ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Pituitary Gland :
• Location : Situated at the base of the skull within a bony cavity called the sella turcica.
• Components :
- Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) :
» Derived from the oral ectoderm.
» Subdivided into Pars distalis, Pars intermedia, and Pars tuberalis.
- Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) :
» Derived from neuroectoderm.
» Consists of the Pars nervosa and the infundibulum.
(1 Pars Distalis (Anterior Pituitary) :
- Histological Structure :
• Stroma : Thin fibrous capsule and supporting reticular connective tissue.
• Parenchyma : Consists of cords of cells separated by fenestrated blood capillaries.
- Cell Types :
• Chromophobes : Weak staining affinity, possibly stem cells or degranulated chromophils.
• Chromophils : Strong staining affinity, secretory cells.
• Acidophils : Stain pink with eosin.
» Somatotrophs : Produce Growth Hormone (GH).
» Mammotrophs : Produce Prolactin (PRL).
• Basophils : Stain with basic dyes, most give PAS positive reaction.
» Gonadotrophs : Produce Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).

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» Thyrotrophs : Produce Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
» Corticotrophs : Produce Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Lipotrophins, and Endorphins.
(2 Pars Nervosa (Posterior Pituitary) :
- Components :
• Infundibulum : Nerve fibers descending from the hypothalamus.
• Pars nervosa : Contains non-myelinated nerve fibers, Herring bodies (hormone storage),
fenestrated blood capillaries, and pituicytes (supporting cells).
- Hormones :
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin are produced by hypothalamic cells and stored in the
posterior pituitary.
- Clinical Note :
• Pituitary Adenoma : Benign tumor of the pituitary gland that may cause hormone overproduction.
Adrenal Glands:
• Location : Paired endocrine glands located at the superior poles of both kidneys.
• Histological Structure:
• Stroma :
» Capsule: Thick fibrous covering with fat cells.
» Trabeculae: Thin extensions from the capsule carrying blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
» Reticular Connective Tissue: Forms the background of the gland.
• Parenchyma :
» Divided into two concentric layers: Cortex and Medulla.
- Adrenal Medulla :
• Chromaffin Cells :
» Origin : Neuro-ectoderm.
» Secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline.
» Chromaffin Reaction: Positive staining with chromium salts.
• Sympathetic Nerve Cells (Ganglion Cells) :
» Control the secretory activity of chromaffin cells.

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 - Adrenal Cortex :
Zone Zona Glomerulosa
Narrow outer zone under the
Site
capsule
Columnar cells arranged in
arched cords (glomeruli)
surrounded by fenestrated
L.M.
blood capillaries; Nuclei are
basal & oval; Cytoplasm is
pale acidophilic
- sER: abundant; - Golgi complex: highly developed; - Mitochondria: many with tubular cristae;
E.M.
- Lipid droplets: most numerous
Secretion of
mainly cortisol which regulates
mineralocorticoids mainly
aldosterone, which controls
Function
Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis
Thick middle zone Thin innermost zone
Large Polyhedral cells
arranged in narrow straight
cords (fascicles), separated by
Small Polyhedral cells,
long straight fenestrated blood
arranged in branching &
capillaries; Nuclei are central,
anastomosing cords
rounded & vesicular; Some
(reticulum), separated by
cells are binucleated;
fenestrated blood capillaries;
Cytoplasm appears
Nuclei are central &, rounded;
vacuolated as it is rich in lipid
Cytoplasm is acidophilic
droplets which dissolve
during preparations, thus
named Spogiocytes
Secretion of glucocorticoids
carbohydrate metabolism, Secretion of small amount of

induces fat breakdown in fat androgens and

blood pressure through
cells, induces protein glucocorticoids; Under control
absorption of water & Na and
breakdown in muscle, and of ACTH from anterior
excretion of K by the cells of

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suppresses the immune pituitary
the kidney tubules; Under
response; Under control of
control of Angiotensin II
ACTH from anterior pituitary

- Differences between Adrenal Cortex and Medulla:

Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla
Origin: Mesodermal Origin: Ectodermal
Formed of three zones Formed of chromaffin and sympathetic cells
Essential for life Less essential for life
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Enkephalins
Chromaffin reaction: Negative Chromaffin reaction: Positive
Thyroid Gland :
• Location : Located in the cervical region anterior to the larynx.
• Structure : Formed of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus.
• Histological Structure :
• Stroma :
» Capsule : Dense fibrous connective tissue covering the gland.
» Trabeculae : Thin fibrous structures descending from the capsule to divide the gland into lobes.
» Reticular Connective Tissue : Background of the gland, formed of reticular cells and fibers.
• Parenchyma :
» Thyroid Follicles :
» Spherical structures lined by follicular epithelium with a central lumen filled with colloid.
» Surrounded by fenestrated blood capillaries.
» Follicular Epithelium Consists of Two Types of Cells:
1. Follicular cells (Principal Cells) :
» Cubical cells with basophilic cytoplasm.
» Synthesize and store thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).

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 2. Parafollicular cells (Clear cells or C cells) :
» Larger cells with paler cytoplasm.
» Synthesize and secrete thyrocalcitonin hormone.
• Interfollicular Tissue :
• Found between thyroid follicles.
• Contains reticular C.T. , interfollicular cells, occasional C-cells, and fenestrated blood capillaries.
• Clinical Note : Insufficient intake of dietary iodine causes thyroid gland enlargement (simple goiter).
Parathyroid Glands :
• Stroma :
» Capsule : Thin layer of connective tissue cells and fibers surrounding the gland.
» Trabeculae : Thin structures of C.T. cells and fibers carrying blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
» Reticular C.T. : Background of the gland, composed of reticular cells and fibers, stains with silver.
• Parenchyma :
» Anastomosing cords of cells separated by fenestrated blood capillaries.
» Composed of two types of cells: Chief cells and Oxyphil cells.
Cells Chief (Principal) Cells Oxyphil Cells
Number Numerous Less numerous
Small, polygonal, central, round-vesicular Larger, oval or round, eccentric-dark nucleus,
L.M.
nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm deep acidophilic cytoplasm
Rich in mitochondria, RER, Golgi, secretory
E.M. Mitochondria & acidophilic granules
granules
Secretion of Parathormone that increases
Function Unknown
calcium level

Mohamwd Fouad
ADRENAL GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND

THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLAND

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 CH 3 MCQS
1) Where is the pituitary gland located?
a) In the nasal cavity
b) In the abdominal cavity
c) In a bony cavity called sella turcica
d) In the thoracic cavity
2) The posterior pituitary is also known as the:
a) Pars nervosa
b) Pars distalis
c) Pars tuberalis
d) Pars intermedia
3) The anterior pituitary is derived from:
a) Mesoderm
b) Oral ectoderm
c) Endoderm
d) Neuroectoderm
4) The largest part of the anterior pituitary is:
a) Pars nervosa
b) Pars distalis
c) Pars tuberalis
d) Pars intermedia
5) What is the main function of the posterior pituitary?

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a) Production of growth hormone
b) Storage and release of oxytocin and vasopressin
c) Secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d) Regulation of adrenal gland function
6) Which cells of the anterior pituitary have weak staining affinity and few or no secretory granules?
a) Chromophobes
b) Chromophils
c) Acidophils
d) Basophils
7) The stroma of the anterior pituitary is formed by:
a) Reticular connective tissue
b) Dense irregular connective tissue
c) Adipose tissue
d) Hyaline cartilage
8) Which part of the pituitary gland is derived from the neuroectoderm?
a) Pars distalis
b) Pars intermedia
c) Pars nervosa
d) Pars tuberalis
9) What is the main embryological origin of the anterior pituitary?
a) Ectoderm
b) Mesoderm
c) Endoderm
d) Neural crest
10) Which part of the pituitary gland forms cords of cells separated by fenestrated blood capillaries?
a) Pars distalis
b) Pars intermedia
c) Pars nervosa
d) Pars tuberalis

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 11) Which type of cells within the pituitary gland have strong staining affinity in their cytoplasm?
a) Chromophobes
b) Chromophils
c) Acidophils
d) Basophils
12) Which stain would typically highlight acidophils within the pituitary gland?
a) Eosin
b) Hematoxylin
c) Orange G
d) Carmine
13) Acidophils and basophils within the pituitary gland are further classified based on:
a) Size and shape
b) Secretory granules
c) Hormone production
d) Reaction to special stains
14) Which hormone is produced by somatotrophs in the pars distalis?
a) Growth hormone (GH)
b) Prolactin (PRL)
c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
d) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
15) The hormone prolactin (PRL) is primarily associated with:
a) Growth of long bones
b) Promotion of milk secretion
c) Thyroid hormone synthesis

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d) Lipid metabolism regulation
16) Which type of cells within the pars distalis produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
a) Somatotrophs
b) Mammotrophs
c) Thyrotrophs
d) Corticotrophs
17) The hormone ACTH stimulates the secretion of which organ?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Adrenal cortex
c) Ovaries
d) Testes
18) Lipotrophins within the pituitary gland regulate:
a) Blood sugar levels
b) Lipid metabolism
c) Calcium absorption
d) Growth of adipose tissue
19) The posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) is formed by the:
a) Pars distalis
b) Pars intermedia
c) Infundibulum and pars nervosa
d) Herring bodies
20) Which of the following is produced by hypothalamic cells and stored in the posterior pituitary?
a) Growth hormone (GH)
b) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
21) What structures are found in the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary?
a) Myelinated nerve fibers
b) Herring bodies
c) Acidophilic granules
d) Chromophobes
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22) Which of the following is a function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?
a) Promotion of ovarian follicle development
b) Stimulation of androgen secretion by interstitial cells
c) Promotion of milk secretion
d) Regulation of lipid metabolism
23) What is the primary function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?
a) Stimulation of ovulation
b) Promotion of spermatogenesis
c) Regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis
d) Promotion of adrenal cortex secretion
24) Which cell type within the pituitary gland secretes oxytocin?
a) Thyrotrophs
b) Corticotrophs
c) Gonadotrophs
d) Hypothalamic cells
25) Pituitary adenoma, a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, can lead to:
a) Hyperfunction of the affected hormones
b) Hypofunction of the affected hormones
c) Growth of long bones
d) Regulation of lipid metabolism
26) What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?
a) Regulation of blood glucose levels
b) Production of reproductive hormones
c) Regulation of electrolyte balance

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d) Production of bile
27) Which part of the adrenal glands is responsible for secreting cortisol and aldosterone?
a) Capsule
b) Trabeculae
c) Cortex
d) Medulla
28) Which component of the adrenal gland forms the background and stains brown with silver?
a) Capsule
b) Trabeculae
c) Reticular connective tissue
d) Medulla
29) What is the function of the trabeculae in the adrenal glands?
a) Secretion of hormones
b) Support and transportation of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
c) Storage of fat cells
d) Protection against pathogens
30) Which zone of the adrenal cortex is producing mineralocorticoids like aldosterone?
a) Zona glomerulosa
b) Zona fasciculata
c) Zona reticularis
d) Zona medullaris
31) Which adrenal zone is responsible for the secretion of glucocorticoids primarily?
a) Zona Glomerulosa
b) Zona Fasciculata
c) Zona Reticularis
d) Zona Medullary
32) Which adrenal zone is characterized by large polyhedral cells with vacuolated cytoplasm?
a) Zona Glomerulosa
b) Zona Fasciculata
c) Zona Reticularis
d) Zona Corticalis
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 33) Which adrenal zone primarily secretes hormones responsible for controlling blood pressure?
a) Zona Glomerulosa
b) Zona Fasciculata
c) Zona Reticularis
d) Zona Medullary
34) Which adrenal zone secretes glucocorticoids primarily?
a) Zona Glomerulosa
b) Zona Fasciculata
c) Zona Reticularis
d) Zona Medullary
35) Which hormone primarily regulates carbohydrate metabolism and induces fat breakdown?
a) Aldosterone
b) Cortisol
c) Androgens
d) Angiotensin II
36) Which adrenal zone is under the control of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?
a) Zona Glomerulosa
b) Zona Fasciculata
c) Zona Reticularis
d) B,C
37) Which adrenal zone is the widest?
a) Zona Glomerulosa
b) Zona Fasciculata
c) Zona Reticularis

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d) Zona Medullary
38) Which adrenal zone contains columnar cells arranged in arched cords?
a) Zona Glomerulosa
b) Zona Fasciculata
c) Zona Reticularis
d) Zona Medullary
39) Which adrenal zone secretes aldosterone primarily?
a) Zona Glomerulosa
b) Zona Fasciculata
c) Zona Reticularis
d) Zona Medullary
40) Which hormone controls blood pressure through absorption of water and Na and excretion of K?
a) Aldosterone
b) Cortisol
c) Androgens
d) Angiotensin II
41) Which cells in the adrenal medulla are responsible for secreting adrenalin and noradrenalin?
a) Ganglion cells
b) Chromaffin cells
c) Sympathetic nerve cells
d) Stellate cells
42) What is the origin of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
a) Endoderm
b) Mesoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) Neuro-ectoderm
43) Which staining technique results in the brown coloration of the medulla?
a) H&E staining
b) Hematoxylin staining
c) Chromaffin reaction
d) Golgi staining
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44) Which cells control the secretory activity of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
a) Chromaffin cells
b) Sympathetic nerve cells
c) Adrenalin-secreting cells
d) Noradrenalin-secreting cells
45) What is the characteristic appearance of chromaffin cells under light microscopy?
a) Round nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm
b) Basophilic cytoplasm and central nuclei
c) Large nuclei and granular cytoplasm
d) Irregular nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm
46) Which structure connects the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland?
a) Isthmus
b) Capsule
c) Trabeculae
d) Reticular C.T.
47) Which type of cells form the majority of the follicular cells in the thyroid gland?
a) Parafollicular cells
b) Reticular cells
c) Follicular cells
d) Interfollicular cells
48) What is the function of the thyroid follicle?
a) Synthesis of thyrocalcitonin
b) Storage of blood vessels and lymphatics
c) Synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones

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d) Production of reticular fibers
49) Which substance fills the central lumen of the thyroid follicles?
a) Blood
b) Colloid
c) Lymph
d) Plasma
50) Which cells are responsible for synthesizing thyrocalcitonin?
a) Follicular cells
b) Parafollicular cells
c) Reticular cells
d) Interfollicular cells
51) What stimulates the secretion of thyrocalcitonin?
a) Elevated blood glucose levels
b) Elevated blood calcium levels
c) Low blood calcium levels
d) High blood pressure
52) Which type of cells form the reticular background of the thyroid gland?
a) Follicular cells
b) Parafollicular cells
c) Reticular cells
d) Interfollicular cells
53) Insufficient intake of dietary iodine may lead to:
a) Hyperthyroidism
b) Hypothyroidism
c) Simple goiter
d) Thyroid cancer
54) What is the primary function of follicular cells?
a) Synthesis of thyrocalcitonin
b) Storage of thyroid hormones
c) Synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones
d) Production of reticular fibers
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 55) Which hormone suppresses bone resorption by osteoclasts?
a) T3
b) T4
c) Thyrocalcitonin
d) TSH
56) What is the primary function of chief cells in the parathyroid gland?
a) Secretion of oxyphilic granules
b) Production of calcitonin
c) Secretion of parathormone that increases calcium level
d) Formation of reticular fibers
57) Which of the following is a characteristic feature of oxyphil cells in the parathyroid gland?
a) Small, polygonal shape
b) Basophilic cytoplasm
c) Round-vesicular nucleus
d) Presence of acidophilic granules
58) What is the primary histological function of the capsule in the parathyroid gland?
a) Secretion of hormones
b) Support and protection
c) Transport of nutrients
d) Cellular respiration
59) Which type of cells in the parathyroid gland increases in number with age?
a) Chief cells
b) Oxyphil cells
c) Reticular cells

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d) Endodermal cells
60) What is the primary histological component forming the background of the parathyroid gland?
a) Trabeculae
b) Capsule
c) Reticular connective tissue
d) Fenestrated blood capillaries

ANSWERS
1. C 13. D 25. A 37. B 49. B
2. A 14. A 26. C 38. A 50. B
3. B 15. B 27. C 39. A 51. B
4. B 16. C 28. C 40. A 52. C
5. B 17. B 29. B 41. B 53. C
6. A 18. B 30. A 42. D 54. C
7. A 19. C 31. B 43. C 55. C
8. C 20. C 32. B 44. B 56. C
9. A 21. B 33. A 45. B 57. D
10. A 22. A 34. B 46. A 58. B
11. B 23. B 35. B 47. C 59. B
12. A 24. D 36. D 48. C 60. C

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 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory system can be divided into two portions :
Conducting portion :
• Conducts air to and from the lungs.
• No gas exchange happens in this portion.
• nasal cavities, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.
• Functions :
» Warming of air facilitated by rich blood capillaries.
» Moistening of air through secretions from goblet cells and mucous glands.
» Cleaning air by trapping dust with mucus.
Respiratory portion :
• Site of gas exchange between blood and air.
• Components consist of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and lung alveoli.
Trachea :
• The trachea is a long tube approximately 12 cm in length.
• It originates at the lower end of the larynx and terminates by bifurcating into two bronchi.
The tracheal wall comprises four layers :
• Mucosa :
» Epithelium : Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with numerous goblet cells.
» Lamina propria : Loose C.T. containing blood vessels, nerves, and elastic fibers.
» Elastic membrane : Comprised of condensed elastic fibers.
• Submucosa :

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» Contains loose C.T. housing blood vessels, nerves, mucoserous glands, and lymphoid nodules.
• Fibrocartilaginous coat :
» Comprises 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage covered by perichondrium.
» These cartilage rings maintain the tracheal lumen open.
» The open ends of the cartilage rings face the esophagus posteriorly and are linked by trachealis
smooth muscle.
• Adventitia :
» Formed of loose connective tissue surrounding the trachea.
Pulmonary Alveoli :
» They are the structural and functional unit of gas exchange.
» They open into alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles.
» There are pores between lung alveoli that equalize air pressure in alveoli.
» They are separated by inter alveolar septa.
» They are lined by two types of cells called pneumocyte type I & type II.

Pneumocyte type I Pneumocyte type II

Number 97% 3%
Flat simple squamous cells They are cuboidal cells with central rounded
LM
Flat nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. nuclei and acidophilic vacuolated cytoplasm.
Few organelles grouped around the
nucleus. Their cytoplasm is rich in rER, Golgi,
EM Connected to adjacent cells by tight mitochondria, multilamellar bodies.
junction to prevent escape of tissue fluid Their apical surfaces carry microvilli.
into the alveoli.
Secrete pulmonary surfactant that forms a
Gas exchange thin film over the epithelial lining.
Functions
They cannot divide. They act as stem cells which can divide and
give two types of pneumocytes.

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 Premature Labour and Respiratory Distress Syndrome:
• linked to pulmonary surfactant deficiency.
• occurs due to insufficient surfactant, resulting in alveolar collapse, respiratory difficulty in newborns.
Interalveolar Septum :
• Definition : Delicate partitions separating adjacent alveoli.
• Structure :
» Highly vascularized connective tissue.
» Contains a network of blood capillaries, elastic and reticular fibers, macrophages, leukocytes.
Blood-Air Barrier:
• Definition : The interface facilitating gas exchange between blood capillaries and lung alveoli.
• Structure :
» Thin film of pulmonary surfactant.
» Cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte.
» Fused basement membrane of type I pneumocyte and endothelium.
» Cytoplasm of capillary endothelium.
Alveolar Phagocytes:
• Macrophages residing within lung alveoli or inter-alveolar septa.
• Origin : Developed from blood monocytes.
• Staining : Can be visualized using vital stains like trypan blue.
• Types :
» Dust Cells : Phagocytose dust particles, visible as black particles in the cytoplasm.
» Heart Failure Cells : Phagocytosis of RBCs in congestive heart failure, brick-red.

ADULT LUNG TRACHEA

Mohamwd Fouad

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 CH 4 MCQS
1) Which portion of the respiratory system conducts air to and from the lungs without gas exchange?
a) Conducting portion
b) Respiratory portion
c) Nasopharynx
d) Alveolar sacs
2) What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
a) Gas exchange
b) Warming and moistening of air
c) Formation of alveoli
d) Absorption of oxygen
3) Which structures are included in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
a) Respiratory bronchioles
b) Alveolar sacs
c) Trachea
d) Lung alveoli
4) Where does gas exchange occur within the respiratory system?
a) Nasal cavities
b) Trachea
c) Alveolar sacs
d) Oropharynx
5) What is the primary function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

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a) Conduction of air
b) Gas exchange between blood and air
c) Cleaning air from dust
d) Conditioning of inspired air
6) What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the trachea?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
c) Stratified squamous epithelium
d) Transitional epithelium
7) Which layer of the tracheal wall contains loose C.T. with blood vessels, nerves, and elastic fibers?
a) Mucosa
b) Submucosa
c) Fibrocartilaginous coat
d) Adventitia
8) What forms the fibrocartilaginous coat of the trachea?
a) Dense irregular connective tissue
b) Hyaline cartilage rings
c) Elastic fibers
d) Smooth muscle cells
9) How many incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage form the fibrocartilaginous coat of the trachea?
a) 10-12
b) 20-24
c) 16-20
d) 8-10
10) What keeps the tracheal lumen open?
a) Elastic fibers
b) Smooth muscle cells
c) Hyaline cartilage rings
d) Collagen fibers

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 11) Which layer of the tracheal wall surrounds the trachea and is formed of loose connective tissue?
a) Mucosa
b) Submucosa
c) Fibrocartilaginous coat
d) Adventitia
12) What is the function of the trachealis muscle?
a) Contraction and relaxation to regulate air flow
b) Maintenance of the tracheal lumen's diameter
c) Production of mucus for trapping particles
d) Facilitation of gas exchange
13) Where does the trachea begin and end anatomically?
a) Begins at the upper end of the larynx and ends at the diaphragm
b) Begins at the upper end of the larynx and ends at the lower thoracic region
c) Begins at the lower end of the larynx and ends by dividing into two bronchi
d) Begins at the lower end of the pharynx and ends at the upper thoracic region
14) What is the function of the elastic membrane in the trachea?
a) Facilitates gas exchange
b) Provides structural support and elasticity
c) Secretes mucus for lubrication
d) Initiates smooth muscle contraction
15) Which layer of the tracheal wall contains a rich network of blood capillaries, nerves, elastic fibers
and no lymphatic nodules?
a) Mucosa
b) Submucosa

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c) Fibrocartilaginous coat
d) Adventitia
16) What is the main function of pneumocyte type I?
a) Secretion of pulmonary surfactant
b) Gas exchange
c) Formation of multilamellar bodies
d) Division and regeneration
17) Which type of pneumocyte is more numerous in the alveoli?
a) Pneumocyte type I
b) Pneumocyte type II
c) Both types are equally numerous
d) None of the above
18) What is the primary function of pneumocyte type II?
a) Gas exchange
b) Phagocytosis
c) Secretion of pulmonary surfactant
d) Connective tissue support
19) Which type of pneumocyte possesses acidophilic vacuolated cytoplasm?
a) Pneumocyte type I
b) Pneumocyte type II
c) Both types
d) None of the above
20) Which type of pneumocyte cannot divide?
a) Pneumocyte type I
b) Pneumocyte type II
c) Both types
d) None of the above

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21) What is the role of pulmonary surfactant?
a) Increases surface tension of alveoli
b) Prevents alveolar collapse during expiration
c) Promotes alveolar collapse during inspiration
d) Stimulates gas exchange
22) What structural feature prevents the escape of tissue fluid into the alveoli?
a) Multilamellar bodies
b) Tight junctions
c) Microvilli
d) Acidophilic vacuoles
23) Which cell type acts as stem cells in the alveoli?
a) Pneumocyte type I
b) Pneumocyte type II
c) Both types
d) None of the above
24) Premature labor is associated with the deficiency of which substance?
a) Pulmonary surfactant
b) RBCs
c) Macrophages
d) Multilamellar bodies
25) What is the primary function of interalveolar septa?
a) Gas exchange
b) Phagocytosis
c) Structural support

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d) Surfactant secretion
26) Which cell type is characterized by flat simple squamous cells?
a) Pneumocyte type I
b) Pneumocyte type II
c) Both types
d) None of the above
27) Which type of pneumocyte possesses a rich endoplasmic reticulum?
a) Pneumocyte type I
b) Pneumocyte type II
c) Both types
d) None of the above
28) What is the function of pores between lung alveoli?
a) Prevent tissue fluid escape
b) Equalize air pressure
c) Facilitate gas exchange
d) Secrete pulmonary surfactant
29) What is the primary function of interalveolar septa?
a) Gas exchange
b) Phagocytosis
c) Structural support
d) Surfactant secretion
30) Which type of pneumocyte secretes pulmonary surfactant?
a) Pneumocyte type I
b) Pneumocyte type II
c) Both types
d) None of the above
31) What is the primary function of the interalveolar septum in the lungs?
a) Gas exchange
b) Blood filtration
c) Immune response
d) Structural support
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 32) Which component is part of the blood-air barrier facilitating gas exchange in the lungs?
a) Thick layer of mucus
b) Cytoplasm of type II pneumocyte
c) Fused basement membrane of type I pneumocyte and endothelium
d) Elastic fibers
33) What is the origin of alveolar phagocytes?
a) Alveolar epithelial cells
b) Blood monocytes
c) Endothelial cells
d) Type II pneumocytes
34) Which type of cells phagocytose dust particles in the lungs?
a) Type I pneumocytes
b) Type II pneumocytes
c) Dust cells
d) Heart failure cells
35) What stain is commonly used to visualize alveolar phagocytes?
a) Hematoxylin and eosin
b) Giemsa stain
c) Trypan blue
d) Crystal violet
36) Which structure is responsible for maintaining the elasticity and support of the lung tissue?
a) Blood capillaries
b) Reticular fibers
c) Pulmonary surfactant

Mohamwd Fouad
d) Elastic fibers
37) Which type of cells is crucial for producing and secreting pulmonary surfactant?
a) Type I pneumocytes
b) Type II pneumocytes
c) Macrophages
d) Endothelial cells
38) What is the primary function of the blood-air barrier in the lungs?
a) Filtration of blood
b) Regulation of blood pressure
c) Facilitation of gas exchange
d) Secretion of hormones
39) What is the primary role of heart failure cells found in the lungs?
a) Phagocytosis of dust particles
b) Maintenance of alveolar integrity
c) Phagocytosis of RBCs
d) Production of surfactant
40) Which cell type is involved in the immune response within the interalveolar septum?
a) Eosinophils
b) Macrophages
c) Neutrophils
d) Mast cells

ANSWERS
1. A 9. C 17. A 25. C 33. B
2. B 10. C 18. C 26. A 34. C
3. C 11. D 19. B 27. B 35. C
4. C 12. B 20. A 28. B 36. D
5. B 13. C 21. B 29. C 37. B
6. B 14. B 22. B 30. B 38. C
7. B 15. A 23. B 31. D 39. C
8. B 16. B 24. A 32. C 40. B

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