PHOTOSYNTHESIS

IN HIGHER
PLANTS
Photosynthesis 🡪 Formation of Organic Matter using C02 and H2O
in the presence of Sunlight

EARLY EXPERIMENTS:-
a) Experiment 1: To Demonstrate is Chlorophyll & Light
Important for Photosynthesis.
 B) EXPERIMENT NO : 2 / Moll’s Half Leaf Experiment:-
> To demonstrate that Co2 is also important for Photosynthesis
 C) Experiment No. 3 : BELL – JAR EXPERIMENT
Joseph Priestly ( 1733- 1804)
> Plant restored what was removed by burning candle and Living mouse.
D) Experiment No. 4:-
⮚Jan Ingenhouse ( 1730 – 1799)
⮚To demonstrate importance of Sunlight
⮚Hydrilla { Aquatic Plant}
⮚Sunlight – photosynthesis – Bubbles of Gas
e) Experiment No.5:-
> Julius Von Sach 🡪 (1854)
Photosynthesis……… (end product)……GLUCOSE…….Store………STARCH…….Special Bodies (Plastids) ….. Chloroplast

F) Experiment 6:-
T.W.Engelmann (1843- 1909)
Cladophora (algae)
Aerobic Bacteria – O2 (Azetobacter)
 IMPORTANT POINTS:-

⮚It was seen that Algae Cladophora grew massively around Red & Blue
Wavelength
⮚Algae produced Large amount of O2 which supported Growth of Bacteria
⮚Thus Red & Blue Wavelength are most effective for Photosynthesis

G) Experiment No. 7:-

CORNELIUS VAN NIEL (1897 – 1985)
Photosynthesis
>Oxygenic >Anoxygenic
>O2 Evolve >No O2 evolved
>C02 + H2O-> Glucose + 02 >Co2 + H2S -> Glucose + H2
STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST
 ACTION SPECTRA

ABSORPTION SPECTRA
 IMPORTANT POINTS:-
⮚Chla is the chief pigment
because it absorbs those
wavelength which shows
maximum rate of
photosynthesis

⮚Rate of photosynthesis is
maximum at RED & BLUE
Wavelength
LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEX / LHC /
PHOTOSYSTEM / ANTENNA COMPLEX
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT REACTION:

⮚ CYCLIC
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
⮚ NON- CYCLIC
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

DARK REACTION:-

⮚ C3 Cycle
⮚ Biosynthetic
(Formation of Sugar)

1) PEA: PRIMARY ELCTRON

ACCEPTOR
2) PQ: Plastoquinone
3) Cyt- Cytochrome
4) PC- Plastocyanin
5) Fd- Ferredoxin
NON CYCLIC
PHOSPHORYLATION
CYCLIC PHOSPHORYLATION
CHEMI – OSMOTIC THEORY By Peter Mitchell
 C3 CYCLE / CALVIN CYCLE/ DARK REACTION/
BIOSYNTHETIC/ LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION/
CALVIN MELVIN

⮚All photosynthetic plants

⮚DICOTS – Location -> Mesophyll
⮚MONOCOTS-> Location -> Bundle Sheath Cell
⮚First stable product 3C
⮚PGA- Phosphoglycerate/ Phosphoglyceric acid
⮚PRIMARY C Acceptor – RUBP- Ribulose biphosphate (Ketonic sugar)
⮚ENZYME (Rubisco) : Most abundant in Biosphere, present in all
photosynthetic plants
C3
 C4 CYCLE / HATCH – SLACK PATHWAY
IMPORTANT POINTS:
⮚Only Monocots.
⮚C4 – Mesophyll ( primary carbon Fixation)
⮚C3 – Bundle sheath cell ( secondary fixation)
⮚C4 eg: MAIZE, SUGARCANE, SORGHUM
⮚Carbon acceptor molecule- PEP KRANZ ANATOMY:-
⮚Primary carbon fixation enzyme >Wreath – arrangement of cell
⮚C4 – First stable product OAA (Oxalo acetic acid) ⮚Several Layers
⮚Large amount of chloroplast
⮚Thick walls
⮚AGRANAL
⮚No intercellular Spaces
C4 Cycle:-
Chapter END
 RESPIRATION

⮚It’s a Chemical Process

⮚Breakdown of Glucose to produce Co2 + ⮚In winter, More Metabolism
H2O + Energy ⮚To maintain body
⮚Tissue’s - Co2, Energy , Temperature Temperature
 TYPES OF RESPIRATION
(i) Aerobic:-
⮚Breakdown of Glucose in presence of 02
36-38 ATP

(ii) Anaerobic:-
⮚Breakdown of Glucose in absence of O2
⮚ 2 ATP

⮚FACULTATIVE: *Respire in presence OR

absence of O2
*Yeast

> OBLIGATE: Respire Anaerobically Only

GLYCOLYSIS / EMP PATHWAY
⮚Embden, Meyerhof, Parnas
⮚It occurs in both aerobic & anaerobic organisms
⮚Partial / incomplete oxidation of Glucose to
produce 2 molecules of pyruvic acid in cytoplasm

Plants
Sucrose -------Invertase--------🡪 Glucose ---->
Glycolysis
End Product
Of photosynthesis
 Substrate Level
Phosphorylation SLP
 BALANCE SHEET:- ATP FADH2 NADH2
1 Glucose 4 Zero 2
ETC

Total ATP: 4+6 = 10 ATP 2 x 3ATP = 6ATP

ATP used: 2ATP
NET ATP: 10 – 2 = 8 ATP

FATE OF PYRUVIC ACID:-

( 2 x Pyruvic Acid)
⮚ Alcoholic Fermentation (YEAST)
⮚ Absence of O2 > > Presence of O2
(Ethanol (2C) + C02 + ATP) > Muscle Cell
> Lactic Acid Fermentation > Aerobic Respiration
> absence of O2 ( Lactic acid+ ATP) ( Co2 + H20 + Energy)
1. Alcoholic Fermentation:
Study --> Gay Lussac

⮚Incomplete oxidation of Glucose in absence of 02

Liver Cirrhosis
⮚Yeast Cell: Baker’s Yeast / Brewers’ Yeast
⮚Pyruvate into Ethanol + C02
Liver Increase
MECHANISM:-
Pyruvic acid
2 (Pyruvic Acid) ------------------------🡪 2 Acetaldehyde + 2 Co2
decarboxylase

Alcohol
2x ( Acetaldehyde) ----------------------🡪 2 (Ethanol) + 2NAD+
dehydrogenase
+ 2 NADH2
Accumulate in muscle
Muscle Fatigue
SALIENT FEATURES:-

⮚Only 7% energy is released in both fermentation

⮚Both – Hazardous
⮚Net Gain of ATP = 2ATP

3) ANEROBIC RESPIRATION:-
⮚TCA/ Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle/ KREB’S CYCLE
⮚Matrix of Mitochondria
⮚LINK REACTION:- Formation of Acetyl COA ( MATRIX)
PYRUVATE
2x ( Pyruvic Acid) ---------------------- 🡪 2x (Acetyl COA) + 2 CO2 + 2NADH2
DEHYDROGENASE (Mg2+)
(3C)
+ 2 NAD+
MATRI
X
Trick to
Remember:-
KREBS CYCLE:-
See – citrate (6C)
I – Isocitrate (6C)
Know – alpha – ketoglutarate (5C)
Some – Succinyl COA (4C)
Simple – Succinate ( 4C)
Formula – Fumarate (4C)
Making – Malate (4C)
Options – Oxaloacetate (4C)
 BALANCE SHEET:-

PRODUCT ATP FADH2 NADH2

1 x Acetyl COA 1 1 (ETC) 3 (ETC)
| |
1 x 2ATP = 2 3x3 ATP = 9

=12ATP
2x Acetyl COA 2 ATP 2x 1=2 2 FADH2 6 NADH2
2x 2ATP = 4 2x9=18ATP
6x3=18 ATP

=24ATP
 1 X GLUCOSE
ATP FADH2 NADH2 ATP Used NET
1 x Glucose 🡪 4 0 2 2 8
Glycolysis
2 x (Pyruvate) 0 0 2 0 6
🡪 Link
reaction
2 x (Acetyl 2 2 6 0 24
COA) 🡪 Kreb = 38 ATP
Cycle

SHUTTLES:- (ii) Malate – Aspartate Shuttle

(i) Glycerol-3-PO₄³⁻ Shu le >Kidney , Heart , Brain
>Loss of one ATP For transfer of NADH2 ⮚No ATP required during
From Cytoplasm into mitochondria transport of NADH2
> 36 ATP ⮚38 ATP
 ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM (ETS)
/ OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Inter
Membrane
Space

Inner
Membrane

MATRIX
 IMPORTANT POINTS OF ETC:-
⮚Outer compartment i.e, Inter Membrane space have more H+ as
compared to matrix
⮚This occurs due to proton movement from matrix to inter membrane
space
⮚Once the proton reaches to inter membranous space, Now they can
go back in matrix only via Fo-F1 Complex V (ATP Synthase)
⮚Final e- carrier in ETC 🡪 Cytochrome a3
⮚Teminal e- acceptor 🡪 O2 (Because question doesn't mention ETC)
# ENERGY RELEASED AT:
⮚Complex I: (FMN TO PCS)
2e- transfer this energy to pump
2H+ from matrix to inter- membranous Space

⮚COMPLEX II:- 1 Pair of H+ Transfer from matrix to outer

space.

⮚COMPLEX III:- 2H+ moves (Cyto – Fes)

⮚COMPLEX V:- ATP Synthase

1 NADH2 = 3ATP
1 FADH2 = 2ATP
AMPHIBOLIC PATHWAY:-
----------------Chapter END----------------