You have asked you to analyse the applications and the control techniques of power

electronics in renewable energy applications/systems.

Task 5:
A single-phase full-wave uncontrolled rectifier has a source of vi(t) = 242sin(100t) V
with the resistive load R of 10Ω.
a) Obtain the waveforms of input voltage, output voltage, output current, diode voltage,
input current using Matlab/Simulink or PSIM.
b) Determine the output average voltage and current.
c) Determine the peak inverse voltage across the diode.

Task 6:
A three-phase full-wave uncontrolled rectifier has a star-connected source with the phase-
to-neutral voltage of vi(t) = 122 sin(100t) V. The load resistance is 10Ω.
a) Obtain the waveforms of input voltage, output voltage, output current, diode voltage,
input current using Matlab/Simulink.
b) Find the conduction time interval of each diode in each cycle.
c) Determine the output average voltage and current
d) Determine the peak inverse voltage across the diode

Task 7:
Given an ideal buck converter shown in Figure 1 with Vin = 150 V, L = 12 [mH], R = 10
[Ω], switching frequency 25 [kHz], duty cycle D = 0.75, S1 is a power MOSFET:
a) Is the converter working in discontinuous conduction mode?
b) Determine the average output voltage;
c) Determine Peak inverse voltage across the diode;
d) Determine ILmax and ILmin through the inductor?
e) Simulate the power converter using Matlab/Simulink to obtain the waveforms and the
parameters in part b, c, d.

Figure 1. Circuit diagram of the DC – DC buck converter.

Task 8:
Given an ideal boost converter shown in Figure 1 with Vin = 36V, L = 10 [mH], R = 50
[Ω], switching frequency 40 [kHz], duty cycle D = 0.75, S1 is a power MOSFET:
a) Is the converter working in discontinuous conduction mode?
b) Determine the average output voltage and current;
 c) Simulate the power converter using Matlab/Simulink to obtain the voltage waveforms of
the circuit and the parameters in part b.

Figure 2. Circuit diagram of the DC – DC boost converter.

Task 9:
The full-bridge inverter of Fig. 3 has a switching sequence that produces a square wave
voltage across a series RL load. The switching frequency is 50 Hz, Vdc = 100 [V[, R = 10
[Ω] (resistive load). Power semiconductors S1, S2, S3, S4 are power IGBTs.
a) Explain the working principles of the inverter and obtain the waveforms of input
voltage, output voltage, output current, diode voltage, input current using
Matlab/Simulink to demonstrate each working state of the inverter.
b) Determine the RMS load voltage.
c) Determine the average current in the dc source.

Figure 3. Circuit diagram of the single-phase square-wave full-bridge inverter.

Task 10:
The three-phase inverter shown in figure 4 has a Y-connected balanced load of R=10Ω, L
=10mH. The output frequency is 50Hz and the DC power supply VDC = 1500 V. This
inverter is controlled by using the six-step method.
a. Determine the load voltages VAN, VBN, VCN and the phase-to-neutral rms load voltage.
b. Draw the phase output voltage waveforms;
 Vin

Vo

Figure 4. Three-phase inverter and its control signals with 6 switching states
Task 11:
You are required to present the environmental aspects of electrical energy conversion
using power electronics

To complete this part, the following elements should be incorporated/considered within

your design report:
 Introduction to the role of power electronics in various forms of energy conversion;
 Introduce power conversion control technologies and main converters used and
renewable energy conversion system
 Converter structures for grid requirements;
 Give the block diagrams of the energy conversion system for wind electrical
generators and solar energy systems and briefly explain the function of each block.

Your manager will also expect you to investigate the impacts of renewable resources
to the grid and the various issues associated with integrating such resources to the
grid

Task 12:
 You are required to design an Off-Grid Solar PV System suitable for 2kWp total power
requirement in Ho Chi Minh City with 8 hours battery backup

To complete this part, the following elements should be incorporated/considered within

your design report:
 Give a block diagram of Off-Grid single phase Solar PV System and explain the
function and principle of operation of each block.
 Choose suitable Solar PV module with their parameters.
 Calculate PV array sizing, inverter sizing, battery sizing and charge controller sizing.
 Analyse the dynamic performance of a power electronic converter for a Solar PV
system and calculate the energy and cost savings against conventional power sources,
including consideration for development and installation costs in two cases.
 Simulate the power converter for this system using Matlab/Simulink
 Critically evaluate the dynamic performance of integrating renewable energy sources to
the smart grid network using a standard industrial based software, such as
Matlab/Simulink software.
Task 13:
You are required to design a grid-connected Solar PV System suitable for 50 kWp total
power requirement in Ho Chi Minh City.

Task 14:
You are required to present the power quality and security by the following contents:
 Power quality (IEC and IEEE)
 Power quality disturbances, voltage variations, stability
 Impact on users, protection and mitigation
 Short-term and long-term scheduling
 Emergency control, preventive control and condition monitoring
Task 15:
You are required to present distributed and centralised generations, smart grids and
integration.
 Introduction to distributed and centralised generations
 Introduction to smart grid, the need for smart grid, evolution of smart grids
 Smart grid communications, smart metering and security of power line communication
information
 Distribution management systems, pricing, scheduling of renewable energy sources
 Cyber security challenges in smart grid
 The role of power electronics in the smart grid, energy storage, future smart grid.
Task 5:
A single-phase full-wave uncontrolled rectifier has a source of vi(t) = 242sin(100t) V with the
resistive load R of 10Ω.
a) Obtain the waveforms of input voltage, output voltage, output current, diode voltage,
input current using Matlab/Simulink or PSIM.
b) Determine the output average voltage and current.
c) Determine the peak inverse voltage across the diode.
Solution
Call U m is peak voltage, U 2 is effective voltage.
a)
b)
We have: U m =24 √ 2V , U 2=24 V
Output average voltage is:
U OAV =0.9 U 2 =21.6 V
And the output average current is:
U OAV
I OAV = =2.16 A
R
c)
The peak inverse voltage across diode is:
|U PIV|=U m=24 √ 2V

Task 6:
A three-phase full-wave uncontrolled rectifier has a star-connected source with the phase-to-
neutral voltage of vi(t) = 122 sin(100t) V. The load resistance is 10Ω.
a) Obtain the waveforms of input voltage, output voltage, output current, diode voltage,
input current using Matlab/Simulink.
b) Find the conduction time interval of each diode in each cycle.
c) Determine the output average voltage and current
d) Determine the peak inverse voltage across the diode
Solution

Call U m is peak voltage, U 2 is effective voltage.

a)
b)
We have: ω=100 π=¿ f =50 Hz
1
T = =20 ms
f
Call conduction time interval of each diode in each cycle is T d
1
Each diode runs 120 ° in 1 cycle so we have 1 diode will run cycle.
3
T d 20
Synonymous with: = ms
3 3
c)
We have: U m =12 √ 2 V ,U 2=12V
The output average voltage is:
U OAV =2.34 U 2=28.08 V
And the output average current is:
U OAV
I OAV = =2.808 A
R
d)
The peak inverse voltage across diode is:
|U PIV|=√ 3U m=12 √ 6V
Task 7:
Given an ideal buck converter shown in Figure 1 with Vin = 150 V, L = 12 [mH], R = 10 [Ω],
switching frequency 25 [kHz], duty cycle D = 0.75, S1 is a power MOSFET:
a) Is the converter working in discontinuous conduction mode?
b) Determine the average output voltage;
c) Determine Peak inverse voltage across the diode;
d) Determine ILmax and ILmin through the inductor?
e) Simulate the power converter using Matlab/Simulink to obtain the waveforms and the
parameters in part b, c, d.

Figure 1. Circuit diagram of the DC – DC buck converter.

Solution
a)
1 −5
We have: T = =4∗10 s
f
( 1−D ) T∗R
Lcritical= =5∗10−5 H
2
As we can see L > Lcritical so the converter is working in continuous conduction mode.
b)
The average output voltage is:
D∗T
U OAV = V ¿ =112.5V
T
c)
The peak inverse voltage across the diode is:
U DO=V ¿ =150 V
d)
The I Lmax through the inductor is:

I Lmax =D∗V ¿∗ ( R1 + 1−D

2L
∗T )=11.2969 A

The I Lmin through the inductor is:

I Lmin=D∗V ¿∗ ( R1 − 1−D
2L
∗T )=11.203 A

e)
Task 8:
Given an ideal boost converter shown in Figure 1 with Vin = 36V, L = 10 [mH], R = 50 [Ω],
switching frequency 40 [kHz], duty cycle D = 0.75, S1 is a power MOSFET:
a) Is the converter working in discontinuous conduction mode?
b) Determine the average output voltage and current;
c) Simulate the power converter using Matlab/Simulink to obtain the voltage waveforms of
the circuit and the parameters in part b.

Figure 2. Circuit diagram of the DC – DC boost converter.

Solution
a)
1 −5
We have: T = =2.5∗10 s
f
2
D∗(1−D) ∗R
Lcritical= =2.9297∗10−5 H
2f
As we can see L > Lcritical so the converter is working in continuous conduction mode.
b)
The average output voltage is:
V¿
U OAV = =144 V
1−D
The average output current is:
U OAV
I OAV = =2.88 A
R
c)
Task 9:
The full-bridge inverter of Fig. 3 has a switching sequence that produces a square wave voltage
across a series RL load. The switching frequency is 50 Hz, Vdc = 100 [V[, R = 10 [Ω] (resistive
load). Power semiconductors S1, S2, S3, S4 are power IGBTs.
a) Explain the working principles of the inverter and obtain the waveforms of input voltage,
output voltage, output current, diode voltage, input current using Matlab/Simulink to
demonstrate each working state of the inverter.
b) Determine the RMS load voltage.
c) Determine the average current in the dc source.

d)
Figure 3. Circuit diagram of the single-phase square-wave full-bridge inverter.
Solution
a)
• A full bridge inverter is a switching device that, when coupled to a DC input, produces a
square wave AC output voltage by altering the switch's ON and OFF states in accordance with
the necessary switching sequence. The output voltage might be zero, positive, or negative. The
graphic below shows how a single-phase full-bridge inverter operates: The diode pair (D1, D2)
is forced on by the energy remaining in the load inductor during the time 0 t t1, whereas the
switch pairs (Q1, Q2), (Q3, Q4), and both are off at that period. The output voltage Vo is now
Vd as a result.
The switches Q1 and Q2 are triggered by triggering while the diodes D1 and D2 are turned off
since the load current io is zero at time instant t1. The voltage across the load remains at Vo =
Vd as a result across the time period t1 t t2.
• At moment t2, trigger signals are sent to turn on Q3 and Q4 while turning off Q1 and Q2.
Switches Q1 and Q2 are immediately switched off as a result. However, the stored energy
prevents the switches Q3 and Q4 from operating, resulting in the activation of the diodes D3 and
D4. Voltage Vd is now present at the load.
• When the time approaches t3, the load current zeros out and the switches Q3 and Q4 are
activated rather than the diodes D3 and D4. As a result, during time intervals t3 and t4, the
output voltage across the load remains at Vd, while the direction and magnitude of the load
current change. Due to the stored energy, the trigger signals cannot instantaneously turn on Q1
and Q2 and instead cause the diodes D1 and D2 to come on. This causes Q3 and Q4 to be turned
off.
• As a result, throughout the time window t4 t t5, the output voltage vo changes to Vd, but the
direction and amplitude of the load current remain unchanged. The inverter repeats its
operational process from time t4 to time t5 between the intervals 0 and 1. The single-phase full-
bridge working idea is shown in the graph below:

b)
The IRMS through the load is determined as follows:

I RMS=
√ 1
100
The absorbed power of the load is calculated as follows.
2
U =I RMS × R=¿
c)
The average current in dc source is determined as follows:
P dc 0.1 −3
I average= = =1 ×1 0 ( A)
V dc 100
Task 10:
The three-phase inverter shown in figure 4 has a Y-connected balanced load of R=10Ω, L
=10mH. The output frequency is 50Hz and the DC power supply VDC = 1500 V. This inverter is
controlled by using the six-step method.
a) Determine the load voltages VAN, VBN, VCN and the phase-to-neutral rms load voltage.
b) Draw the phase output voltage waveforms;

Vin

Vo

Figure 4. Three-phase inverter and its control signals with 6 switching states
Solution
a)

S1, S3 and S2=ON are the switching states of the power switch.
 rad
The angular velocity is ω=2 πf =2 π ×50=100 π ( )
s

The following is how the impedances of the AN, BN, and NC branches are calculated:
z=z AN =z BN =z NC=√ R2 +¿ ¿10.45

The potential difference between A and N is determined as follows:

Z
2 V DC 1500
V AN = V DC = = =500(V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

The potential difference between B and N.

V AN =V BN =500(V )

The potential difference between C and N is calculated as follows:

−Z −2 V DC −2 ×1500
V CN =−V NC = V DC = = =−1000( V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

S1, S5 and S6 =ON are the switching states of the power switch.
The potential difference between A and N is determined as follows:

Z
2 V DC 1500
V AN = V DC = = =500(V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

The potential difference between C and N.

V AN =V CN =500(V )
The potential difference between B and N is calculated as follows:

−Z −2 V DC −2 ×1500
V BN =−V NB = V DC = = =−1000(V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

S3 , S 5 and S4 =ON are the switching states of the power switch.

The potential difference between B and N is determined as follows:

 Z
2 V DC 1500
V BN = V DC = = =500(V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

The potential difference between C and N.

V BN =V CN =500(V )

The potential difference between B and N is calculated as follows:

−Z −2 V DC −2× 1500
V AN =−V NA = V DC = = =−1000(V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

S4 , S6 and S5= ON are the switching states of the power switch.

The potential difference between B and N is determined as follows:

Z
−
2 −V DC −1500
V BN =−V NB = V DC = = =−500 (V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

The potential difference between A and N.

V BN =V AN =−500(V )

The potential difference between C and N is calculated as follows:

Z 2V DC 2 ×1500
V CN = V DC = = =1000 (V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

S4 , S2 and S3= ON are the switching states of the power switch.

The potential difference between C and N is determined as follows:

Z
−
2 −V DC −1500
V CN =−V NC = V DC = = =−500 (V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

The potential difference between A and N.

V CN =V AN =−500(V )

The potential difference between B and N is calculated as follows:

Z 2 V DC 2 ×1500
V BN = V DC = = =1000 (V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

S6 , S 2 and S1= ON are the switching states of the power switch.

The potential difference between B and N is determined as follows:

Z
−
2 −V DC −1500
V BN =−V NB = V DC = = =−500 (V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2

The potential difference between C and N.

V BN =V CN =−500 (V )

The potential difference between A and N is calculated as follows:

Z 2 V DC 2× 1500
V AN = V DC = = =1000(V )
Z 3 3
Z+
2
As is used to compute the phase-to-neutral rms load voltage.

√( )
π 2π
3 3 π

∫( ) ( ) ( ) ⅆθ = √32 U = √32 × 1500=500 √ 2(V )

2 2 2
1 U 2U U
U phase−¿−neutral rms load voltage= ⅆθ + ∫ ⅆθ + ∫
π 0 3 π 3 2π 3
3 3

b)
Task 11:
Introduction to the role of power electronics in various forms of energy conversion:
Power electronics is used in many different devices and systems at one point or another.
Electricity electronics may supply power to any gadget that requires a separate power source
from the main one. They switch one kind of electrical energy for another with distinct properties.
The electric motor's driving speed may be changed thanks to power electronics, which lowers
energy consumption and improves process efficiency. Without utilizing this technique, the
electric motor would run continuously at full capacity, consuming more energy than necessary.
Power electronic converters convert alternating current (AC) to high voltage direct current
(HVDC) and vice versa, enabling the transmission of power over great distances with negligible
loss. There was only a little loss.
Customers can save money and energy thanks to advancements in power electronics that enable
more dependable and affordable power delivery. Power electronics save energy, which is
important in our changing climate since it allows us to use less precious resources. Applications
for PCTI that need power electronics include desalination plants, auto painting, and rolling stock
testing. Since every industry faces a unique set of challenges, custom power electronics solutions
are necessary.
Introduce power conversion control technologies and main converters used and renewable
energy conversion system:
Power electronics has advanced fast over the past thirty years with a growing spectrum of
applications thanks to developments in semiconductor and microprocessor technology. In both
cases, the same silicon area experiences increased performance while costs are decreasing. The
power converter, load/source, and control block are only a few of the parts of a typical power
electronic system that are shown in the figure below.

Converter structures for grid requirements:

The efficiency of conventional grid-connected power converter control has been thoroughly
tested in several applications. The standard conventional control method for grid-connected
power converters is shown in Fig., and it is composed of two loops: an inner loop and an outer
loop. The inner loop drives pulses d1-6 to the converter and regulates the grid injection current
iabc. Depending on the control reference frame, the current loop controller often has a
proportional integral (PI) or proportional resonant (PR) structure (PR for stationary reference
frame and PI for synchronous reference frame). The outer loop regulates the active power P and
reactive power Q injected into the grid and serves as the inner loop's current reference. In the
case of synchronous frame control, the reference of the inner loop is represented by id * and iq *,
but in the case of stationary frame control, I and, or the amplitude and phase-angle of the
reference current, are computed to further create I * and I *. PI controllers or instantaneous
power calculations can be used for closed-loop or open-loop active and reactive power control,
respectively. Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), a specialized grid synchronization device, is used to get
the phase-angle and angular speed of the grid voltage vabc and perform grid synchronization.
The PLL dynamics have a significant impact on the converter response and how it interacts with
the grid. A dc voltage controller modifies the active power control effort (id*) to maintain the
power balance on the dc bus.

Give the block diagrams of the energy conversion system for wind electrical generators and
solar energy systems and briefly explain the function of each block:
The electrical parts are divided into two groups; some are positioned within the nacelle next to
the mechanical parts, while others are set down away from the tower. The electrical subsystem's
main job is to transform the mechanical energy that the wind provides in the form of torque and
speed into electrical energy. Figure shows a block schematic of a typical grid-connected WECS.
The generator, power electronic converters, transformer, wind farm collecting point, and other
components come first in the step-by-step conversion.
Generator: A wind generator is an electromechanical device that transforms rotational kinetic
energy into electric potential by translating rotational motion into electrical power. On the basis
of Faraday's electromagnetic induction law, a common AC generator operates by moving a
conductor loop in a static magnetic field. Since the advent of a squirrel cage induction generator
(SCIG) and a winding rotor induction generator over 35 years ago, numerous types of generators
have been used (WRIG). Other generators in use include winding rotor synchronous generators,
permanently magnet synchronous generators, and doubly fed induction generators (DFIG)
(WRSG). The generator's stator is connected to the grid in DFIG-based WECSs, while the rotor
is connected to power converters. The rated wind speed is the point at which control mechanisms
kick in to safeguard the systems from damage and brakes are applied to the generator shaft.
Ideally, generators are built to produce electricity at this point. WECS frequently use DC, AC
Synchronous, and AC Induction generators.
Power converter: The wind speed has a significant impact on the generator's electric output
characteristics. As a result, each turbine would generate a different voltage and frequency of
current at a certain moment, making it impossible to connect them directly to the grid without
refinement. In order to connect the turbine to the grid, a power converter serves as an interface.
The power converter uses a rectifier to change the output voltage from AC to DC, then uses an
inverter circuit to change the rectified DC back to AC in following stages, maintaining a constant
voltage and frequency.
Step-up Transformer: Because the grid connects directly to the high-tension lines, the output
from the generator in a grid-connected MW turbine is relatively low, ranging from 400 to 690
volts, necessitating its stepping up. The need for a step-up transformer can be eliminated by
designing the generator and power electronic converter to match the voltage of the wind farm
collection point, but this adds additional costs for the setup of the medium voltage generator and
power converter, negating the economic advantages of doing away with the step-up transformer.
To decrease transmission losses brought on by ramping up the needed voltages for transmission,
research are now being done to do away with the requirement for transformers in medium
voltage networks.
Point of Common Coupling or Wind Farm Collection Points: The Point of Common Coupling
(PCC) is the common ground that connects all of the wind farm's turbines. A parallel connection
is the preferred method of connection in wind farms because it makes it easier to either maintain
the appropriate potential difference or have a designated node for adding additional turbines as
needed.
Solar energy is transformed into electric energy by solar modules. Residential and commercial
buildings are lit using the electric energy so produced.
In its most basic form, terminal boxes are made up of multiple individual terminals placed in a
long strip and are used to fasten and/or terminate cables. When it comes to electrical power,
terminals are helpful for connecting electrical switches and outlets to the mains or for connecting
cable to a ground.
One of the most crucial components of a solar energy system is an inverter. It is a device that
transforms solar panels' produced direct current (DC) power into the alternating current (AC)
electricity needed by the electrical grid.
An electrical circuit known as a counter (or up-counter) is generally made up of a number of flip-
flops and, most frequently, a combinatorial network. This counter (also known as a down
counter) keeps track of all the events that take place at any particular moment. An electrical
pulse is created from each occurrence.
The nation's homes, companies, and other buildings receive electricity from power plants thanks
to the power system. We are able to function in the modern world because to its extensive
network of electricity generation, transmission, and delivery. We have access to electricity on
demand thanks to the electrical grid.
Task 12:
Off-grid single-phase solar power system block diagram:
An off-grid solar PV system typically consists of solar panels, racks, solar charge controllers,
off-grid inverters, batteries, and distribution boxes. The solar charge controller, which is attached
to the solar cells, produces energy during the day to meet user needs before storing any extra in
the battery for use at night and on cloudy or rainy days. Most inverters can supply additional
power to the load through mains electricity when the battery's energy runs out (or a diesel
generator).
Based on the picture above, the following is a list of the operations and functions of each block:
• Solar panel: A solar panel transforms solar energy from visible light to electrical energy.
• During charging and discharging of the batteries, a solar charge controller controls the quantity
of power delivered from the solar panel.
• Battery: The main purpose of the batteries in an off-grid solar power system is to store energy
and make sure that the load keeps running even when there is not enough solar radiation.
• A solar inverter transforms solar energy into electricity that can be used in AC appliances and
gadgets. This device is necessary because it converts the direct current (DC) output of the PV
solar panels to alternating current (AC) (AC). The three inverter types now available for solar
energy systems are string inverters, power optimizers, and microinverters.
Each of these varieties has a unique set of advantages in accordance with the criterion, as
indicated in the tables below.

Solar panel:

I will choose the 500W solar panel for this system.

Solar inverter:

I choose PV1800 Pro Series is the most suitable for the system.
Prior to the calculation, a datasheet containing information on the location, temperature, and solar
radiation of Ho Chi Minh City will be made available. These data offer crucial information for
developing a PV array system:
Based on the power need and module power, the number of modules is determined using the
following formula:

PV capacity 2 kw 2000
N 1= = = =4
Module power 500 W 500

Eight modules fit into a single inverter, and the inverter numbers are

Inverter Power 2 kW 2000

N 2= = = =4
Module Power 500 w 500

The number of inverters is calculated using the formula below:

PV Capacity 2 kW
N 3= = =1
Inverter Power 2 kW

The three equations above lead to the conclusion that, with the extra information of not utilizing
batteries, a PV array system will only require one array with eight modules and one inverter with
a capacity of 2kW.
Due to the inverter's 100V input voltage, the module's open circuit voltage is 37.8V. The number
of modules that may be joined in series is calculated using the formula below:

Maximum DC Input Voltage 100

N 4= = ≈ 1.7
PV OpenCircuit Voltage 58.95

Using the estimation of two modules in sequence, the parallel string for the system was
calculated as follows:
 N2 4
N 5= = =2
Module ∈ Series 2

As a result, this PV array system will consist of two modules in series and two strings in parallel.
10.87 x 2 = 21.72 (A) is the total current, which is less than the inverter's maximum current
(60A).
48.63 x 2 = 97.26 (V) is the total voltage in series, which is less than the inverter's maximum
voltage as well (100).

Battery

I'll utilize a Solar System Lithium-Ion Battery 48V 500ah with the premise that I'll need energy
for 8 hours at a rate of 2kW per hour.
Solar charge controller:

Calculate controller sizing:

total system power 2000

Controller Sizing= = ≈ 42 A
Battery voltage 48

After looking over and contrasting inverters in the area. I approve of the ST-MP60 Solar
Charge Controller MPPT 60A.
A buck converter could be used for the PV system from the previous work to produce energy
more steadily, and a boost converter could be used if more power was required. The costs for
a 2kW solar system are shown in the table below based on the task.
 Product Single Cost Number of product Total Cost
500W 96 Cell 0.25USD/1W 4 500USD
monocrystalline Panel

Inverter Off-grid PV 118.37 USD 1 118.37 USD

1800 pro
Solar System Lithium 1805 USD 1 1805 USD
Ion Battery 48V 500ah
LiFePO4 Battery Pack
Solar Charge Controller 1000 USD 1 1000 USD
MPPT 60A - ST-MP60
Total cost 3423.37 USD

If the site temperature and time are optimum, the Array system's solar panels can provide 500 W of
power; however, other factors, such as low solar radiation time or weather variations, may lower the
system's performance. With an average external loss of 20% as an example, cloudy or wet weather could
potentially reduce array efficiency => Power Loss =Total Power x External Loss = 4000 x 20% = 800W

Task 13:

According to the design parameters, Liebert ESU will be utilized to construct a grid-connected
solar power system in Ho Chi Minh City with a total capacity of 50 kWp.
Based on the power need and module power, the following formula is used to determine the
number of modules:

PV capacity 50 kW
N 1= = =100
Module power 500 W

There are 100 modules in all. The following are the inverter numbers and the number of modules
in each particular inverter:

Inverter Power 2 kW
N 2= = =4
Module Power 500 w

The following formula is used to calculate the number of inverters:

 PV Capacity 50 kW
N 3= = =25
Inverter Power 2 kW

The most modules that may be joined in series are determined using the formula below:

Maximum DC Input Voltage 100

N 4= = ≈ 1.7
PV OpenCircuit Voltage 58.95

The system's parallel string was created by incrementally estimating two modules:

N2 4
N 5= = =2
Module ∈ Series 2

There are so 25 inverter array systems, each of which has two parallel chains and two connected strings
in series. The 50 kWp combined output of each array will be sufficient to meet the necessary power
requirement.

Since most grid-connected devices don't need them, a battery system won't be provided.

Task 14:

Power quality:

Although the concept or definition of power quality is fairly wide, it is generally understood to refer to
any defects related to current and voltage that may have an influence on electrical equipment.

IEC:

In 1906, the International Electrotechnical Commission, or IEC, was established. The goal of the IEC is
to promote international cooperation in standardization in the disciplines of electricity and electronics, as
well as issues related to these sectors such support for global understanding and certification of electrical
standards.

IEEE:

An expert, non-profit organization called the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
works to advance technical advancements that pave the way for success. Professional organization that
supports a free and open world for its members. The IEEE promotes high-tech knowledge creation,
integration, exchange, and application in the fields of science, electronics, and informatics for the benefit
of individuals and professions. Karma. Early in 1963, this organization was established. Over 420,000
people, including engineers, scientists, and students, are currently members globally. The development of
the 802 LAN standards, which were universally embraced, was significantly influenced by IEEE.

Power quality disturbances:

Power quality is the condition of having an uninterrupted supply of electricity. Any departure from the
voltage sinusoidal waveform (50 Hz) that might annoy or damage equipment is referred to as a power
quality disturbance. This suggests that your power quality and noise-free environment criteria should be
higher the more sensitive equipment you connect to the grid.

There are some types of disturbance

Temporary Interruption

A deliberate or unplanned total loss of electricity can last anywhere between two seconds and two
minutes. The main causes include equipment failure, bad weather, wildlife, and human error (auto
accidents, kites, etc.)

• The shutdown of the system

• A generator and an uninterruptible power supply are potential remedies.

Long-Term Outage

• Definition: A complete loss of power in a specific community area, whether deliberate or unintended.

• Length: almost two minutes • Root reasons include mishaps with the equipment, bad weather, animals,
and human error (auto accidents, kites, etc.)

• The shutdown of the system

• A generator and an uninterruptible power supply are potential remedies.

Momentary Interruption

A momentary power outage that is either planned or unforeseen.

• Time range: a few milliseconds to a few seconds
• Root causes: Switching operations meant to keep the energy flowing through your region while
isolating an electrical issue.
• The equipment breaks down, the programming is lost, or the disc drive malfunctions.
• Uninterruptible power supplies, motor generators, and standby power sources are examples of
potential remedies.

Sag or Undervoltage
Undervoltages are sags that continue more than a few seconds, with a voltage decrease that lasts
from a few milliseconds to a few seconds.
• Short circuits (fault clearing), the starting or stopping of large machinery, and inadequately
sized electrical circuits are among root causes.

• The signs may include memory loss or data errors, dim or bright illumination, display screen
shrinkage, and equipment shutdown or reset.
• The computer could be relocated to a different electrical circuit, a voltage regulator, a constant
voltage transformer (Ferro-resonant transformer), a power conditioner, an uninterruptible power
supply, a motor generator, and storing capacitors, flywheels, and superconductors could all be
installed, among other solutions.

Swell or Overvoltage

Overvoltages are surges that continue more than a few seconds and have a voltage increase that
lasts from a few milliseconds to a few seconds.
• Short circuits (fault clearing), the starting or stopping of large machinery, and inadequately
sized electrical circuits are among root causes.
Low or bright illumination, diminishing display displays, and device shutdown are among the
symptoms. Moving the computer to a different electrical circuit, adding a voltage regulator, a
power conditioner, an uninterruptible power supply, and a motor generator are a few potential
fixes.

Transient, Impulse, or Spike

A sudden voltage change of several hundred to thousands of volts is defined as such.
• Duration: milliseconds
• The switching of utilities, starting and stopping of machinery or equipment, static discharges,
and lightning strikes are some of the causes.
A surge suppressor (for transients), a power conditioner, and a motor generator are potential
solutions. The effects include processing errors, data loss, and burned circuit boards.

Notch

An interruption to the waveform with opposite polarity

• Timeframe: microseconds
• The switching of utilities, starting and stopping of machinery or equipment, static discharges,
and lightning strikes are some of the causes.
A surge suppressor (for transients), a power conditioner, and a motor generator are potential
solutions. The effects include processing errors, data loss, and burned circuit boards.

Noise

An undesired, high-frequency electrical signal produced by other devices.

• Intermittent duration
• Root causes include arc welding, heaters, microwave and radar emissions, unprotected wiring,
laser printers, thermostats, radio and television broadcasts, and inadequate grounding.
• Impact: Affects delicate electrical equipment, but is usually not harmful. Data loss and
processing issues might be the results.
• An isolation transformer, a power conditioner, an uninterruptible power supply, and a motor
generator are examples of potential remedies.

Harmonic Distortion
• Definition: When nonlinear loads on the power supply induce a change in the pure sine wave
(also known as sine wave distortion).
• Intermittent duration
• Non-linear loads are to blame.
• Effect: Overheating of wires, transformers, and motors.
• To reduce harmonic distortion, electrically isolate non-linear loads and cable in accordance
with Appendix A.

The problem of voltage variation

An increase or decrease in the voltage's amplitude relative to its nominal value is referred to as a
supply voltage variation, and it can be caused by changes in input power, fluctuations in loads
(such as motor starting or system maneuvers), or system breakdowns.
One of the most significant problems with power quality is voltage fluctuation, which may
seriously harm electrical and electronic equipment.
The most frequent issues brought on by voltage changes are equipment/process shutdowns or
anomalies, power electronics safety interventions, aging of system components, electronic device
malfunctions, etc.

Thus, depending on the system and electrical distribution conditions, random climbs
(overvoltage) and falls (undervoltage) with varying durations can be used to specify the
amplitude of the supply voltage.
IREM offers a wide range of products, including the MINISTAB and STEROSTAB Voltage
Stabilizers, that are specifically made to guarantee consumers a suitably steady electrical voltage
in order to address voltage fluctuation issues.
The following pictures show voltage waveforms that might be observed on an electrical system
that has voltage fluctuation problems as well as voltage waveforms that have been stabilized as a
result of using the IREM Voltage Stabilizer:
Power quality stability:

• It must offer consistently high-quality service (without interruption).

• There should be little harmonic content.
• The voltage shift must be quite small.
• Extremely low transient voltage and current are required.

Impact on users, protection, and mitigation

Consumers and businesses frequently place a premium on product quality when choosing an
electrical system. Take into account, among other things, the product's long-term performance,
cost-saving features, and capacity to satisfy client needs. They are all associated with the
system's power quality. Additionally, by thoroughly examining power quality, it is feasible to
minimize operational risks, maximize system conservation, and make financial savings. We will
go through specific fixes if your electrical system isn't working properly as well as how to
improve power quality.
Connecting the utility supply system to the client premises is often one of the steps required to
address power quality issues. This is due to the possibility that different power quality problems
may originate from both the user base and the end user. As a result, there are several ways to
increase both the equipment's effectiveness and the quality of your power. The problem-solving
process should take the evaluation into consideration if it is pertinent to an existing power quality
issue, or if the issue results from a new design or suggested system improvements. The main
procedures for dealing with power quality problems are as follows:
1. Identify the power quality problem

This is essential because it will lay the groundwork for the forthcoming discussion of remedies.
It will surely be helpful to be aware of the numerous power quality problems (such as voltage
sag/swell, interruptions, harmonics, and so on).

2. Power Quality Problem Characterization

This procedure for resolving power quality concerns includes data gathering and measurement.
Measurement is the main method used to characterize the problem or system that is being
studied. Additionally, it is crucial to document the consequences of power quality changes while
doing measurements so that problems may be quickly linked to their most likely sources. Meters
and Power Quality Analysers are crucial in this part.

3. Identify and propose solutions to the PQ problem

At all system levels, from the utility (transmission and distribution) to the troubled end-user equipment,
solutions for power quality issues are found. In this phase, power quality mitigation tools and equipment
ride-through capabilities will be assessed.

4. Evaluate the proposed solutions

The proposed solutions are then examined from an economic and technological standpoint. Limitations
are also taken into account at this level. Power quality problem solutions are first studied and screened
technically to determine their viability. The only viable options left are then economically compared.
5. Optimal Solution

The best solution is one or more that can address the facility's power quality issues for the least amount of
money. It is, in a nutshell, the most economical choice. The quantity of afflicted end users, the nature of
the power quality issue, and the likely solutions will all influence this.

Short-term and long-term scheduling

The optimal operating strategy for electrical systems is computed using long-term scheduling models for
electrical power sources using random models, which also simulate system operation at the predicted
optimum speed. The following is a statement of the long-term power supply management model, which
may be planned for a year or more. The weather throughout the year must be taken into account. For
example, warm, moderately warm weather at the beginning of the year indicates that electric pilotage is
typical; hot weather during the summer indicates that more electricity will be piloted; and cooler weather
during the winter indicates that less power will be used for fans or air conditioners. The long-term model
must thus take this into consideration and allocate a suitable amount of power at each instant.

To make the amount and distribute to all areas fairly, the short-term power distribution model, on the
other hand, allows for more precise monitoring of each period, such as a week or a month. For instance, it
would still be necessary to give priority power supply to establishments like hospitals and the military as
needed, and it might not be worthwhile to reduce some areas of households that use a lot of electricity if
the area overused the permitted power source in that month and required a power outage to reduce power
consumption. Monitoring over the short term also helps with follow-up and early response.

The results of long-term scheduling are then converted into a format suitable for producing precise pulses
using short-term scheduling. In order to clearly identify the long-term supply of hazards and dangers
throughout the long-term, the building of this long-term model for the energy supply should be
extensively analyzed against the long period for the venous system. In comparison to earlier models,
hourly growth time and more complex system models are used to address short-term scheduling as the
main problem. The planning criteria should, in theory, aim to maximize earnings, but risk aversion may
prevent this from happening. It will be up to individual producers to forecast demand, control risks, and
assess the system's overall picture of expected future costs. As a result, a power producing system model
and an electric energy market model are needed, with future market pricing projection serving as a crucial
input to the planning process.

Emergency control, preventive control, and condition monitoring

1. Emergency control:

Emergency control techniques should be used to prevent a system crash when safeguards fail to keep the
system secure and unanticipated conditions arise. Recognizing irregularities is crucial, as is starting,
starting up, and putting emergency controls in place while carrying out emergency actions.

2. Preventive control:
Preventive control is required when the current operating state is deemed detrimental for the case. The
generators should be postponed if the system is anticipated to be dangerous in the event of a likely
disaster to ensure the system is secure for the backup. In order to stabilize the system when it is in
standby, generator rescheduling is frequently utilized to transfer power between transmitters under
operational circumstances.

3. Condition monitoring:

A method for monitoring a machine's condition while it is in operation is called condition monitoring.
Forecasting the time needed for the system's component replacement as well as the specific components
that need to be changed allows customers or managers to schedule additional maintenance procedures
during downtime.

An electrical system's operator must also keep an eye out for potential security concerns and be ready to
take immediate preventative and control actions if necessary.

Task 15:

Introduction to distributed and centralized generations

The term "distributed generation," often referred to as "on-site generation" or "decentralized generation,"
describes the process of producing electricity for local use as opposed to transferring it from a large,
centralized plant through the electrical grid. Examples of dispersed producing sources include on-site
renewables like wind and solar, waste-to-energy, and combined heat and power, which involves
recovering heat from a conventional power plant and using it to heat buildings or water.

Centralized generation is the process of producing large volumes of power at centralized facilities. These
facilities are connected by a system of high-voltage transmission lines, even though they are often
situated far from end users. The electric power grid is used to transfer the electricity produced by
centralized generation to a large number of end customers. Examples include centralized generation
facilities such as nuclear power plants, hydroelectric dams, wind farms, fossil fuel-fired power plants, and
others.

Introduction to smart grid, the need for smart grid, evolution of smart grids

A smart grid is a grid power system that uses information and communication technology to connect
electrical infrastructure with communication infrastructure and to improve energy transmission and
distribution between producers and consumers. Two layers make up an intelligent power system: layer 1
is a conventional electrical system, while layer 2 is a system for information, communication, and
measurement.

The Smart Grid develops via four phases:

• Intelligent Generation: Power Generation

Distribution: Intelligent Distribution; Transmission: Intelligent Transmission

• Power Usage: Intelligent Power Users

Once smart grid technology is used, many benefits will be clear. Cost-effectiveness allows people to save
money while preserving the environment and using less energy. The need for thermal power plants will
decrease as a result of the usage of smart grid technologies, while the use of renewable energy sources
like hydro, wind, and solar will increase.

The following tasks are carried out by the intelligent electrical system:

Reduces power loss on cables and improves power quality. Lowers production, transmission, and upgrade
costs by adjusting power usage. Immune to purposeful attacks on both physical systems and computer
networks.

Evolution of Smart Gird

Since the technology enables more dependable power quality in factories and other commercial and
industrial facilities, smart grids are a logical progression of the power grid in industrialized countries and
may be essential for boosting access to electricity and the economy of underdeveloped countries.

Proactive Control
Business experts who spoke with POWER said that the expansion of the smart grid is revolutionizing the
power industry, altering how utilities interact with customers, and enabling users to actively manage their
energy use.

Communication Is Key

Raj Iyer, leader of GE Grid Solutions' Grid Integration Solutions, said in an interview with POWER that
"the internet and communications technologies, in general, are improving across various businesses,
including the power business." Iyer concurs that for the smart grid, communication is crucial. "It enables
battery and smart energy management systems, both of which are extremely well integrated into the grid.
The development of the smart grid makes it much easier than it is currently to reduce energy production
depending on demand patterns."

Upgrading Transmission and Distribution

Although improving the physical grid infrastructure (see Figure below) is an excellent place to start,
digitization is essential for the smart grid. Chinese officials talk about their "Strong Grid" concept, which
calls for improving infrastructure first, then adding a digital layer, and finally "business process
transformation"—the ability to profit from the investment in those improvements.
Distribution management systems, pricing, scheduling of renewable energy sources

In order to meet clean energy goals and hasten the underlying paradigm shift, distributed energy sources
(DER), renewable energy generation, and other distribution network technologies are essential.
Infrastructural components for DERs can produce energy (such as rooftop solar panels), alter demand
(such as batteries and smart thermostats), or creatively utilise electricity (e.g., LEDs, heat pumps and
electric vehicles). There are several benefits to using DERs rather than fossil fuels, including:

• No emissions are present.

• Increased productivity and adaptability

• Making use of existing infrastructure minimizes the need for new land, easy mass production drives
down costs, and a more diversified stock portfolio may draw in more investors and bigger sources of
funding.
With the use of smart grid technologies, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydrogen may be
distributed and managed more efficiently. Different distributed energy resources (DER) are connected to
the grid using smart grid technologies. By using the Internet of Things (IoT) to gather data about the
smart grid, devices can quickly identify and fix service failures. Self-healing is a crucial part of the smart
grid since utilities no longer have to rely on customers to notice a power outage.

Renewable energy grid control with smart grid technology

For instance, mechanical gears are used in windmills, and each connection has to include a number of
sensors. Each sensor can record environmental factors and the current weather. After being quickly
shared throughout the grid, this information alerts utilities to any problems, enhancing the quality and
safety of their services.

Concerning the price:

Through the use of smart grids with parts made of semiconductor materials like silicon, smart grid
technology is contributing in the provision of green energy. The Internet of Things has benefited from the
capacity of these materials to accommodate millions of small transistors. The smart grid can now connect
gadgets across the system, ensuring that electricity is accessible when needed. Additionally, it guarantees
the uniform distribution of the electric current.

By enabling users to utilize less electricity, the preceding helps clients reduce their energy costs.

Cyber security challenges in smart grid:

1. Attack the device

A gadget is a tempting target for a prospective attacker for a number of reasons. First off, many of the
devices have intrinsic value since their operations are straightforward. Smart meters gather energy
consumption information that might be used by those out to do us harm. This information, for instance,
might be used by a thief to determine when a homeowner was likely to be away based on a pattern of
energy usage that changes throughout the day.

Some smart grid systems combine smart meters with other home appliances to provide consumers more
precise control over energy use. To assist prevent a blackout, it may be as simple as enabling a utility to
make minor adjustments to a home's air conditioning system. Sadly, hackers may employ the same
technique for less than honorable goals.

Finally, the information sent to a device determines its worth. The connected meter data are believed to
be accurate and real by the smart grid. To save money on power or to hide more sinister activity, such as
drug production, hackers may alter a single meter.

2. Attack the communications

Attacks frequently include tracking and altering sent messages. These assaults are extremely risky due to
the volume and sensitivity of the data travelling through the smart grid ecosystem. While traveling,
communications and data may be monitored, recorded, or altered. These risks put the wider infrastructure,
as well as the security of the data and information being transported, at risk.

You run a number of risks by providing your utility provider with information on, for instance, how much
energy is utilized in your house or place of business. Examples include the following: A hacker might
change the data that the utility company receives; a hacker could monitor your energy use to find out
when you have an outage or uptime at your house or place of business to prepare an assault on your
property.

3. Attack the biosphere

A skilled attacker will attempt to hit the companies at the center of the smart grid since a successful attack
on one of these links in the chain has the potential to wreak the greatest harm—or be the most profitable.
These objectives might be businesses that produce goods, offer solutions, run networks, manage power
plants, or are utilities in and of themselves.

These businesses are tasked with compiling and examining sensitive data that would be vulnerable to
theft. They will be the first targets for malware and cyberweapons like Stuxnet since they are the main
point of attacks meant to disrupt utility supplies.

Smart grid security goals

Smart Grid Security Problems - Featured Image The availability, integrity, confidentiality, and
accountability are the four fundamental goals of smart grid security.

Availability: Ensuring timely, dependable access to and use of information is essential to the smart grid.
Achieving the advantages of the smart grid requires reliable, actionable, and real-time data availability. It
is crucial to take into account how data is collected, processed, and shared, and security solutions must
support these objectives without negatively impacting availability.

Integrity: Data that is reliable and precise is essential for the smart grid. To stop fraud and other more
serious offenses, steps must be taken to ensure that data is accurate and unaltered.

Massive volumes of data generated by the smart grid need to be captured, analyzed, and stored. Some of
this data will include private customer and utility information. Precautions must be made to prevent the
unauthorized exposure of sensitive information.

Accountability refers to the idea that system users should be held responsible for their actions. This
suggests that every user encounter with a sensitive system should be documented and associated with a
particular user. These logs ought to have a high level of integrity protection and be challenging to forge.

The role of power electronics in the smart grid

In order to connect renewable energy to the smart grid, a highly precise high-speed compensated power
supply system is needed since the output power of renewable energy is challenging to regulate for the
electrical system. To create such a system, power electronics are necessary.

Energy storage

Energy storage is the process of gathering energy produced at one point in time for later use. An
accumulator or battery are other names for energy storage devices. Examples of energy include radiation,
chemistry, gravitational potential, electric potential, electricity, high temperatures, latent heat, and
kinetics. The process of converting energy from inconvenient or expensive forms to more practical ones
involves energy storage.

By storing and generating energy as needed, the battery in a PV system acts as energy storage. They
gather any extra energy produced by your PV system and store it for use by PV systems later on in the
day. Batteries come in help when the electrical demand demands more energy than the PV panels can
supply. This could be caused by irregularities in PV energy collecting, higher-than-average energy
demand, or decreased electricity output as a result of bad weather. Calculating the DC operating voltages
for the PV system's auxiliary components is made easier with the help of the battery.

The future smart grid's role:

Where’s the innovative smart grid technologies market today?

According to Research and Markets, the smart grid market will increase from $29.336 billion in 2019 to
$92.107 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 17.76%. The study predicts that an increase in the installation of
innovative smart grid technologies throughout the world would cause the advanced metering
infrastructure to expand significantly during the anticipated timeframe.
Governments in developing and emerging countries are beginning to see smart grid solutions as a
strategic infrastructure investment that will support their long-term economic development and, as a
result, help them meet their carbon emission objectives. These traits are anticipated to fuel market growth
and create chances for grid businesses who are currently working on creating smart grid technologies and
smart grid solutions.

The market is anticipated to expand as a result of rising industry investment as well as the introduction of
innovations like smart meters, electric vehicle chargers, and other infrastructural technologies that are
anticipated to drive market expansion in the coming years.

However, the lack of sufficient electrical supply, particularly in developing countries, as well as loose
government regulations and attempts to repair and expand grid infrastructure are impeding the market for
revolutionary smart grid technologies.

Innovative Smart grid Technologies that are going to shape the future

Examine the cutting-edge smart grid technologies that, in our opinion, will shape the future of electrical
networks.
Energy management systems

The consumption of energy in a building, factory, or other facility may be monitored, managed,
measured, and optimized with the use of a smart energy management system, which is a computer-based
system. The systems may link meters, detectors, and other sensors that may monitor measurements and
physically integrate information to electricity-consuming structures like HVAC, lighting, and machine
tools.

Additionally, by connecting to the utility or grid operator, these devices may arrange tasks like energy
purchases for less expensive off-peak times. Taking part in demand-response activities and using EV-
managed charging infrastructure. Improved energy management systems are an excellent illustration of
smart grid efficiency solutions as a consequence.

Advanced metering infrastructure

Utility companies and consumers may interact in real time thanks to the AMI, an integrated system of
smart meters, data management systems, and communication networks. It has been demonstrated to be a
potential smart grid solution and is advancing energy management systems more generally.

Electric power providers can modify various service-level parameters for their customers using AMI's
two-way communication mechanism between the control center and the meter. Distribution grids have a
fantastic chance to gather voltage feedback at termination points because to the development of
sophisticated metering infrastructure technologies and smart meter installations through a variety of
metering programs.

Time-based pricing, use forecasts, remote consumption control, remote integration or disconnection of
users, theft detection, and other benefits are just a few of the benefits that AMI delivers. These traits
suggest the capacity to more effectively regulate the effectiveness and caliber of the electricity in grids all
over the planet.

However, there are a few issues that worry utility businesses as well as customers. These issues include
cybersecurity worries regarding unauthorized access to sophisticated metering infrastructure equipment as
well as privacy and confidentiality anxieties.

IoT projects: a major innovative smart grid technology

Sensor-enabled The IoT hubs, appliances, and gadgets that run a smart home or any other connected
location offer statistics on energy use. The analysis of power consumption, computation of costs, remote
control of appliances, load distribution choices, and problem detection are then done using this data.

One of the most significant IoT projects in power plants, energy distributors, and utilities is predictive
maintenance. The activities rely on the utilization of pricy infrastructure and equipment. Stakeholders
may more effectively manage their energy grids and monitor their assets by utilizing cutting-edge smart
grid technology. This allows them to foresee asset deterioration and failure as well as prepare for repairs.

Demand response

Systems for demand-side management that respond to demand are relatively new and growing quickly
(DSM). Case studies cover applications that provide services including frequency management, spinning
reserves, and operational reserves to help reduce wholesale energy costs and variations as well as
implementations that help increase grid stability.

Demand response applications in grid technology have been fostered by the creation of energy regulatory
bodies with open wholesale markets and government support. From the viewpoint of the client, there are
two categories of demand response programs:
When clients adjust their electricity consumption in response to time-variant pricing enforced by their
utility agency in order to maximize their power usage and reduce their bill costs, this is known as price-
based DR.

In incentive-based DR, advantages are increased by offering an incentive to persuade customers to alter
their demand consumption patterns.

Through the aforementioned programs, DR enables customers to alter or reduce their energy use at peak
times, giving them a crucial role in the functioning of electric grids in the hopes of balancing supply and
demand requirements. developing advanced smart grid technologies and DR.

Electric vehicles (EVs)

Considering how obviously modern the transportation sector is, EVs are a favored way to combat the
effects of global warming. In terms of new smart grid technologies, the introduction of plug-in electric
vehicles presents a wide range of opportunities and difficulties for the sustainability of the power grid and
energy management systems. The grid will be in danger if electric cars are introduced to networks as
regular loads since there won't be much room for flexibility in load changes.

Modern metering, control, and communication technologies are used in smart grids. They might therefore
be used by electric cars as both a load and a flexible energy source.

The solution to the grid's EV-related problems is smart meters. These smart meters can help with the
implementation of smart scheduling to make the most of the available electricity in the grid since they
have bidirectional connection capabilities and the capability to see real-time data.

By acting as distributed storage resources (V2G), which may assist with issues like frequency control,
peak shaving power, and the integration of variable renewable resources, EVs may also contribute to the
sustainability of the smart grid. EVs seem to hold the key to their own electrical grid obstruction in terms
of smart grid solutions.
Big Data

The use of sensors, wireless transmission, and connectivity generates enormous amounts of data.
Various algorithms use the data that is gathered from generation to consumption to forecast and
analyze the patterns of power use. This will be helpful in the future for building a smart energy
management system.

Big data in the energy sector includes a vast quantity of weather and environmental information
in addition to meter data. Along with the "3Es," it also includes the "4Vs" (volume, velocity,
variety, and value) (energy, exchange, and empathy).

The future for innovative smart grid technologies

New levels of communication between end users and power companies are made possible by
innovative smart grid technologies and smart grid solutions based on sensing and measuring.
Real-time monitoring allows a power grid with these capabilities to spot and address any flaws
right away, reducing outages and maintenance worries.
Extreme weather patterns and natural disasters like floods and storms are becoming more
frequent as a result of global warming, which raises the possibility of power outages. Innovative
smart grid technology will become even more important in this situation to prevent outages by
automatically modifying and rerouting the flow of power.
The quantity of cutting-edge smart grid technologies entering this market from the start-up
ecosystem is astonishing, despite the fact that the energy sector continues to be incredibly
complicated. We can only hope that these participants will develop the smart grid solutions
needed to assist regional administrations and significant energy companies in accelerating the
adoption and lowering the cost of smart grids, giving us a real opportunity to combat climate
change.