Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 1 of 9 Signature:

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY PROJECT

GENERAL ELECTRIC GE9X

Submitted by:

Angala, John Joshua J.

Carcido, Ashley Dale A.

Coja, Alberto III M.

Cruz, Raybert O.

Cunano, Angelico Paolo I.

Dalanon, Kassandra Anne A.

Submitted to:
Engr. Roy Tristan S. Rosales

June 2023
Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 2 of 9 Signature:

VISUAL INSPECTION

Visual inspection is a type of non-destructive inspection that is commonly implemented at the

initial part of the maintenance or repair process. It utilizes the naked eye, and uses special equipment,
such as magnifying glass, inspection lights, and borescope to thoroughly view areas that are prone to
visible surface defects in parts of the engine. After repair, visual inspection can also be conducted to
verify that a component meets the required specifications. In some cases, this type of inspection is
followed by more sophisticated inspection methods to further determine visible and hidden defects.

Type of Defect Definition

Abrasion It refers to the wearing away of material caused

by contact and friction between two surfaces.
This can be caused by slight imbalances and
misalignment.

Blistering It is the formation of raised bumps or bubbles on

the surface of the internal components caused
by extreme heat.

Bow It is the temporary bending of a rotating shaft

caused by uneven cooling.

Bulge It is the outward distortion or bending of a

component’s surface caused by excessive
pressure.

Burns A surface damage due to excessive heat and

might be caused by defective lubrication.

Burr It is a raised sharp metal left behind on a

machine component caused by manufacturing
process mishaps.
Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 3 of 9 Signature:

Chipping It refers to the breaking off of small pieces of a

material from a component’s surface caused by
excessive stress.

Corrosion It refers to the gradual deterioration of metallic

components due to chemical or electrochemical
action.

Crack A partial separation of material usually caused by

vibration,internal stresses, or fatigue.

Creep It is the gradual deformation of a component

under high temperatures and constant stress. It
is a slow process that extends over periods for
components to slowly elongate or bulge.

Dent It is an inward deformation on the surface of the

component.

Erosion It is the gradual wearing away of material on the

surfaces of the components due to the impact of
high-speed particles.

Flowing It is the separation of a plated or painted surface

caused by poor adhesion.

Glazing It occurs when molten deposits from the engine’s

combustion process solidify and adhere to the
surfaces of hot gas components. It develops a
hard glossy surface on bearing surfaces.

Gouge A furrowing condition in which a displacement of

metal has occurred.

Groove It is a recess with rounded and smooth edges

caused by faulty alignment of parts.

Growth It is interchangeable with creep, and refers to the

elongation of a blade.

Guttering It develops on the leading edges of blades due to

the combined effects of erosion and abrasion.

Nick It is a localized, relatively small indentation or

notch on the surface of a component.
Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 4 of 9 Signature:

Peening It refers to a series of blunt depressions in a

surface of the component.

Score It is a series of deep scratches caused by foreign

particles between moving parts or careless
assembly or disassembly.

Tear It refers to the separation of material within a

component caused by several factors.

Untwist It refers to the deformation of a blade where it

twists slightly out of its intended shape.

COMPRESSOR SECTION INSPECTION

An engine’s fan blades, or first stage compressor blades are prone to defects due to ingestion
of foreign objects and erosion. The ingestion of foreign object debris such as sand, dirt, dust, and
other fine airborne contaminants causes the erosion of blades and vanes, and the abrasive effect of
this ingestion can lead to damage in the blade’s surface coating and base metal. Hence, visual
examination of compressor blades and vanes is conducted to detect cracks, dents, gouges, and other
defects caused by foreign object damage (FOD).
Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 5 of 9 Signature:

COMBUSTION SECTION INSPECTION

Defects that can be deemed acceptable regarding the combustion section depend on its engine
model, and because of this combustion chamber inspection must be done by following the
manufacturer’s instructions or manual. Combustion section inspections are done through the use of a
visible dye or the fluorescent penetrant method. With the use of these methods some of the common
defects in the combustion section are found, the following defects include cracks, nicks, dents,
warpages, and erosions. Lastly, with combustion chamber inspection the methods of inspection can
vary depending on what kind of maintenance inspection it is under whether it is through a line
maintenance inspection or through a heavy maintenance inspection.

TURBINE SECTION INSPECTION

The turbine section of an engine is constantly under heat and stress and therefore, defects
such as cracking, warping, erosion, and burning are commonly found during inspection. Among the
various defects that are found during turbine section inspection, cracking is the most common type
and followed by erosion due to the flow of gases through the turbine section. Additionally, there are
different ways of inspection and focus with regards to the parts of the turbine section.
Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 6 of 9 Signature:

Turbine Nozzle Vanes

During the inspection of turbine nozzle vanes small cracks are usually found because of the hot
gases that pass through the nozzle vanes. While the crack may be found a small amount of cracking
can be acceptable depending on its size and orientation.

Turbine Disk
Cracks are the most common type of defect in the turbine section and with cracks being
dangerous and not allowed, crack detection is one of the main focuses during the inspection of a
turbine disk. Some inspection techniques that are used for detecting cracks include the penetrant
method and simply through a visual inspection.

Turbine Blades
With the turbine blades being in an extreme environment and its importance as whenever
turbine blades fail engine failure may occur and because of this cracking in the turbine blade is not
allowed and a thorough inspection should be done. With the use of strong light and a magnifying
glass, turbine blades can be checked for stress rupture cracks and deformations. Stress rupture
cracks can appear as hairline cracks in the turbine blades and if these cracks are prominent the
turbine blade should be replaced. Lastly, deformation in the turbine blade can be seen whenever the
leading edge of the turbine blades appear wavy or if the thickness is not uniform.

EXHAUST SECTION INSPECTION

Due to the exhaust section's constant exposure to heat, some common defects that are found
during inspection are warping, buckling, and cracking. During an exhaust section inspection, the parts
of the exhaust section must have a thorough inspection because defects can be prominent due to its
constant exposure to heat. During inspection, the exhaust cone and exhaust nozzle should be
inspected for cracks, buckling, warping, and hotspots. Additionally, when warping occurs in an exhaust
duct it often indicates the presence of a significant overheating incident. Lastly, when hotspots are
seen on the tail cone, it is a sign that there is a malfunction in either the fuel nozzle or the combustion
chamber.
Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 7 of 9 Signature:

STRUCTURAL INSPECTION
Structural inspection is conducted to detect defects that are undetectable through visual inspection.
Non-destructive testing techniques such as magnetic particle, fluorescent or dye penetrant,
radiography (X-Ray), eddy current, and ultrasonic are used to perform structural inspections. For
instance, a fluorescent or dye penetrant may be the only tool that can reveal a hairline crack in a hot
section component. Additionally, any flaws that exist beneath a component’s surface may only be
detected through magnetic particle, radiography, eddy current, or ultrasonic testing.

Magnetic Particle Testing

Only ferrous materials can be subjected to magnetic particle testing. Particles may either be
applied in a dry form or wet in a solvent solution. For forged or cast pieces with rough surfaces,
the dry form is suitable. Meanwhile, for fine fissures on smooth surfaces, they can be best
detected through a wet solution containing fluorescent particles and ultraviolet lamps.

Dye Penetrant

Dye penetrants can either be red dye or green dye. Red dye is practical for daylight use
because the developer may be sprayed over the tested portion from a container. The function of
the developer is to turn into red the penetrant trapped in the surface defect. At that point, the
red mark or line on the part's surface is easily detected. Green dye kits are ideal for those
components that can be taken apart and put in a drip tray. The part is cleaned, then sprayed
with a green fluorescent penetrating fluid and left to dry. The flaws are then illuminated with a
UV lamp in a darkened environment; these defects appear as brilliant yellow-green lines.
Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 8 of 9 Signature:

Radiography (X-rays or Gamma rays)

Radiography is a testing technique that allows concealed defects to be detected by penetrating

a part with X-rays or Gamma rays. Because this testing procedure poses a risk to employees
and necessitates certain safety measures, it requires specific training and certification.
Radiography is usually used to find defects that are missed by optical and dye-penetrant
approaches. Sometimes, this technique is used to confirm suspected flaws in inaccessible
areas. However, this method's utility in engine repair applications is limited by several intrinsic
restrictions.

Eddy Current

Metal parts with surface and subsurface discontinuities can be found via eddy current
examination. This technique generates eddy currents up to a few millimeters below the surface
of a conductive material through an induced alternating magnetic field. A test coil that is held
on the component that needs to be examined receives alternating current at a predetermined
frequency from specialized test equipment. The component being tested experiences a
secondary magnetic field due to the test coil's magnetic field.
Name: GROUP 1 Title: PARTS INSPECTION

Instructor: ENGR. ROY TRISTAN S. ROSALES, Date: 06/19/2024 Section: BSAEE 3-2
MEAM Page: 9 of 9 Signature:

Eddy current flow is produced in the part that is electronically detected and analyzed by the
secondary magnetic field. Material defects will disturb the flow of eddy currents and generate a
traceable signal.

Ultrasonic Testing

This technique uses the transmission of high-frequency sound waves through a material to
detect internal defects. Ultrasonic test equipment is available in two varieties: immersion type
and contact type. While contact equipment is compact and portable, immersion equipment is
large and stationary. Both kinds pass sound waves through an object and analyze the response
by projecting it onto a cathode ray tube (CRT). A part's discontinuities and faults can be
identified by analyzing the differences in a conventional response pattern.