Chapter Four Baseline Environmental Data

Chapter Four
BASE LINE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

4.1 General
It is a description of the existing parameters in a specific area. It provides a
complete and through layout of the area including environment, flora and fauna.

4.2 Physical Resources

4.2.1 Geological and Geomorphology
The pipe line track ( AYUBIA TO DUNGA GALI ) is composed of mountains.
The origin of rocks is Sedimentary. There is no mass wasting in this track, but
creep exists. Kawagarh Formation is present in this track.
The area of KHANS PUR road is also mountainous and the origin of these rocks
is Sedimentary. Mass wasting and Creep occurs in that area. Patala Formation,
Hangu, Lumshiwal, Chichali and Kawagarh Formation occur around that area.

STRATIGRAPHY
The exposed rocks within the area of Kuza Gali-Dunga Gali range in age from
Jurassic to Eocene. The stratigraphic sequence of these rocks is shown below;

FORMATION AGE
Kuldana Formation Middle Eocene
Chorgali Formation Early to Middle Eocene
Margala Hill Limestone Early Eocene
Patala Formation Late Paleocene
Lokhart Limestone Middle Paleocene
Hangu Formation Early Paleocene
Kawagarh Formation Late Cretaceous
Lumshiwal Formation Early Cretaceous
Chichali Formation Late Jurassic to Early Creataceous

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Samana Suk Formation Middle Jurassic

PATALA FORMATION:
The Patala Shales, which stratigraphically occur between the Lokhart and
Margala Hill Limestone, have the most often repeated outcrops in the area.
These repetitive bands extend from the Khanspur-Ayubia spur across the
southern part of Kuza Galli-Dunga Gali ridge top, into the drainage of Barmian di
Kasi between Kuza Gali and Tauhidabad. The Patala Shales are yellowish brown
to yellowish grey on weathered surface and also on the fresh surface. They have
been called Khaki Shales also after their color. Within the body of the Shales
subordinate lithologies, both arenaceous and calcareous, occur in the form of
thin bands.

KAWAGARH FORMATION:
Three main outcrops of the Kawagarh Formation occur in the area. Two are
exposed on the outside from Tauhidabad to some distance short of Kundla and
the third from north of Kundla to some distance short of Dunga Gali. These
extensive exposures cross the Ayubia-Dunga Gali ridge to appear on the pipeline
road for most of the distance between the 60 feet waterfall mark and Dunga Gali.
This Formation consists of medium grey to light brownish grey limestone which is
whitish grey, light grey, creamish grey and light brownish grey on the weathered
surface. The texture is commonly fine grained but there are marked variations. A
part of Kawagarh is marly and intercalations of marl and calcareous shales are
also present.this part is especially well developed on the pipeline road as also
near Changla Gali. It exhibits well developed fracture cleavage. The Kawagarh
Formation is known to contain Upper Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera.
However, apart from a few beds containing pelecypods, fossils are generaaly not
seen in the field.

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SAMANA SUK FORMATION

The main outcrop of the Samana suk formation which is the oldest stratigraphic
unit in the area, is exposed in the core of an anticlinorium towards the north of
the mapped area. On the roadside this exposure occurs between Tauhidabad
and Kudla and on the ridge top north of Kanora peak. The Samana Suk
Formation comprises mainly limestone which is medium to dark gray.

LUMSHIWL FORMATION:
Within the area five distinct outcrops of Lumshiowal Formation occur in contact
with Kawagarh Formation. The best section is developed near at Kundla bazar
there is a fold within the Lumshiwal repeating the sequence in part.
It comprises four principal lithologies, Marl, Shale, Sandstone/Quartzite and
haematitic sandstone.

HANGU FORMATION:
It is exposed in the form of very thin bands wherever the base of Lokhart
Limestone is exposed. Becayse of its red colour, it acts as marker horizon. The
best exposures in the area are near Kuza Gali-Dunga Gali ridge top at Kanora
peak. The thickness is small and only two main lithologies are present, Laterite
and fireclay.

LOKHART FORMATIOON:
The Lokhart Limestone is present in the area at four different localities in the form
of single or multiple whitish bands. An exposure occurs with a faulted contact
against Kawagarh Foramtion in the south of Dunga Gali. The Lokhart Limestone
is generally medium grained, hard and gives foeted smell on breaking.it is dark
grey on fresh surface and its weathered color varies. The Limestone is nodular,
its size generally varies between 5 to 8 inches. Calcite veins ranging in thickness
from 1mm to 2cm are fairly abundant.

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MARGALA HILL LIMESTONE:

It is exposed in the form of thin to well developed outcrop bands. Its best
exposure can be seen between Tauhidabad nad Kuza Gali on Murree-Nathia
Gali road and between Kuza Gali and Ayubia on the roadside. It has faulted
contact against Kawagarh Formation at T auhidabad and on the pipeline road.
The Margala Hill Limestone is mainly a fossiliferous medium grained, nodular
limestone with subordinate marls/shales. On the weathered surface it is bluish
gray, yellowish gray, pale gray and on the fresh surface it is generally dark gray.

USES OF LIMESTONE:
After crushing the limestone it is transported to the other areas and used for
different aspects. Like,

 Roads
 Construction purpose
 Element of cement
 Portland cement
 Concrete

Margala Hill Limestone and Lockhart limestone are the best construction material
for road.

FOLDING:
The anticlines are generally sharp and tight as compared to the synclines.
Intraformational folding is seen especially in Kawagarh and Samana Suk
outcrops where they are thick and well exposed. For example, such folding can
be seen in the Kawagarh Formation north of the sixty Feet water fall on the
pipeline road.

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DUNGA GALI FAULT:

This fault occurs to the south of Dunga Gali where it trends NE-SW. It corsses
the piepline road as well as the main road. It then takes a broad turn around
Kundla and bends again to continue southwest across Garang da Kas. This fault
separates the Lockhart Limestone in the north from the Kawagarh Formation in
the south. It extends over a long distance but the stratigraphic throw is bnot very
large. On the roadside it dips 30° to the southeast where the outcrop shows
some brecciation especially in the Lockhart Limestone. It is a reverse fault,
atleast near the surface.

WATER FALL FAULT:

This fault appears on the pipeline road, just north of the sixty feet Water Fall
where it separates the kawagarh Formation from the Samana Suk Formation.
Westwards it corsses the ridge at Tredha Gali. Here a small outcrop of Chichali
and Lumshiwal appears to the north of this fault. Further west, however this
outcrop is eliminated again, before the fault appears on the roadside and then
merges into Tredha gali Fault see below after crossing the Grang da Kas. On the
pipeline road this fault is very steep to near vertical. In the Tredha Gali, however,
it dips steeply to the south. It is normal fault. Crushing can be seen along the
fault zone on the pipeline road. Parasitic folds are also seen in Samana Suk
close to the fault plane. A fault related escarpment is also present above the
pipeline road.

SLOPE MOVEMENT:
Mass movement, also known as slope movement, is the geomorphic process by
which soil, regolith, and rock move downslope under the force of gravity. Mass
wasting may occur at a very slow rate, particularly in areas that are very dry or
those areas that receive sufficient rainfall such that vegetation has stabilised the
surface. It may also occur at very high speed, such as in rock slides or

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landslides, with disastrous consequences, both immediate and delayed, e.g.,

resulting from the formation of landslide dams.
Types:
Types of mass wasting include creep, slides, flows, topples, and falls.

Creep
Downhill creep is a long term process. The combination of small movements of
soil or rock in different directions over time are directed by gravity gradually
downslope. The steeper the slope, the faster the creep. The creep makes trees
and other shrubs curve to reach the sun light. These often trigger land slides
because the dirt underneath is not very strong. The trees most of the time die out
because of lack of water and sun, and these rarely happen in wet climates.
Caused by freezing then thawing, or hot then cold temperature, it causes surface
soils to move up then down, inching its way towards the bottom of the slope. This
happens at a rate that is not noticeable to the naked eye. and it also happens in
the tropical regions.

Landslides
Where the mass movement has a well-defined zone or plane of sliding, it is
called a landslide. This includes rock slides, slumps and sturzstroms.
It is also one of the common classification of mass wasting.

Flows
Movement of soil and regolith that more resembles fluid behavior is called a flow.
These include avalanches, mudflows, debris flows, earth flow, solifluction, lahars
and sturzstroms. Water, air and ice are often involved in enabling fluidlike motion
of the material.

Topples
Topples are instances when blocks of rock pivot and fall away from a slope.

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Falls
A fall, including rockfall, is where regolith cascades down a slope, but is not of
sufficient volume or viscosity to behave as a flow. Falls are promoted in rocks
which are characterised by presence of vertical cracks. Falls are a result of
undercutting of water as well as undercutting of waves. They usually occur at
very steep slopes such as a cliff face.

Nathiagali thrust is an active thrust in that area causing seismic activity that will
cause erosion. Kuza Gali is in between NF and MBT. Both are active areas and
may cause slope de-stability.

REMEDIES FOR DE-STABILITY OF SLOPE:

It can be reduce be following:
 Form retaining wall
 Reduce the angle of slope.
 Make a pipe for water
 Reduce the weight over slope.

4.2.2 SOIL
The soil is in the form of SILT and CLAY in the pipeline road. Other features of
topography include organic matter and humus of plants.
From Dunga gali to Khanuspur road, topograpgy consist of sediments which may
include sand, silt and clay. Variation in moisture content of soil is about 70”.

4.2.3 SEISMOLOGY

EARTHQUAKE:

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An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that
creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also
known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is
conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude,
with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and
magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas.
The earthquake in this area came in 1990’s. The magnitude of that was about
5.6.

4.2.4 CLIMATE:
In Khanspur, snowfall occur in winter and rainfall in summer. Snofall occurs from
35th of December till the end of March.
Temperature is low to moderate. The precipitation is about 70”.
The duration of rainfall is in October-Novemeber and in December.
The project area has no previous record of flooding.

WIND MOVEMENT
The wind blows to the south and goes round to the north:, round and round goes
the wind, and on its circuits the wind returns. Air is moist which blows all over the
area.

4.2.5 WATER:
Surface water is present there but it is in lower concentration. It is not used for
drinking purpose. Groundwater is potable except E-coli. Water contains the
pathogens. It is predicted by the analysis of the 80% sample in Galliyat. So,
water is there but in poor quality.

4.3 Environmental Conditions:

4.3.1 AIR QUALITY:

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The Air Quality of the piepline road is pollution free. Clean air blows there. The
Khanspur road has contaiminated air but to some extent because of the
emissions from Vehicles. Mostly vehicles in that area use Diesel as fuel. Due to
incomplete combustion, they emit different noxious gases that play important role
in deteriorating the air.

4.3.2 LIQUID EFFLUENT:

No liquid effluent generates from the pipeline road because there is no
population residing in that area.
But the liquid effluents generate from Khanspur and Aubia due to the household
activities. Because most of the residence lives in that area.

4.3.3 SOLID WASTE:

It is composed of the:
 Plastic
 Glass
 Paper
 Tin
All of this is non-biodegradable.
There is no proper exisiting disposal site for solid waste and there is open
dumping of solid waste on pipeline track.
On the Khanspur road, solid waste is being dumped in backyafrd vallies and
along the side the roadsides.
There is no proper waste disposal due to the poor management. This is due to
the lack of awareness and also the authorities is responsible for this. This is
because of:
 Less literacy rate
 Lack of communication
 Social behaviour

4.3.4 NOISE:

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There is no source of noise like traffic on the pipeline raoad. The conditions are
quitw calm in that area. Noise is only generated from the3 communication of the
tourists and from the birds and animals.
While on the Khanspur road, the conditions ae quite noisy. Because the noise is
generated from the mobilization of the vehicles i.e from their pressure horns and
also from their engines. Different types of vehicles move in that area like Bikes,
Trucks, Pickups, Busses etc.

BUFER ZONE.
The protected side in that area is the Ayubia National Park. It provides very
marvellous environmental conditions for the tourists. But this zone can be
exposed to the human activities after widening the road.

4.4 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

LAND UTILIZATIONS
Land usage may be categorized as irrigated, grazing and forestry. In addition to
that, it is also being used for recreation, tourism, educational and scientific
purposes.
In Ayubia, land is being utilized as forest.
In Khanspur area, there is a commercial land utilization as well as for residential
and recreational purposes.

STUDY OF BIOTA

SOIL BIOTA
Term collectively used for the living organisms present in the soil.
Divison:
On the basis of soil biota, it is divided in 4 types:
 Microbiota
 Mesobiota
 Macrobiota

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 Megafauna

MICROBIOTA
These organims ranging in size from 1-100µm.
Eg, Protozoa, fungi, round worms, bacteria etc.

MESOBIOTA
Its size ranges from 100µ to 2mm.
Eg,
Mites, spring tales etc.

MACROBIOTA
It ranges from 2mm to 20mm.
Eg,
Earth worms, beetles, slugs, ants etc.

MEGAFAUNA
These ranges from 20mm-upwards.
Eg,
Snakes, lizard, rodents, moles, rabbits etc.

AVIFAUNA
This region(Khanspur) is mostly Avifauna. That is, it includes all types of birds.
Most birds are migrants. Some are vagrants(those who pass away from this
region)
Eg,
Crows, duffs etc.

MIGRATORY BIRDS
These includes:

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Stilts, sand pipers and pheasants etc.

HERPATOFAUNA
These are cold blooded organisms and this term is collectively used for
Amphibians and Reptiles.
In Khanspur area, rare species of Herpatofauna includes:
Gecko present in the area is a rare specie.

MAMMALS
Mammals (class Mammalia) are a class of vertebrate animals characterized by
the presence of sweat glands, including sweat glands modified for milk
production, hair, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region
in the brain.
Eg,
Monkey, squirrels, bats, owl and jackals etc.

ENDANGERED SPECIES
These are those species which are near extinction.
The endangered species of Khanspur area are:
Flying squirrels, wild cats and monal pheasant.

4.4.1 FLORA
It may be categorized as
Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
Ferns
Bryophytes
Halophytes
Heliophytes
sciophytes

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ANGIOSPERM
Flowering plant in which the seeds are enclosed within an ovary, which ripens
into a fruit.
It is further divied into:
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons

 Monocotyledons
Angiosperm (flowering plant) having an embryo with a single cotyledon, or
seed leaf (as opposed to dicotyledons, which have two).

 Dicotyledons
Major subdivision of the angiosperms, containing the great majority of
flowering plants. Dicotyledons are characterized by the presence of two
seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo, which is usually surrounded by
the endosperm.

Example of Angiosperm

COBRA PALNT
Its botanical name is Darlingtonia californica. Its look like snake. It shows rede
color. It has poisonous seeds, but its roots are beneficial.
USE
The cobra lily is restricted to nutrient-poor acidic bogs and seepage slopes within
its range. In common with most carnivorous plants, the cobra lily is adapted to
supplementing its nitrogen requirements through carnivory in order to
compensate for the lack of available nitrogen in such habitats.

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VIBERNUM
Its botanical name is Vibernum Cotonifolium and its family is Adoxaceae.
USES:
The viburnums are one of the most outstanding group of shrubs for use in the
landscape planting. Among their characteristics are variation in size from 2 to 30
feet, varied growth habits, excellent foliage, striking and fragrant flowers, showy
fruit and interesting winter appearance.

SOLOMAN’S SEAL
Its botanical name is Polygonatum Multiflorum and its family is Liliaceae.
USES
Solomon's Seal is edible and medicinal, the young edible shoots are an excellent
vegetable when boiled and eaten like Asparagus. The root is edible after boiling
in three changes of water or sun baked, and is a good source of starch.

RASPBERRY
Its botanical name is Rubus Ideus and its family is Rosaceae.
It is endangered specie.
USES
Raspberry has been used to treat diarrhea and mild inflammation of the throat
and mouth.

ISPAGHOL
Its botanical name is Plantago major and its family is Plantaginaceae.
USE
The medicinal properties of the seeds are largely due to the large amount of
mucilage and albuminous matter present in them. The~ seeds are cooling and
mildly laxative. They act as a diuretic and also have a soothing effect on the skin
and mucous membranes.

GYMNOSPERM

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Gymnosperm (Gymnospermae) are a group of spermatophyte seed-bearing

plants with ovules on the edge or blade of an open sporophyll, which are usually
arranged in cone-like structures.
Rich reservior of gymnosperm is present in the forest of the Khanspur.
These types of gymnosperm are not present in sub-tropical area.
Examples

YEW
Its botanical name is Taxus Wallichiana and its family is taxaceae.
USE
All parts of the yew are extremely poisonous. The only exception is the fleshy
part of its arils (berries), but the seed within is deadly. This is definitely not a tree
for self-medication. In spite of this it has been used in the past by herbalists to
treat a variety of ills, such as a small amount of the powdered leaves (1-5 gr) for
epilepsy and its use as an abortifacient.

PARTAL
Its botanical name is Abiespindrow and its family is Pinaceae.
USE
It is used for construction purposes like furniture formation.

BRYOPHYTES
Bryophytes are all embryophytes ('land plants') that are non-vascular: they have
tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that
circulates liquids.

THALLOSE(LIVERWORT)
Its botanical name is marchantia sp. And its family is marchanaceae.

FOLIOSE(MOSS)
Its botancial name is Calobryum and its family is Anthcerotaceae.

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FERNS
These are the plants having folios sporangia below the leaves at the abaxial side.

PARSEOSHIAN
Its botanical anme is Adiantum capillus-veneris and its family is polypodiacea.
USE
Ppeople prepare the fronds of the plant as an infusion or syrup and use it as a
diuretic, as an expectorant and to calm coughs, to promote perspiration and
menstruation, and to treat urinary disorders, colds, rheumatism, heartburn,
gallstones, alopecia (hair loss), and sour stomach.

MALE FERN
Its botanical name is Dryopteris filix-mas and its family is Dryopteridaceae.
USE
The root was used, until recent times, as an anthelmintic to expel tapeworms. It
is sometimes referred to in ancient literature as Worm Fern. It is also grown as
an ornamental fern in gardens.

HALOPHYTE
A halophyte is a plant that naturally grows where it is affected by salinity in the
root area or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps,
marshes and sloughs, and seashores.

HELIOPHYTES
These are the sun-loving plants. Also known as God of Sun(greek word)
Eg,
Helianthus (Sun flower)

SCIOPHYTES
Thes are shade-loving plants. All ferns are sciophytes.

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4.4.2 FAUNA:

Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. Zoologists and
paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a
specific time or place.

These include:

Reeves Pheasant (symatics Reevesi)

Great Himalyan Barbet (Megalaima Virens)
Koklas Pheasant (Pucrasia Macrolopha)
Himalyan Twany Owl (Strix Aluco Himalyansis)
Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus)
Lady Amherst (Chrysolophus Amherispia)
Intermediate Egret (Egreta Intermedia)
Giant Flying Squirrel (Peteurista)
Common Field Mouse
Blue whistling Thrush
Asian Barred Owlet
Common Redstart
Leopard Cub (Panthara Pordus)

About 12 pairs of leopard are present in khanspur.

Endangered Species:
An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of
becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing
environmental or predation parameters.

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These include:
Monal Pheasant
Black Bear
Musk Deer

Invertebrates:
An invertebrate is an animal lacking a vertebral column. The group includes
97% of all animal species — all animals except those in the Chordate subphylum
Vertebrata (fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals).

Pitfall Method:
In this method, we use to study invertebrates. The pits are formed under the
shades of trees and the second one is in the open area. Take them out after
three days and count the organisms. So, we can determine the species of an
invertebrates. Here we take the average of the organisms.

Example:
Slug, Earth Worms, Scorpian, Centipede, Ants and Flies.

Vertebrates:
Vertebrates are members of the subphylum Vertebrata, chordates with
backbones or spinal columns.

4.4.3 LINE OR BELT METHOD

The three line transects carried out were a continuous line transect and two
interrupted line transects, with intervals of 1m and then every other metre. The
continuous line transects involved noting the height and species of every plant
which touched the line along its entire length. The interrupted line transects noted

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the height and species of only those plants which touched the metre marks,
either every metre, or every other metre. The purpose of doing this was to
illustrate the difference in the level of data obtained using these slight variations
in method, for the benefit of environmental survey.

WIDTH OF A TREE
The width of a plant can be calculated at a height of 4 ft from the base of plant. At
this height, we determine the width of a plant.

4.4.4 MYCORRHIZA
A mycorrhiza typically seen in the plural forms mycorrhizae or mycorrhizas) is a
symbiotic (occasionally weakly pathogenic) association between a fungus and
the roots of a plant. In a mycorrhizal association the fungus may colonize the
roots of a host plant either intracellularly or extracellularly.
This mutualistic association provides the fungus with relatively constant and
direct access to mono- or dimeric carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose
produced by the plant in photosynthesis. The carbohydrates are translocated
from their source location (usually leaves) to the root tissues and then to the
fungal partners. In return, the plant gains the use of the mycelium's very large
surface area to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil, thus improving
the mineral absorption capabilities of the plant roots.
Mycorrhizal plants are often more resistant to diseases, such as those caused by
microbial soil-borne pathogens, and are also more resistant to the effects of
drought. These effects are perhaps due to the improved water and mineral
uptake in mycorrhizal plants.

4.4.5 LICHENS
Lichens are symbiotic associations of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a
photosynthetic partner that can produce food for the lichen from sunlight.. A few
lichens are known to contain yellow-green algae or, in one case, a brown alga.
Some lichens contain both green algae and cyanobacteria as photobionts; in

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these cases, the cyanobacteria symbiont component may specialize in fixing

atmospheric nitrogen for metabolic use.
Lichens are often the first to settle in places lacking soil, constituting the sole
vegetation in some extreme environments such as those found at high mountain
elevations and at high latitudes. Some survive in the tough conditions of deserts,
and others on frozen soil of the Arctic regions.[
e.g.
Xanthoria is present on the pipeline track.

4.4.6 MUSHROOM
A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically
produced above ground on soil or on its food source. These are present on
different locations at the Khanspur.

4.5 Human and Economic Development

4.5.1 Infrastructure

Infrastructure facility available to people include:

Roads
Bridges
Water Supply

4.5.2 Transpotation

Basic mode of transpotation is by local vehicles. Though people mostly walk by

foot.

4.5.3 power Sources and Transmission

There is no power grid in the vicinity. But power lines are present. Electricity is
available to all area.

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4.6 Quality of Life Values

4.6.1 Socio-economic Values

The Survey conducted in the Khanspur area is below:

Name of the respondent:

Mr. Javed Khan

Gender:
Male

Educational Status
3 classes passed.

Profession
Owner of a small public hotel

Martial Status
Married. Has 8 kids

Source of Income
Hotel and local labor

Average Monthly Income:

It varies with the season. Average is Rs. 7000/.

What are the important health concern of the community?

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There are no basic health unit in the vicinity. People have to take the ill to the
nearby areas. There is no hospital. Although a small dispensary is present but it
is not enough nor resourceful for the people.

Do you face any difficulty in traveling on road?

A daily fare can’t be afforded. And it is difficult to walk 6Km everyday. But there is
no other choice and have to do it for living.

Opinion on road widening?

Yes, That would be great. It will bring in more resources, thus providing better
standard of living for us.

4.6.2 Public Health Facilities

There are no basic health unit in the vicinity. People have to take the ill to the
nearby areas. There is no hospital. Although a small dispensary is present but it
is not enough nor resourceful for the people.

4.6.3 Cultural and Aesthetic values

Their mode of lifestyle and their culture pattern will be affected after the
construction of the project.
The scenic beauty of the area will be totally altered.

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