Our Expertise

CIKIT : Lightning Protection

Name of the
S.No Standard details
Industries

LPS - IEC 61400 - 24

LPS - IEC 62305, NFC 17- 102
Renewable
Energy Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
1 Windmills and Solar Panels are at high risk due to possibility of destruction by lightning strikes due to its
elevation and the wide spread vacant land areas chosen for the installation of such structures. Redesigning
or modification of Lightning Protection System post the installation of these structures isn’t advisable as it
would attract heavy expenses and hence a properly designed LPS as per relevant standards is mandate.

OISD-GDN-180
LPS - IEC 62305
Oil Industry
Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
2 Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
Due to the storage of explosive and hazardous materials in the Oil & Gas Industry, a direct lightning strike or
secondary surges could lead to major disaster leading to loss of lives, resources and equipments. A properly
designed and well executed LPS is required to protect this industry from such catastrophe. Level 1 Lightning
Protection System of relevant standards should be considered for efficient protection.

NBC 2016
High rise
building LPS - IEC 6230
(Residential &
commercials), Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
Data centerst
3
Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
Taller buildings in general attract lightning strikes, hence an efficiently designed LPS is highly critical to safe
guard these structures from destruction caused due to lightning. Also such structures should make sure
quality earthing system and surge protection devices are installed to protect the lives and expensive
electronic equipments housed in these structures. National Building Code guidelines to be followed while
designing LPS for such tall buildings.

RDSO/197/2008
LPS - IEC 62305
Railway
Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
4 Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
With the continual up-gradation & automation of the entire Railways Operations System, quality Lighning
Protection System, Surge Protection & Earthing System is required to ensure uninterrupted smooth
operations of the railway network. Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO) and Rail India
Technical & Economical Services (RITES) act as the technical advisor and consultancy company for the
design and installation of Lightning Protection, Surge Protection and Earthing Solutions for the Indian
Railways.

Cultural LPS - IEC 62305

and
historical Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
monuments Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
5
India has got numerous number of historical monuments and heritage sites across the length and breadth of
the country. Protecting them will result in preserving the rich cultural heritage of our country and the sheer
architectural marvel of our ancestors. Every structure is unique in its style, and custom designed Lightning
Protection System will ensure these building survive with the same old charm for many centuries to come.
 Name of the
S.No Standard details
Industries

IEEE 142
LPS - IEC 62305
Power
Generation Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430

6 Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11

Direct Lightning Strokes or over-voltage surges caused due to Lightning could cause major destruction to
electrical equipments and will interrupt power supply. The fault current level of a substation will be very high
and hence appropriate sizing of the earth conductors should be used to withstand the heavy fault currents
without any damage.

LPS - IEC 62305

Hospitals
and Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
health care
7 Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
Hospitals and health care centers are one of the highly sensitive areas where either the interruption of supply
for a smaller duration or malfunction of equipment by very narrow margin will result in loss of human life. Not
to forget the most expensive and highly sensitive lifesaving electronic equipments housed in these hospitals
makes the protection against both the direct and indirect effects of lightning very essential.

IEC 61643 - 21
Telecommication
towers LPS - IEC 62305
Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
8
Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-21
Telecommunication towers are more prone to lightning strikes because of their position and height of the
structures. The electronic devices used for transmitting and receiving the data are very delicate and requires
good ground reference for its reliable operation. In order to provide uninterrupted and efficient service,
lightning protection system along with SPD and earthing is very imperative for telecommunication towers.

Manufacturing LPS - IEC 62305

Industry Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
9 Due to the advancement in technologies, the industries have undergone a huge transformation. The taller
structures in the industries and chimneys make them more prone to lightning strikes and the sophisticated
equipments used for industrial automation makes them more sensitive to lightning impulses. Safety of the
operators will be the primary focus of Lightning protection system and in addition to that it will reduce the down
time of machineries which result in huge revenue loss. Hence proper lightning protection system and surge
protection modules should be installed as per the standards to ensure the safety of the people and equipments.

LPS - IEC 62305

Eductional
and Research Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
institutions
Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
10
The educational and Research institutes contain very valuable and confidential information which are
obtained as a result of continuous efforts for several years. A single accident due to either direct or indirect
effects of lightning strikes may result in loss of vital data. Hence properly designed LPS is very essential for
the Research institutions.

LPS - IEC 62305

Miltary
and Earthing - IS 3043,BS 7430
defence
11 Surge protection device - IEC 62305 part -4; IEC 61643-11
Defense sector uses delicate devices for surveillance and signaling purposes. Storage of highly explosive
materials emphasis the need for protection against lightning. Properly designed and well executed protection
system as specified by the Military Engineer Services (MES) should be installed to ensure the reliable operation
of those devices and protection of explosives.
 FOREWORD
Lightning, a natural event, can be a cause of concern. Franklin in 1752, by his kite experiment
showed lightning is of electric nature. The up and down drafts of wind in the atmosphere
separate electric charges leaving negative charges at the bottom and positive charges at the top of
the cloud.
Lightning is the most frequent cause of over voltages on electrical Transmission and Distribution
System.
Lightning is a gigantic spark resulting from the development of millions of volts between clouds
or between cloud and the earth. This is similar to the dielectric breakdown of a huge capacitor.
The voltage between cloud and the earth before a lightning stroke may start at hundreds of
million volts between the cloud and the earth. Millions of volts can be delivered to the building,
tree, or transmission/distribution line struck. In case of overhead lines “induced voltages” caused
by the collapse of the electrostatic field with a nearby stroke and may reach values as high as 500
kV.
The potential gradients that result when stroke current enter the earth on the surrounding surface
increases the “step voltage” which is dangerous to human beings and cattle.
There is a need to bring awareness among all concerned regarding lightning protection to protect
electrical equipment and life. Proper grounding is most important for effective lightning
protection.
I am very happy that Mr.Kamalesh Sundar, MD, CIKIT ELECTRICALS & TECHNOLOGIES
is bringing out a book titled “A QUICK GUIDE ON LIGHTNING PROTECTION”. I have
gone through the draft copy of the book which conforms to international standards. Mr.
Kamalesh is a young, energetic, proactive person.
My best wishes to Mr. Kamalesh and his CIKIT team for publishing this most useful book.

M L Sheshadri
Retd. Chief Engineer,
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited,
May 22, 2022
 
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 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͵
   ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͸
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸͹
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͸ͺ
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͵
   ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͷ
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹͸
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͹ͺ
1
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͳ
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ͵
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺͶ
 ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ͸

2


3
Figure 1. Types of lightning discharges

4
5
Figure 2. Sources of damages

6
Figure 3. Overall Lightning Protection System

7
Ȉ

8
 Figure 4. Indirect effects of lightning strikes

9
Figure 5. Four parts of IS/IEC 62305

10
ƒ

Table 1. Parameters for different levels of protection

11
Table 2. Lightning protection zones

Figure 6. Lightning protection zones

12
 Table 3. Class of LPS

Ȉ Ȉ

Ȉ
Ȉ

Ȉ
Ȉ

Ȉ
Ȉ

Table 4. Factors dependent on Class of LPS

13
Ǧ

Table 5. Damages, Sources, Losses & Risks of lightning strikes

14
15
Table 6. Factors influencing risk components

16
Table 7. Summary of Risk Components

17
≤

18
19
20
21
Table 8. Number of dangerous events

22
Figure 7. Collection Area

Table 9. Collection area

23
24


25
26
 Figure 8. LPD Design

27
Ǧ

28
 Figure 9. Protection Angle Method

α
α

Figure 10. PAM Graph

29
 α

Table 10. PAM sample calculation

Figure 11. PAM sample calculation

30
 Figure 12. PAM air terminal placement

Figure 13. PAM wire air termination system

31
ͳȌ
ʹȌ
͵Ȍ

Table 11. Rolling sphere radius

‫ݎ‬ ‫ܫ‬

32
Figure 14. Rolling Sphere Method

Figure 15. RSM for taller structures

33
Figure 16. RSM for different levels

Figure 17. Penetration distance

‫݌‬ ݄‫ݐ‬−݄

34
 ‫݌‬ ‫ݎ‬− ‫ݎ‬− ݀

݀ ‫ݎכ݌כ‬− ‫݌‬

݀ ȗ ‫ݎכݐ݄כ‬− ݄‫ݐ‬

Table 12. RSM sample calculation

ͳȌ
ʹȌ

35
Table 13. Mesh Size

36
 Figure 18. Mesh - Flat roof structure

Figure 19. Mesh – Structure with protrusion

37
 Table 14. Distance between down conductors

38
 ●

Figure 20. Down conductor on cantilevered part

ࢊ ૛૞ ࢙

39
Figure 21. Protection for protruding structures

40
 Figure 22. Natural components as LPS components

41
Figure 23. Measurement of overall electrical resistance

42
 Ω

43
 ●

Figure 24. Isolated lightning protection system

44
 ͳͲି଺ 

Figure 25. ESE air terminal

45
 ≥

ࡾ࢖ ሺࢎሻ ൌ ඥሺሺ૛࢘ࢎ െ ࢎ૛ ሻ ൅ οሺ૛࢘ ൅ οሻ

≤ ≤

ࡾ࢖ ሺࢎሻ ൌ ࢎ ‫ ࢖ࡾ  כ‬ሺ૞ሻȀ૞

ο ο ο ͳͲ଺

Table 15. Radius of protection

46
x
x

x
x

47
 ∆

Figure 26. Early streamer emission test waveform

48
49
●

●
50
●

ǣ

51
Figure 27. Test link in LPS

52
53


54
 Ȉ

Ȉ
Ȉ

●
●

Material , configuration and minium cross-sectional area of air-termination conductors,

air-terminal rods, earth lead-in rods and down-conductorsa
Cross-sectional area Recommended
Material Configuration
mm2 dimensions
‘Ž‹†–ƒ’‡ ηͷͲ ʹ–Š‹ ‡••
‘Ž‹†”‘—†„ ηͷͲ ͺ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘’’‡”ǡ‹
ͳǤͳͶ—’–‘ͳǤ͹
’Žƒ–‡† ‘’’‡” –”ƒ†‡†„ ηͷͲ
•–”ƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘Ž‹†”‘—†  ηͳ͹͸ ͳͷ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘Ž‹†–ƒ’‡ η͹Ͳ ͵–Š‹ ‡••
Ž—‹‹— ‘Ž‹†”‘—† ηͷͲ ͺ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
–”ƒ†‡† ηͷͲ ͳǤ͸͵•–”ƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”
Ž—‹‹— ‘Ž‹†–ƒ’‡ ηͷͲ ͺ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
55
 ƒŽŽ‘› ‘Ž‹†”‘—† ηͷͲ ʹǤͷ–Š‹ ‡••
–”ƒ†‡† ηͷͲ ͺ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘Ž‹†”‘—†  ηͳ͹͸ ͳǤ͹•–”ƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘’’‡” ‘ƒ–‡†
ƒŽ—‹‹— ‘Ž‹†”‘—† ηͷͲ ͳͷ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
ƒŽŽ‘›
‘Ž‹†–ƒ’‡ ηͷͲ ʹǤͷ–Š‹ ‡••
Š‘–†‹’’‡†
‰ƒŽ˜ƒ‹œ‡† ‘Ž‹†”‘—† ηͷͲ ͺ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
•–‡‡Ž –”ƒ†‡† ηͷͲ ͳǤ͹•–”ƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘Ž‹†”‘—† ηͳ͹͸ ͳͷ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘’’‡” ‘ƒ–‡† ‘Ž‹†”‘—† ηͷͲ ͺ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
•–‡‡Ž ‘Ž‹†–ƒ’‡ ηͷͲ ʹǤͷ–Š‹ ‡••
‘Ž‹†–ƒ’‡† ηͷͲ ʹ–Š‹ ‡••
‘Ž‹†”‘—†† ηͷͲ ͺ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
–ƒ‹Ž‡•••–‡‡Ž
–”ƒ†‡† η͹Ͳ ͳǤ͹•–”ƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘Ž‹†”‘—†  ηͳ͹͸ ͳͷ†‹ƒ‡–‡”
‘–‡ǣ ‘”–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†— –‘”•ǡ

ƒǦƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰–‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ǣǦ͵ΨǤ

„  Ǧ ‘– †‹’’‡† ‘” ‡Ž‡ –”‘’Žƒ–‡†ǣ ‹‹— –Š‹ ‡•• ‘ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ͳ ρǤ–Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– –‘
‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‡–‹’Žƒ–‡† ‘’’‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•ˆ‘”ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ ”‡ƒ•‘•‘Ž›Ǥ
ǦŠ”‘‹—ηͳ͸Ψǣ‹ ‡ŽηͺͷǣζͲǤͲͺΨ
†Ǧ ͷͲ ʹ  ȋͺ  †‹ƒ‡–‡”Ȍ ƒ› „‡ ”‡†— ‡† –‘ ʹͷ  ʹ ‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ•–”‡‰–Š‹•‘–ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–Ǥ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ„‡‰‹˜‡–‘
”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡•’ƒ ‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆƒ•–‡‡”•Ǥ
‡Ǧ‹‹—͹Ͳρ”ƒ†‹ƒŽ ‘’’‡” ‘ƒ–‹‰‘ˆͻͻǤͻΨ ‘’’‡” ‘–‡–
ˆǦ Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ •–”ƒ†‡† ‘†— –‘”• ‹• †‡–‡”‹‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘†— –‘”ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ͸Ͳʹʹͺ
Ǧ ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠŽ‡ƒ†Ǧ‹”‘†‹•’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†‹•‘‹Ž‹–Šƒ•–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹Ž–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆƒ„Ž‡ʹ
ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ
ŠǦ ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ‹”Ǧ–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ”‘†• ƒ† ‡ƒ”–Š Ž‡ƒ†Ǧ‹ ”‘†•Ǥ ‘” ƒ‹”Ǧ–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ”‘†• ™Š‡”‡
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ•–”‡•••— Šƒ•™‹†Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‹•‘– ”‹–‹ ƒŽǡƒͻǤͷ†‹ƒ‡–‡”ǡͳǦŽ‘‰”‘†ƒ›„‡
—•‡†Ǥ
‹Ǧ ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽƒ†‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‹’‘–ƒ––Š‡–Š‡•‡˜ƒŽ—‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–‘
͹ͷʹ

Table 16. Minimum requirements of LPS components

56
 Maximum
electrical Tensile strength
Material
resistivity N/mm2
μΩm
‘’’‡” ͲǤͲͳͺ ʹͲͲ–‘ͶͷͲ
Ž—‹‹— ͲǤͲ͵ ζͳͷͲ
‘’’‡” ‘ƒ–‡†ƒŽ—‹‹— ͲǤͲ͵ ζͳͷͲ„
Ž—‹‹—ƒŽŽ‘› ͲǤͲ͵͸ ͳʹͲ–‘ʹͺͲ
–‡‡Ž ͲǤʹͷ ʹͻͲ–‘ͷͳͲ
–‡‡Žȋ‡ƒ”–Š‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡Ȍ ͲǤʹͷ ͵ͷͲ–‘͹͹Ͳ
‘’’‡” ‘ƒ–‡†•–‡‡Ž ͲǤʹͷ ʹͻͲ–‘ͷͳͲ„
‘’’‡” ‘ƒ–‡†•–‡‡Žȋ‡ƒ”–Š
ͲǤʹͷ ͵ͷͲ–‘͹͹Ͳ„
”‘†•Ȍƒ
–ƒ‹Ž‡•••–‡‡Ž ͲǤͺ ͵ͷͲ–‘͹͹Ͳ
ƒǦ ‹‡Ž†Ȁ–‡•‹Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ͲǤͺͲ–‘ͲǤͻͷ
„Ǧ ƒ•‡†‘†‹‡•‹‘Ȁ–‡•–•‘ˆ‘Ž› ‘”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ ‘ƒ–‡† ‘†— –‘”•Ǥ
Table 17. Electrical and Mechanical characteristics

57
 Figure 28. Coating thickness measurement - Rod

Figure 29. Coating thickness measurement - Flat

●
●

58
●
●

59
Ǧ

60
Table 18. Distance between supporting fixtures

Figure 30. Clamping of down conductor

61
Figure 31. Air terminal for chimney

Figure 32. Installation of test joint

62
Ǧ

ᵅᵇ

Table 19. Maximum period between inspection of an LPS

63
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǧ

Ǧ
Ǧ

Ǧ Ω

64
Ǧ

65


66
 Figure 33. Equipotential bonding

67
 ࢑࢏
‫࢒ כ ࢉ࢑ כ‬ሺ࢓ሻ
࢑࢓

Table 20. Factor ki

68
 Ȉ

Table 21. Factor km

69
 Table 22. Factor kc

Figure 34. Simplified approach

࢑࢏
‫ כ‬ሺ࢑ࢉ૚ ‫࢒ כ‬૚ ൅  ࢑ࢉ૛ ‫࢒ כ‬૛ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅  ࢑ࢉ࢔ ‫ ࢔࢒ כ‬ሻሺ࢓ሻ
࢑࢓

ࢎ൅ࢉ
࢑ࢉ ൌ
૛ࢎ ൅ ࢉ

70
 Figure 35. Detailed approach

71
 Figure 36. Current partitioning in mesh

72
Figure 37. Surge

73
 Figure 38. Surge Protection Device

μ μ

74


75
 Figure 39. Explosion in tank farm

76
 x

77
x

ߨȗ‫ܦ‬ሻ

ߨ‫כ‬

78
Figure 40. Storage tanks protection - Air terminals

Figure 41. Storage tanks protection - Lightning mast

79
 Table 23. Storage tanks protection - Overhead lines

Figure 42. Storage tank protection - Overhead lines

80
Figure 43. Solar panels protection - Non isolated LPS
81
 Figure 44. Solar panels protection - Isolated LPS

x
x
x
x


82
Figure 45. Ground wires in transmission lines

83
Figure 46. LPS for telecommunication tower

84


85
Ȉ

86
Ȉ

Ȉ ½

Figure 47. LPS for heavy duty stack

87