
time step used is on a minutely basis. Hourly draw-off or load profiles however also suffice. Annex A
gives the input data required for such profiles. Examples of load profiles for different building uses are
given in Annex B.
For single-family dwellings the tapping programs detailed in EN 13203-2 may also be used. These
tapping programs shall include the energy content of each draw-off, the corresponding delivery
temperature and the appropriate flow rate. Reference should be made to EN 13203-2 for a full
explanation of these tapping programs when using this method.
Weekly, monthly or annual domestic hot water requirements can be obtained by multiplying the daily
data by the appropriate number of days. A National Annex may indicate the method to be used for these
calculations such as a certain combination of tapping programs.
6.5.2 Energy need for domestic hot water based on volume required
6.5.2.1 General
This method is characterized by calculating the daily domestic hot water volume required.
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
The energy need for the domestic hot water delivered to the user QW depends on the volume delivered
and the water temperatures. The energy need is calculated by Formula (19):
1
QW ,nd =Vt ⋅ cW ⋅ rW ⋅ (ϑW ;draw − ϑW ;c ) ⋅
1.000 (19)
Vt VW ,day ⋅ xh
=
where
QW;nd energy need for an hourly time step [kWh/hour]
Vt volume of water draw at each time step [litres/hour]
VW,day volume of domestic hot water delivered per day at specified temperatures [litres/day]
cW specific heat capacity of water in the storage volume [kWh/kgK]
ρW density of water (1000 kg/m3 suffices in accuracy) [kg/m3]
ϑW,draw specified domestic mixed hot water delivery temperature [°C]
ϑW;c specified cold water delivery temperature [°C]
xh hourly volume fraction of the daily water needs from B.2 %

6.5.2.2 Domestic hot water delivery temperature
The required domestic hot water delivery temperature depends on the use. In order to achieve a
consistent basis for calculations, values can be provided in a National Annex. In the absence of a
National Annex a default delivery temperature as given in Annex B shall be applied.
6.5.2.3 Cold water supply temperature
In some countries, variations in cold water supply temperature are sufficient to have a significant effect
on the energy requirement for domestic hot water. National values can be applied to take account of
local variations and more than one set of temperature values can be applied to reflect differences in
cold water supply temperature in different geographical areas. A default value for the cold water can be
the yearly average external air temperature.
National values should be provided in a National Annex. In the absence of a National Annex a default
cold water supply temperature as given in Annex B shall be applied.
6.5.2.4 Domestic hot water volume
The volume of domestic hot water, VW ,day , is determined by the type of building, its use and the number
of persons and is calculated either by Formula (20) or Formula (21):
VW ,day VW , P ,day ⋅ nP
=
(20)
VW ,day VW , f ,day ⋅ f
= (21)
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
where
VW;day volume of domestic hot water delivered per day at specified temperatures [l/d]
VW;P;day litres per person and per day of water at ϑW,draw [l/d]
VW;f;day litres per unit and per day of water at ϑW,draw [l/d]
nP number of persons to be taken into account [–]
f number of units to be taken into account [–]

The values of VW , P ,day , VW , f ,day and f depend on:
— the type of building (building category);
— the type of activity carried out within the building;
— the use of a zone within a building where more than one activity is carried out;
— standard or class of activity, such as the category of a hotel (number of stars) or the class of catering
establishment.
Alternatively, the floor area may be used for factor f in Formula (21) with corresponding values of
VW , f ,day .
For single family dwellings, the value of VW , f ,day can be calculated. Calculation of VW , f ,day takes into
account the requirements of smaller dwellings, where the domestic hot water requirement is larger on
a floor area basis than it is for larger dwellings, because of a higher number of equivalent adults per
metre square and a different number of taps.
Values for VW , f ,day and the factors nP and f should be provided in a National Annex. If a National Annex
is not provided or does not include these values, default values given in Annex B may be applied.
6.5.2.5 Time periods
Weekly, monthly or annual energy needs for domestic hot water can be obtained by multiplying the
daily data by the appropriate number of days. If different cold water supply temperatures are used in
the calculations then the weekly, monthly or annual domestic hot water demand should be based on the
number of days associated with each cold water supply temperature used. A National Annex will give
the number of days.
6.5.3 Energy need for domestic hot water based directly on floor area
This method is characterized by the assumption that there is a linear relationship between the energy
need for domestic hot water and the floor area of the building.
In this case, the energy need for domestic hot water QW may be calculated by Formula (22):
QW QW , A,day ⋅ A ⋅ nday
=
(22)
where
39
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
QW energy need for a period of n days [kWh/period]
QW,A,day is a specific energy need for domestic hot water per day based on a [kWh/day/m2]
defined water delivery temperature (e.g. 42°C) and a defined cold
water supply temperature (e.g. 10°C)
A specified floor area. [m2]
nday number of days considered [day]
This approach may only be used if values for QW ; A;day are given in a National Annex. The National Annex
shall also indicate if the specified floor area is the net or gross area of the building. In the absence of a
National Annex a default values as given in Annex B may be applied.
daily data by the appropriate number of days.
6.5.4 Tabulated energy need for domestic hot water
This method is characterized by the assumption that the energy need for domestic hot water is related
to the building type and use.
The energy need for domestic hot water can be tabulated against a single parameter or multiple
parameters depending on:
— the type of building;
— the type of activity carried out within the building;
— the use of a zone within a building where more than one activity is carried out;
— standards or class of activity, such as the category of a hotel (number of stars) or the class of
catering establishment.
The table should be provided in a National Annex. In the absence of a National Annex default values as
given in Annex B may be applied.
daily data by the appropriate number of days.
7 Quality control
The quality of the calculation results should be controlled.
8 Compliance check
The results of the calculation should be checked for compliance.
40
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Template for input data
A.1 Load profiles

Table A.1 — Draw profiles, national default values
Time Relative volume or energy drawn each time step [-]
[hh:mm] Single- Multi-dwelling … … …

dwelling unit unit
00:00 ≤t< 01:00 … … … … …
01:00 ≤t< 02:00 … … … … …
02:00 ≤t< 03:00 … … … … …
03:00 ≤t< 04:00 … … … … …
04:00 ≤t< 05:00 … … … … …
05:00 ≤t< 06:00 … … … … …
06:00 ≤t< 07:00 … … … … …
07:00 ≤t< 08:00 … … … … …
08:00 ≤t< 09:00 … … … … …
09:00 ≤t< 10:00 … … … … …
10:00 ≤t< 11:00 … … … … …
11:00 ≤t< 12:00 … … … … …
12:00 ≤t< 13:00 … … … … …
13:00 ≤t< 14:00 … … … … …
14:00 ≤t< 15:00 … … … … …
15:00 ≤t< 16:00 … … … … …
16:00 ≤t< 17:00 … … … … …
17:00 ≤t< 18:00 … … … … …
18:00 ≤t< 19:00 … … … … …
19:00 ≤t< 20:00 … … … … …
20:00 ≤t< 21:00 … … … … …
21:00 ≤t< 22:00 … … … … …
22:00 ≤t< 23:00 … … … … …
23:00 ≤t< 00:00 … … … … …
A.2 Parameters to calculate energy needs

Default values for the amount of hot-water drawn heating shall be provided nationally, in a way that
allows calculations with at least 1-h time steps.
41
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Table A.2 — Daily water need, national default values
Description of the need through drawn water-volume and respective water-

temperatures
Use Volume of water drawn Cold-water Temperature
per day temperature drawn hot water
Vday ϑw,c ϑw,draw
[l/d] [°C] [°C]

Single- … … …
dwelling unit
Multi- … … …
dwelling unit
… … … …
Description of the need through energy demand
Use Net energy demand for Cold-water Temperature
water heating temperature drawn hot water
Qw,b ϑw,c ϑw,draw
[kWh/d] [°C] [°C]

Single- … … …
dwelling unit
Multi- … … …
dwelling unit
… … … …
A.3 Parameters for sizing DHW systems

A.3.1 Loading factors fl of hot water tanks
In hot water tanks with distinct mixing, usually, only certain percentage of the contained water reaches
the set temperature. Within this standard, that behaviour is described by the loading factor fl.
Default values for charging factors for at least the most common DHW systems shall be defined
nationally.
Table A.3 — loading factor, national default values
Type of hot water tank loading factor fl
Category e.g. vertical/upright …

type of
horizontal …
mixing
… …
… …
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
A.3.2 Standby losses qsb,sto of hot water tanks
Table A.4 — standby losses, national default values
Gross storage volume in standby losses qsb,Sto in

litres kWh in 24 h
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
A.3.3 Specific heat loss of the distribution lines per length of pipe q´dis
Table A.5 — specific heat loss of the distribution lines
category 1 category 2 category – q´dis

[W/m]
… … … …
… … … …
A.3.4 Time lag of the heat generation system tlag
Table A.6 — time lag for heat generators tl,HG
category 1 category 2 category – tlag,HG

[min]
… … … …
… … … …
43
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Table A.7 — time lag for heat distribution tl,dis
category 1 category 2 category – tlag,dis

[min]
… … … …
… … … …
A.3.5 Start values for calculating the supply curve
Initial values for the effective power for water heating and the storage volume needed in calculating the
supply curve according to the algorithm supplied in the standard can be given on a national basis.
A.3.6 Design flow rate for direct flow systems
Methods for determining the design flow rate in hot water systems can be given on a national basis.
They should be identical to the national method applied for dimensioning the installations.
A.4 General values

General physical and thermodynamical values used in the calculation such density and specific heat
capacities can be given on a national basis.
44
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Default input data
B.1 Load profiles

Table B.1 — Hourly values of the relative hot-water demand based on volume. Adapted load
profiles from EN 50440
Load profiles from EN 50440
Volume fraction in %
time
XXS XS S M L XL XXL
hh:mm
0:00 < = t < 1:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
1:00 < = t < 2:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2:00 < = t < 3:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
3:00 < = t < 4:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
4:00 < = t < 5:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
5:00 < = t < 6:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
6:00 < = t < 7:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
7:00 < = t < 8:00 10,0 25,0 10,0 27,5 14,7 33,8 33,7
8:00 < = t < 9:00 5,0 0,0 5,0 7,2 33,6 2,2 1,7
9:00 < = t < 10:00 5,0 0,0 5,0 3,6 1,8 1,1 0,9
10:00 < = t < 11:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 0,9 1,1 0,9
11:00 < = t < 12:00 10,0 0,0 10,0 3,6 1,8 1,7 1,3
12:00 < = t < 13:00 15,0 25,0 15,0 5,4 2,7 3,9 3,0
13:00 < = t < 14:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
14:00 < = t < 15:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 0,9 0,6 0,4
15:00 < = t < 16:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 0,9 1,1 0,9
16:00 < = t < 17:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 0,9 1,1 0,9
17:00 < = t < 18:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,4
18:00 < = t < 19:00 15,0 0,0 10,0 5,4 2,7 1,7 1,3
19:00 < = t < 20:00 10,0 0,0 0,0 1,8 0,9 0,6 0,4
20:00 < = t < 21:00 10,0 50,0 20,0 12,6 6,3 27,0 28,4
21:00 < = t < 22:00 20,0 0,0 25,0 25,7 31,8 23,7 25,9
22:00 < = t < 23:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
23:00 < = t < 0:00 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
45
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Table B.2 — Hourly values of the relative hot-water demand based on volume for different
building categories
single family appartment residential home Student Hospital
dwelling dwelling for the elderly residence
time Volume fraction Volume fraction Volume fraction Volume fraction Volume fraction
hh:mm [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
0:00 < = t < 1:00 1,8 1,0 0,3 1,4 0,4

1:00 < = t < 2:00 1,0 1,0 0,3 1,0 0,4
2:00 < = t < 3:00 0,6 1,0 0,4 0,5 0,5
3:00 < = t < 4:00 0,3 0,0 0,7 0,6 0,8
4:00 < = t < 5:00 0,4 0,0 1,0 1,3 1,2
5:00 < = t < 6:00 0,6 1,0 1,8 3,4 2,8
6:00 < = t < 7:00 2,4 3,0 9,3 5,8 7,5
7:00 < = t < 8:00 4,7 6,0 15,7 5,8 10,5
8:00 < = t < 9:00 6,8 8,0 8,1 6,2 8,0
9:00 < = t < 10:00 5,7 6,0 7,5 5,4 7,5
10:00 < = t < 11:00 6,1 5,0 7,0 5,1 7,5
11:00 < = t < 12:00 6,1 5,0 6,6 4,7 7,0
12:00 < = t < 13:00 6,3 6,0 7,1 4,2 7,5
13:00 < = t < 14:00 6,4 6,0 5,1 4,5 5,5
14:00 < = t < 15:00 5,1 5,0 3,8 4,1 4,3
15:00 < = t < 16:00 4,4 4,0 3,3 4,3 3,7
16:00 < = t < 17:00 4,3 4,0 4,1 5,3 4,5
17:00 < = t < 18:00 4,7 5,0 2,9 6,0 3,2
18:00 < = t < 19:00 5,7 6,0 6,1 6,6 7,0
19:00 < = t < 20:00 6,5 7,0 4,1 6,0 4,5
20:00 < = t < 21:00 6,6 7,0 1,4 5,6 2,0
21:00 < = t < 22:00 5,8 6,0 1,8 5,4 2,0
22:00 < = t < 23:00 4,5 5,0 0,9 3,9 1,2
23:00 < = t < 0:00 3,1 2,0 0,4 2,8 0,5
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FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
B.2 Parameters to calculate energy needs

B.2.1 Energy needs for domestic hot water based on usage and floor area
Table B.3 — Net energy demand for water heating per day
Specific energy need for domestic hot water supply qw,b,d Reference area
Type of usage Usage dependent Area-specific

Office buildings 0,4 kWh per person and day 30 Wh/(m2·d) office floor area
Hospital ward or 8,0 kWh per bed and day 530 Wh/(m2·d) wards and rooms
patient’s room
School without showers 0,5 kWh per person and day 170 Wh/(m2·d) classrooms
School with showers 1,5 kWh per person and day 500 Wh/(m2·d) classrooms
Retail shop/department 1,0 kWh per employee and day 10 Wh/(m2·d) sales areas
store
Workshop, industrial facility 1,5 kWh per employee and day 75 Wh/(m2·d) area of
(for washing and showering) workshop/works
Modest hotel 1,5 kWh per bed and day 190 Wh/(m2·d) hotel bedrooms
Medium-class hotel 4,5 kWh per bed and day 450 Wh/(m2·d) hotel bedrooms
Luxury-class hotel 7,0 kWh per bed and day 580 Wh/(m2·d) hotel bedrooms
Restaurant, inn/pub 1,5 kWh per seat and day 1.250 public rooms
Wh/(m2·d)
Home (for the aged, 3,5 kWh per person and day 230 Wh/(m2·d) rooms
orphanage, etc.)
Barracks 1,5 kWh per person and day 150 Wh/(m2·d) rooms
Sports facility with showers 1,5 kWh per person and day - -
Commercial catering kitchen, 0,4 kWh per meal - -
canteen
Bakery 5,0 kWh per employee and day - -
Hairdresser/barber 8,0 kWh per employee and day - -
Butcher with production 18,0 kWh per employee and day - -
Laundry 20,0 kWh per 100 kg laundry - -
Brewery 15,0 kWh per 100 l beer - -
Dairy 10,0 kWh per 100 l milk - -
NOTE The values in Table B.3 do not include the heat losses arising from intermittently used draw-off lines.
47
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
B.2.2 Energy needs for domestic hot water based on volume required
Table B.4 — Values for calculation of domestic hot water requirements per day
Type of activity VW ; f ;day f

[l/d]
Dwelling see below Number of equivalent adults
Accommodation 28 number of beds
Health establishment without accommodation 10 number of beds
Health establishment with accommodation − 56 number of beds
without laundry
Health establishment with accommodation − 88 number of beds
with laundry
Education Hot water requirements not taken into
account
Offices
Theatres and lecture theatres
Shops
Catering, 2 meals per day. 21 number of guests per meal
Traditional cuisine
Catering, 2 meals per day. 8 number of guests per meal
Self service
Catering, 1 meal per day. 10 number of guests per meal
Traditional cuisine
Catering, 1 meal per day. 4 number of guests per meal
Self service
Hotel, 1-star, without laundry 56 number of beds
Hotel, 1-star, with laundry 70 number of beds
Hotel, 4-star and GC, without laundry 118 number of beds
Hotel, 4-star and GC, with laundry 132 number of beds
Sports establishment 101 number of showers installed
Storage Hot water requirements not taken into
account
Industry
Transport
Other
48
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
The values in Table B.4 are based on a domestic hot water delivery temperature of 60 °C, and a cold
water supply temperature of 13,5 °C. The values in Table B.4 do not include the heat losses arising from
intermittently used draw-off lines.
For single family dwellings and apartment dwellings, the value of VW ; P ;day is calculated based on the
number of equivalent persons (adults) nP,eq. (see Formula (B.1)):
— Single family dwellings or attached houses:
1 if Ah < 30 m 2
nP ,eq ,max= {1, 75 − 0, 018 75 ⋅ ( 70 − Ah ) if 30 m 2 ≤ Ah < 70 m 2 (B.1)
0, 025 ⋅ Ah if Ah ≥ 70 m 2
The total number of equivalent persons is defined by Formula (B.2):

nP ,eq ,max if nmax < 1, 75
nP ,eq = { (B.2)
1, 75 + 0,3 ⋅ ( nP ,eq ,max − 1, 75 ) if nmax ≥ 1, 75
— Apartment dwellings:
The area is used to calculate nP ,eq ,max as follows (see Formula (B.4)):
1 if Ah < 10 m 2
nP ,eq ,max= {1, 75 − 0, 018 75 ⋅ ( 50 − Ah ) if 10 m 2 < Ah < 50 m 2 (B.3)
2
0, 035 ⋅ Ah if Ah > 50 m
The total number of equivalent persons is defined by Formula (B.4):

nP ,eq ,max if nP ,eq ,max < 1, 75
nP ,eq = { (B.4)
1, 75 + 0,3 ⋅ ( nP ,eq ,max − 1, 75 ) if nP ,eq ,max ≥ 1, 75
For these two residential cases and at the level of one dwelling, requirements can be expressed by
Formula (B.5):
  A 
VW , P ,day min  x;  y ⋅ h
=  
  
  nP ,eq  (B.5)
where
Ah habitable area
nP,eq number of equivalent persons used for calculating the DHW requirements
maximum number of equivalent persons corresponding to the part of the group
nP,eq,max supplied by the same DHW transmitter (individual or attached house and
collective housing)
The default values for x, and y are:
x = 40,71
y = 3,26
49
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Alternatively, it is always possible to directly use the number of persons inhabiting a dwelling nP in
combination with tabulated values for VW,P,day according to Formula (20) in Clause 6 and Table B.5
below.
Table B.5 — Values for calculation of domestic hot water requirements per day
Type of building VW ; f ;day

[litres DHW per person per day]
residential buildings (simple housing) 25 - 60
residential buildings (luxury housing) 60 - 100
single family dwellings 40 - 70
apartment dwellings 25 - 30
B.2.3 Water Temperatures ϑW,draw; ϑW,c
Water temperatures shall be given on a national basis. Where no national data are available, the
following default values shall be used (Table B.6).
Table B.6 — DHW delivery temperature, cold water supply temperature
specification symbol temperature

[°C]
DHW delivery ϑw,draw 42
temperature = minimum
temperature of the mixed
water drawn at the tap
(needs temperature)
cold water temperature at ϑw,c 10
the entry of the building
B.3 Parameters for sizing DHW systems

B.3.1 Loading factors fl of hot water tanks
Default values of loading factors for the most common DHW systems shall be defined nationally. Where
no national data are available, the following default values shall be used (Table B.7).
50
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Table B.7 — Loading factor
Type of hot water tank Loading factor fl
mixed storage systems vertical/upright 0,96

horizontal ≤ 400 l 0,94
> 400 l 0,90
loading storage systems (layer-charging) a 1,0

a This value is also applicable to energy storage tanks.
B.3.2 Standby losses qsb,sto of hot water tanks
Default values of standby losses of hot water tanks shall be defined nationally. Where no national data
are available, the default values of Table B.8 shall be used.
Table B.8 — Standby losses
Gross storage volume in litres standby losses qsb,sto in kWh/d
5 and less 0,35

30 0,60
50 0,78
80 0,98
100 1,10
120 1,20
150 1,35
200 1,56
300 1,91
400 2,20
500 2,46
600 2,69
800 3,11
1 000 3,48
1 250 3,89
1 500 4,26
2 000 4,92
The values given in Table B.4 are applicable to storage tanks with two connecting pipes. For each
additional connected pipe the value shall be increased by 0,1 kWh/d.
51
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
B.3.3 Specific heat loss of the distribution per length of pipe q´dis and ϑm
Table B.9 — Specific heat loss of the distribution
range of pipe diameter thickness of insulation s q´dis

d and temperature [W/m]
[mm] difference (ϑm - ϑa)
W
λ = 0, 035
for m* K
10 - 150 s = d; 7
(ϑm - ϑa) = 35 K
10 - 150 s = d; 11
(ϑm - ϑa) = 50 K
A default value for the mean inner water temperature of the piping sections is ϑm;j approximately
ϑm = 50°C.
B.3.4 Time lag of the heat generation system tlag,HG
Table B.10 — Values of time lag for different heat generators tlag,HG
Heat generator tlag;HG [min]
wall mounted boilers and floor-standing boilers 2

with aluminium heat exchangers
heat pumps 4
floor-standing boilers and CHP-systems 6
Pellet boilers (automatically fed) 30
wood boilers (manually fed) 45
Table B.11 — Values of time lag for distribution pipes tlag,dis
distribution system tllag,dis [min]
all systems 0
The empirical factor fHG,ϑ in Formula (12) takes into account that not all parts of the heat generator are
heated up to supply temperature. This is particularly the case with heat pumps and cogeneration heat
and power systems. Reference values for fHG,ϑ are written in Table B.12:
52
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Table B.12 — Factor for uneven temperature distribution of the heat generator fHG;ϑ
Heat generator fHG,ϑ

[-]
boilers (all types) 0,9
heat pumps 0,4
CHP-systems 0,3
The empirical factor fHG,Q in Formula (12) takes into account the time lag resulting from the ignition
process, power acceleration and power adjustment particularly with solid fuel boilers. Reference values
are written in Table B.13:
Table B.13 — factor for time lag due to ignition and power adjustment fHG;Q
Heat generator fHG,Q

[-]
pellet boiler 0,6 - 0,8
woodchip boiler 0,5 - 0,75
all other boilers 1
B.3.5 Default start values for determining the supply curve
B.3.5.1 General
If the effective power for water heating Φeff and/or the volume of the storage tank Vsto are not known,
then start values for these parameters can be obtained in a simple manner from the data of the needs
curve.
B.3.5.2 Start value for the effective power for water heating
A start value for Φ eff can be obtained by determining the mean slope of the needs curve as shown in
Figure B.1.
53
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Key
X time h
Y cumulated energy kWh
Figure B.1 — Determination of the start value for the effective power for water heating
B.3.5.3 Start value for the storage volume
A start value for Vsto can be obtained by determining the vertical distance between the lines enveloping
the needs curve as shown in Figure B.2. The slope of the lines is given by the mean slope of the needs
curve as in B.3.5.2.
Key
X time h
Y cumulated energy kWh
Figure B.2 — Determination of the start value for the storage volume
B.3.6 Default values for the design flow rate VD for direct flow systems
The design flow rate can be determined from the sum of the draw-off flow rates VA of the respective
draw off points.
a ⋅ ( ∑ VA ) − c
b
VD = (B.6)
where
54
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
VD design flow rate [l/s]
VA draw-off flow rate of the respective draw-off points [l/s]
a,b,c constants according to Table B.8. [–]
Values for VA can be obtained from EN 806-3 or be given on a national basis. Table B.14 lists the
constants in Formula (B.6) depending on the type of building.
Table B.14 — constants for the design flow rate according to Formula (B.6)
type of building a b c
residential dwelling 1,48 0,19 0,94
patient ward in 0,75 0,44 0,18
hospitals
hotel 0,70 0,48 0,13
school 0,91 0,31 0,38
office building 0,91 0,31 0,38
retirement home 1,48 0,19 0,94
nursing home 1,40 0,14 0,92
B.4 General values

B.4.1 Density of water
Within the accuracy of this standard, the density of water can be either assumed to be 1.000 kg/m3 or
1 kg/l respectively or, more accurately, be calculated according to the following formula as a function of
the water temperature ϑW.
ρ W = 1 000 − 0, 005 ⋅ (ϑW − 4 )

2
(B.1)
where
ρW density [kg/m3]
ϑW water temperature [°C]
B.4.2 Specific heat capacities
Within the accuracy of this standard, the specific heat capacity of water can be assumed as a constant
with cW = 4,2 kJ/kgK.
Within the accuracy of this standard, the specific heat capacity of heat generators can be assumed as
cM = 0,5 kJ/kgK.
55
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 806-3, Specifications for installations inside buildings conveying water for human
consumption — Part 3: Pipe sizing — Simplified method
[2] prEN 12831–1, Energy performance of buildings — Method for calculation of the design heat
load — Part 1: Space heating load, Module M3-3
[3] CEN/TR 12831-4, Energy performance of buildings — Method for the calculation of the design
heat load — Part 4: Explanation and justification of EN 12831-3, Module M8-2, M8-3
[4] EN 13203-2, Gas-fired domestic appliances producing hot water — Part 2: Assessment of energy
consumption
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[6] prEN 15316-2, Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings — Method for
calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies — Part 2: Space emission
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[7] prEN 15316–3, Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings — Method for
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systems (DHW, heating and cooling)
[8] EN 15316–4-1, Heating systems in buildings — Method for calculation of system energy
requirements and system efficiencies — Part 4-1: Space heating generation systems, combustion
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requirements and system efficiencies — Part 4-2: Space heating generation systems, heat pump
systems
requirements and system efficiencies — Part 4-3: Heat generation systems, thermal solar systems
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requirements and system efficiencies — Part 4-5: District heating and cooling, Module M3-8-5, M4-
8-5, M8-8-5, M11-8-5
requirements and system efficiencies — Part 4-6: Heat generation systems, photovoltaic systems
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and overhead radiant heating systems
56
FprEN 12831-3:2016 (E)
[15] prEN 15316–4-10, Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings — Method for
calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies — Part 4-10: Wind power
generation systems
[16] prEN 15316–5, Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings — Method for
calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies — Part 5: Space heating and
DHW storage systems (not cooling)
[17] prEN 15378–1, Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings — Heating systems
and DHW in buildings — Part 1: Inspection of boilers, heating systems and DHW
[18] prEN 15378–3, Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings — Heating systems
and DHW in buildings — Part 3: Measured energy performance
[19] prEN 15459–1, Heating systems and water based cooling systems in buildings — Energy
performance of buildings — Part 1: Economic evaluation procedure for energy systems in buildings
[20] prCEN ISO/TR 52000-2, Energy performance of buildings — Overarching EPB assessment —
Part 2: Explanation and justification of ISO 52000-1 (ISO/DTR 52000-2)
[21] Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 812/2013 of 18 February 2013 supplementing

Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the energy
labelling of water heaters, hot water storage tanks and packages of water heater and solar device
57

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EUROPEAN STANDARD FINAL DRAFT

NORME EUROPÉENNE FprEN 12831-3

ICS 91.140.65 Will supersede EN 15316-3-1:2007

Energy performance of buildings - Method for calculation

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

Annex B (informative) Default input data .......................................................................................................... 45

This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.

This document will supersede EN 15316-3-1:2007.

— inspection of heating systems;

— design of heating systems;

— installation and commissioning of heating systems.

— the regulators will specify the choices;

and for different uses.

sub1 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11

3 Terms and definitions

Note 1 to entry: The storage medium is not potable water.

a) Loading phase of a mixed storage b) Discharging phase of a mixed storage

Figure 1 — Phases of a mixed storage system

a) Charging phase of a charging storage b) Discharging phase of a charging

Figure 2 — Phases of a charging storage system

4 Symbols and abbreviations

Table 2 — Symbols and units

Symbol Name Unit

U (Linear) Thermal transmittance of the piping W/mK

5 Description of the methods

2) on the basis of statistical methods (characteristic needs);

b) calculation and depiction of the needs curve;

c) definition of the design parameters of the hot water system:

1) selection of the hot water system;

Description Symbol Unit Intended use Intended

6.2 Calculation time steps

6.3 Input data

Table 5 — Product Input data

Symbol Name Unit Origin

6.3.3 System design data

Table 6 — System design input data

Symbol Name Unit Origin

6.3.4 Operating data and boundary

ϑw;c Cold-water temperature (e.g. 10 °C) °C From M1–13

6.3.5 Other data

ρw Density of water kg/m3 National annex to this standard

6.4 Calculation procedure for sizing domestic hot water systems

t time step, one minute [min] [min]

i loop cycle / calculation step [-]

imax maximum number of loops [-]

Y cumulated energy [kWh]

Figure 3 — Exemplary needs curve (summation curve diagram)

QW;b;t energy demand for DHW at the time t (minute) [kWh/min]

Vt volume of water at ϑw,draw, drawn in the time interval t (minute) [l]

ρw density of water [kg/l]

cw specific heat capacity of water [kJ/kgK]

ϑw;c cold-water temperature [°C]

Vt volume of DHW drawn at the time t (minute) [l]

Vday total volume of DHW drawn in a day [l]

Y relative amount of daily DHW needs drawn in each hour -

1 potable water hot, PWH

2 potable water cold, PWC

6.4.2.2.2 DHW mixed storage systems