Module1_CN_AI_ML

COMPUTER
NETWORKS
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Computer Networks(CN)
Subject code : CSC501
Subject In-charge
Ms. Gigi Joseph
Assistant Professor(ECS Dept.)
Computer Networks
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Department (AI ML) Ms. Gigi Joseph 2
Syllabus
Module
Topic Sub-topics Weightage
no.
• Introduction to Computer Network
• Network Devices
• Network Topology
• Switching : Circuit switched
Networks, Packet switching
Introduction
1. • Network Types : LAN, MAN, WAN ≈ 12 Marks
to Networking
• Reference Models : Layer details of
OSI, TCP/IP models,
• Difference between OSI and
TCP/IP
Computer Networks
Components of a data communication system
Computer Networks
Data Representation
Data
Text Numbers Image Audio Video
Computer Networks
Data Flow
Computer Networks
Networks
Set of devices(nodes) connected by communication links in order

to share information(data) and resources
Node - device capable of sending/receiving data generated by other

nodes(devices) in the network. Examples : Computer, Printer,
Server, Security camera, Switches, Bridges, Routers etc.
Communication Link – carries information, can be wired or

wireless. Examples: Cables, Optical fibres , radio, microwaves,
communication satellites
Computer Networks
Network Criteria
• Performance
• Depends on
 Number of users
 Type of transmission medium
 Capabilities of connected hardware
 Efficiency of software
• Measured using Transit time and Response time
• Evaluated in terms of Delay and Throughput
• Reliability
• Failure rate of network components
• Measured in terms of availability/robustness
• Security
• Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
• Errors
• Malicious users
Computer Networks
Key Objectives of deploying a Computer Network
Computer Networks
Computer Networks
1. Business Applications 2. Home Applications

• Resource sharing • Internet access – connectivity to
• Virtual Private Networks remote computer
• Email , VoIP • Surfing World wide web
• Teleconferencing • E- newspaper
• Desktop sharing • Online digital library
• E-commerce • Peer- to –peer communication
• Person–to-person communication
• E-commerce
Computer Networks
Fig. A network with two clients and a server

Computer Networks
Fig. The client server model involves requests and replies
Computer Networks
Fig. In a peer to peer system there are no fixed clients and servers
Computer Networks
3. Mobile Users :
• Wireless hotspots
• Texting
• SMS
• Smart Phones
• GPS
• Sensor networks
4. Social issues : Defamation of character, Cyber bullying, Identity theft,

gaming addiction, Health & fitness, Education
Computer Networks
Network Hardware :Classification

• Based on type of transmission technology
• Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver : Unicasting
• Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission: Broadcasting & Multicasting
Computer Networks
Based on scale :
• Personal Area networks(PANs)
• Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Computer Networks
Fig. Classification of interconnected processors by scale

Computer Networks
Based on scale :
• Personal Area networks(PANs):
• Network that are meant for one person
• Eg. Bluetooth- short range wireless network- uses master slave
configuration
• Applications: When an embedded medical
device such as a pacemaker, insulin pump or
hearing aid talks to a user-operated remote
control
RFID on smart cards and library books
Fig. Bluetooth PAN configuration

Computer Networks
• Local Area Networks (LANs)

• Short distances
• Privately owned
• Designed to provide local interconnectivity i.e. to allow resources to be
shared between personal computers or workstations
• Most common LAN topologies – bus, ring , star
• Access point- relays packets between the wireless computers and also
between the devices and the internet
• Standards used : Wireless LANs – IEEE 802.11(WiFi)
Wired LAN – IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
Computer Networks
Fig. An isolated LAN in the past and today

Computer Networks
Fig. Wireless (IEEE 802.11)and wired LAN(Switched ethernet)
Computer Networks
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

• Long distances
• Provide connectivity over larger geographical areas
• Subnet- consists of transmission lines and switching elements – network that connects
the hosts – function: to carry messages from host to host
• 2 types : Switched WAN – connects end systems, which usually comprise a
router that connects another LAN or WAN.
eg. Backbone that connects the Internet
Point-to-Point WAN –normally a line leased from a telephone or cable
TV provider that connects a home computer or a
small LAN to an Internet Service Provider(ISP)
Computer Networks
Fig. A point-to-point WAN
Fig. A switched WAN

Computer Networks
Fig. WAN that connects 3 branch offices in Australia

Computer Networks
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

• Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
• Network with a size between a LAN and a WAN
• Normally covers the area inside a town or a city.
• Designed for customers who need a high speed connectivity to the internet nd
have end points spread over a city or a part of a city
• Eg. The cable TV network was originally designed for cable TV, but today it is
also used for high speed data connection to Internet
Computer Networks
Fig. A MAN based on cable TV

Computer Networks
• Based on Physical Topology

• Connection of devices
Computer Networks
Fig. A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

Computer Networks
Mesh topology
Suppose n nodes,
No. of physical links required = n(n-1)
Assuming duplex mode , then
No. of physical links= n(n-1)/2
No. of I/O ports for each device = n-1
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Use of dedicated links • Amount of cabling
• Robust • No. of I/O ports
• Privacy and security • Installation and reconnection - difficult
• Fault identification and fault isolation • Hardware- expensive
is easy
Computer Networks
Fig. A star topology connecting four stations

Computer Networks
Star topology
 Point-to point connection
 Advantages:
• Controller- hub – acts as exchange
• Less expensive
• Only 1 I/O port: easy to install and reconfigure
• Less cabling
• Robustness
• Easy fault identification and fault isolation
 Disadvantage: Dependency of whole topology on central hub
Computer Networks
Fig. A bus topology connecting three stations
Computer Networks
Bus topology
Multipoint connection
One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices
Nodes are connected to by cable by drop lines and taps
Advantages:
• Ease of installation
• Less cabling than mesh or star
Disadvantages:
• Difficult reconnection
• Fault isolation
• Signal reflection at taps cause quality degradation
• Adding new devices require modification or replacement of backbone- a
fault or break in the bus cable or in between devices stops all transmission.
Computer Networks
Fig. A ring topology connecting six stations
Computer Networks
Ring topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only two devices on
either side of it.
A signal is passed along the ring in one direction , from device to device , until it
reaches the destination
Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater
Advantages:
• Easy to install and configure
• Simplified fault isolation
• To add or delete a device - requires changing only 2 connections
Disadvantages:
• Unidirectional traffic
• A break in the ring can disable the entire network
Computer Networks
Fig. A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

Computer Networks
Connection-oriented Vs Connectionless service

Connection-oriented Connectionless
• Creation and termination of the • Transfer data packets without creating

connection for sending data any connection
• creates virtual path • Doesn’t create a virtual path
• Requires authentication • Doesn’t require authentication
• Data packets are received in same order • Not received in same order
as sent by the sender
• Requires higher bandwidth • Requires low bandwidth to transfer data
• More reliable • Not a reliable service
• No congestion • May cause congestion
Computer Networks
Protocol Layering
Fig. Tasks involved in sending a letter

Computer Networks
Fig. A five layer network with layers, protocols and interfaces

Computer Networks
Fig. Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5

Computer Networks
Protocol Layering - divide complex tasks into several smaller and simpler tasks
- separate services from implementation
- presence of intermediate systems
Drawbacks - one layer may duplicate lower-layer functionality

- functionality at one layer need information present in another
layer
Principles of protocol layering:

First principle- bidirectional communication
Second principle- identical objects in each layer
Computer Networks
Fig.The interaction between layers in the OSI model

Computer Networks
OSI MODEL
• Open system interconnection – deals with connecting open systems i.e.
facilitates communication between different systems without requiring changes
to the logic of underlying hardware and software.
• is based on a proposal developed by the international standards organization as

a first step towards international standardization of the protocols used in various
layers
• is layered framework for design of network systems that allows communication

between all types of systems
• Has 7 layers
Computer Networks
OSI MODEL
Fig. Seven layers of the OSI model

Computer Networks
Computer Networks
Physical Layer: -concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication

channel
-responsible for the actual physical connection between devices
-Functions: - Bit synchronization
- Bit rate control
- Physical topologies
- transmission mode
Data link layer: -Main task is to transform a raw transmission facility into a line
that appears free of transmission errors i.e. into a reliable link
-Functions: - Physical addressing
- Error control
- Flow control
- Access control
Computer Networks
Network Layer: -responsible for source-to-destination delivery of a packet,

without recognizing any relationship between those packets –
treats each packet independently
-Functions: - Routing
- Logical Addressing
Transport layer: -responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire

message
-ensures that the whole message arrives intact and inorder,
overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-to-
destination level
-Functions: - Service point addressing - Connection control
- Segmentation and assembly - Error control
- Flow control
Computer Networks
Session Layer: -the network dialog controller

-establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction among
communicating systems
-Functions: - Dialog control
- Synchronization
Presentation layer: -concerned with the syntax and semantics of the

information exchanged between two systems
-Functions: - Translation
- Encryption
- Compression
Computer Networks
Application layer: -enables the user to access the network

-provides user interfaces and supports for services such as
email, remote file access and transfer , shared database
management, and other types of distributed information
services
-Functions: - Network virtual terminal
- File transfer, access and management
- Mail services
- Directory services
Computer Networks
Computer Networks
Fig. Data Encapsulation and de-encapsulation in the OSI model

Computer Networks
TCP/IP Protocol
• Is a hierarchical protocol
• Developed prior to OSI model
• Originally had 4 layers
Host-to-host network
Internet
Transport
Application
• Today, TCP/IP is thought as a 5 layer model
Fig. Layers in TCP/IP model

Computer Networks
Fig. the TCP/IP model with some protocols
Computer Networks
Fig. Addressing used in TCP/IP model

Computer Networks
OSI model Vs TCP/IP

• Refers to Open system • Refers to Transmission control
interconnection protocol
• Developed by ISO(International • Adopted as protocol standard by
Standard organisation) ARPANET(Advanced Research
• Have 7 layers Project Agency Network)
• Have 4 layers
• Is a theoretical model -Considered as
a reference tool • Model around which internet is
developed
• Provides a clear distinction between
interfaces, services and protocols • Doesn’t have any clear distinguishing
• Has separate session and points between services, interfaces
presentation layer and protocols.
• Combines session and presentation
layer in application layer
Computer Networks
OSI model Vs TCP/IP

• Model was developed before the • Protocols were developed first and
development of protocols then the model was developed
• Network Layer- supports • Network Layer- supports
Connectionless and connection Connectionless only
oriented communication • Transport layer – supports
• Transport layer – supports only Connectionless and connection
connection oriented oriented communication
• Disadvantages • Disadvantages
• Doesn’t define any particular • Transport layer doesn’t
protocol guarantee delivery of packets
• Difficult to fit a new protocol • Replacing a protocol is not easy
• Duplication of services
• Interdependence among the layers
Computer Networks
Computer Networks
Networking devices
1. Repeater: -operates at the physical layer
-is a 2 port device
-regenerates the signal over the same network before the signal
becomes too weak or corrupted- they do not amplify the signal
-when a signal becomes weak – it copies the signal bit by bit and
regenerate it at the original strength
Computer Networks
Networking devices
2. Hub: - operate at physical layer
- is multiport repeater
- connects multiple/different stations
- cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected
devices(broadcasting)
- 2 types: Active Hub: hubs that have their own power supply and can
clean, boost and relay the signal along the network–used to extend
maximum distance between nodes
- Passive Hub: hubs that collect wiring from nodes and power supply
from active hub - relays signals onto the network without cleaning
and boosting them
Computer Networks
Computer Networks
3. Bridge: -operates at the data link layer

-is a repeater + filtering content by reading the MAC
address of source and destination
-also used for interconnecting 2 LANs working on same
protocol
-has a single input and single output port – 2 port device
Computer Networks
4. Switch: -is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can
boosts its efficiency and performance
-connects devices within a Local Area Network
-is a data link layer device
-is an intelligent device which stores MAC address table
-performs error checking before forwarding data
Computer Networks
5. Router: -is a network layer device

-is like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP address
-connects LANs and WANs together and have a dynamically
updating routing table based on which they make decisions on
routing the data packets
-connect 2 or more different LANs that has 2 or more different
protocols
Computer Networks
6. Gateway: -operate at network and upper layers

-is a passage to connect 2 networks together that may work upon
different networking models with different routing algorithms
and protocols
-take data from one system , interpret it and transfer it to another
system
-translation between network technologies : protocol converters
-a gateway usually is a computer with multiple NICs (Network
Interface Cards) connected to different networks.
-A gateway can also be configured completely using software.
Computer Networks
7. Brouter: - also known as the bridging router is a device that combines

features of both bridge and router.
- can work either at the data link layer or a network layer.
- Working as a router, it is capable of routing packets across
networks and working as the bridge, it is capable of filtering local
area network traffic.
8. NIC: - network interface card is a network adapter that is used to connect

the computer to the network.
- is installed in the computer to establish a LAN.
- has a unique id that is written on the chip, and it has a connector to
connect the cable to it - cable acts as an interface between the
computer and the router or modem.
- NIC card is a layer 2 device which means that it works on both the
physical and data link layers of the network model.
Computer Networks
Computer Networks
SWITCHING
• Technique of transferring the information from one computer network to
another network
• Switches – devices that create temporary connections between 2 or more
devices linked to the switch
Computer Networks
Fig. (a) Circuit switching (b)Packet switching

Computer Networks
Circuit Switching:
• Circuit switching takes place at the physical layer.
• Before starting communication, the stations must make a reservation for
the resources to be used during the communication..
• Data transferred between the two stations are not packetized .
• There is no addressing involved during data transfer.
• The actual communication in a circuit-switched network requires three

phases:
1. Connection setup
2. Data transfer
3. Connection teardown.
Computer Networks
Packet Switching
• In packet switching, there is no resource allocation for a packet.
Resources are allocated on demand.
• Because no bandwidth is reserved with packet switching, packets may
have to wait to be forwarded ,this introduces queuing delay.
Computer Networks
Comparison of circuit switching and packet switching

Circuit Switching Packet switching
In circuit switching there are 3 phases: In Packet switching directly data transfer
i) Connection Establishment. takes place.
ii) Data Transfer.
iii) Connection Released
Each data unit know the entire path address Each data unit just know the final destination
which is provided by the source address intermediate path is decided by the
routers
Data is processed at source system only Data is processed at all intermediate node
including source system
Delay between data units in circuit switching Delay between data units in packet switching
is uniform is not uniform
Computer Networks

more reliable less reliable
Wastage of resources are more in Circuit Less wastage of resources as compared to
Switching Circuit Switching
is not a store and forward technique is a store and forward technique
Transmission of the data is done by the Transmission of the data is done not only by
source the source, but also by the intermediate routers
Congestion can occur during the connection Congestion can occur during data transfer
establishment phase, because there might be phase, large number of packets comes in no
a case where a request is being made for a time
channel but the channel is already occupied
is not convenient for handling bilateral suitable for handling bilateral traffic
traffic
Computer Networks

In Circuit switching, charge depend on time In Packet switching, charge is based on the
and distance, not on traffic in the network number of bytes and connection time
Recording of packet is never possible in Recording of packet is possible in packet
circuit switching switching
there is a physical path between the source there is no physical path between the source
and the destination and the destination
Resource reservation is the feature of There is no resource reservation because
circuit switching because path is fixed for bandwidth is shared among users
data transmission.
Computer Networks
Fig. Comparison of circuit switching and packet switching

Computer Networks

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COMPUTER

Components of a data communication system

Text Numbers Image Audio Video

Set of devices(nodes) connected by communication links in order

Node - device capable of sending/receiving data generated by other

Communication Link – carries information, can be wired or

Key Objectives of deploying a Computer Network

1. Business Applications 2. Home Applications

Fig. A network with two clients and a server

Fig. The client server model involves requests and replies

4. Social issues : Defamation of character, Cyber bullying, Identity theft,

Network Hardware :Classification

• Personal Area networks(PANs)

• Local Area Networks (LANs)

• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

Fig. Classification of interconnected processors by scale

Fig. Bluetooth PAN configuration

• Local Area Networks (LANs)

Fig. An isolated LAN in the past and today

Fig. Wireless (IEEE 802.11)and wired LAN(Switched ethernet)

• Wide Area Networks (WANs)

Fig. A point-to-point WAN

Fig. A switched WAN

Fig. WAN that connects 3 branch offices in Australia

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

Fig. A MAN based on cable TV

• Based on Physical Topology

Fig. A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

Fig. A star topology connecting four stations

 Disadvantage: Dependency of whole topology on central hub

Fig. A bus topology connecting three stations

Fig. A ring topology connecting six stations

Fig. A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

Connection-oriented Vs Connectionless service

• Creation and termination of the • Transfer data packets without creating

• Requires authentication • Doesn’t require authentication

• More reliable • Not a reliable service

• No congestion • May cause congestion

Fig. Tasks involved in sending a letter

Fig. A five layer network with layers, protocols and interfaces

Fig. Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5

Drawbacks - one layer may duplicate lower-layer functionality

Principles of protocol layering:

Fig.The interaction between layers in the OSI model

• is based on a proposal developed by the international standards organization as

• is layered framework for design of network systems that allows communication

Fig. Seven layers of the OSI model

Physical Layer: -concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication

Network Layer: -responsible for source-to-destination delivery of a packet,

Transport layer: -responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire

Session Layer: -the network dialog controller

Presentation layer: -concerned with the syntax and semantics of the

Application layer: -enables the user to access the network

Fig. Data Encapsulation and de-encapsulation in the OSI model

Fig. Layers in TCP/IP model

Fig. the TCP/IP model with some protocols

Fig. Addressing used in TCP/IP model

OSI model Vs TCP/IP