EXPERIMENT NO.

01

DATE OF PERFORMANCE: GRADE:

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: SIGNATURE OF LECTURER/ TTA:

AIM: To Understand the Concept of Basic C Program

THEORY:

C is a general-purpose high level language that was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie
for the Unix operating system. It was first implemented on the Digital Eqquipment
Corporation PDP-11 computer in 1972.

The UNIX operating system and virtually all Unix applications are written in the C
language. C has now become a widely used professional language for various reasons.

 Easy to learn
 Structured language
 It produces efficient programs.
 It can handle low-level activities.
 It can be compiled on a variety of computers.

FACTS ABOUT C:
 C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX.
 C is a successor of B language which was introduced around 1970
 The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard Institue
(ANSI).
 By 1973 UNIX OS almost totally written in C.
 Today C is the most widely used System Programming Language.
 Most of the state of the art software have been implemented using C

WHY TO USE C?
C was initially used for system development work, in particular the programs that make-
up the operating system. C was adopted as a system development language because it
produces code that runs nearly as fast as code written in assembly language. Some
examples of the use of C might be:

 Operating Systems

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  Language Compilers
 Assemblers
 Text Editors
 Print Spoolers
 Network Drivers
 Modern Programs
 Data Bases
 Language Interpreters
 Utilities

C - HEADER FILES:
A header file is a file with extension .h which contains C function declarations and macro
definitions to be shared between several source files. There are two types of header files:
the files that the programmer writes and the files that come with your compiler. You
request to use a header file in your program by including it with the C preprocessing
directive #include, like you have seen inclusion of stdio.h header file, which comes along
with your compiler. Including a header file is equal to copying the content of the header
file but we do not do it because it will be error-prone and it is not a good idea to copy the
content of a header file in the source files, especially if we have multiple source files in a
program. A simple practice in C or C++ programs is that we keep all the constants,
macros, system wide global variables, and function prototypes in the header files and
include that header file wherever it is required.

INCLUDE SYNTAX:
Both the user and the system header files are included using the preprocessing
directive #include. It has the following two forms,

#include<file>

This form is used for system header files. It searches for a file named 'file' in a standard
list of system directories. You can prepend directories to this list with the -I option while
compiling your source code.

#include “file”

This form is used for header files of your own program. It searches for a file named 'file' in
the directory containing the current file. You can prepend directories to this list with the -I
option while compiling your source code.

INCLUDE OPERATION:
The #include directive works by directing the C preprocessor to scan the specified file as
input before continuing with the rest of the current source file. The output from the
preprocessor contains the output already generated, followed by the output resulting from
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the included file, followed by the output that comes from the text after
the #include directive.

PRINTF( ):
Printf() is a predefined function in "stdio.h" header file, by using this function, we can
print the data or user defined message on console or monitor. While working with printf(),
it can take any number of arguments but first argument must be within the double cotes ("
") and every argument should separated with comma ( , ) Within the double cotes,
whatever we pass, it prints same, if any format specifies are there, then that copy the type
of value. The scientific name of the monitor is called console.

SYNTAX:

1. printf("user defined message");

2. printf(“format specifiers”,value1,value2….);

EXAMPLE:

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ clrscr();
printf("Hello, world!\n");
getch();
}
COMMENTS:
In the C Programming Language, you can place comments in your source code that are not
executed as part of the program. Comments provide clarity to the C source code allowing
others to better understand what the code was intended to accomplish and greatly helping
in debugging the code. Comments are especially important in large projects containing
hundreds or thousands of lines of source code or in projects in which many contributors
are working on the source code. A comment starts with a slash asterisk /* and ends with a
asterisk slash */ and can be anywhere in your program. Comments can span several lines
within your C program. Comments are typically added directly above the related C source
code. Adding source code comments to your C source code is a highly recommended
practice. The syntax for a comment is:

//comment goes here

OR
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/*
comment goes here
*/

FORMAT SPECIFIER:
The "Format specifier" is the sequence passed as the formatting string argument
"Characters matched" gives the format of the sequence sought or printed, with a hyperlink
to the section on literals which applies to that format; "Argument type" gives the type of
expression expected by printf and of pointer expected by scanf.

EXERCISE:

Write a C program

1. To print “Hello! This is C program”.

2. To print
* * *
* *
*
3. To print

$$****$$
$****$
$**$
$$
$
Using only one printf statement

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