SPSS PRESENTATION

NAME : FATIMA MUNIR, FATIMA TU

ZAHRA,NAZISH BATOOL, FATIMA SALAM,
NOOR UN NISA,TANZILA,
INSTRUCTOR: MA'AM FAIZA
DATE : 3 MAY 2024
CONTENTS
• Important terms
• Introduction
• Characteristics of chi square test
• Chi square distribution
• Applying chi square test in SPSS
• Adding Results to APA 7th Edition Research Paper
• Applications of chi square test
• Conclusion
 Non-parametric tests:
• Non-parametric tests are the mathematical methods used in
statistical hypothesis testing, which do not make assumptions
about the frequency distribution of variables that are to be
evaluated. The non-parametric experiment is used when there
are skewed data, and it comprises techniques that do not
depend on data pertaining to any particular distribution.
• The word non-parametric does not mean that these models do
not have any parameters. The fact is, the characteristics and
number of parameters are pretty flexible and not predefined.
Therefore, these models are called distribution-free models.
Degree of Freedom:
• Degrees of freedom are the number of independent variables that can be
estimated in a statistical analysis and tell you how many items can be
randomly selected before constraints must be put in place.
• Examples of Degrees of Freed
• Example 1: Consider a data sample consisting of five positive integers. The
values of the five integers must have an average of six. If four items within
the data set are {3, 8, 5, and 4}, the fifth number must be 10. Because the
first four numbers can be chosen at random, the degree of freedom is four.
• Example 2: Consider a data sample consisting of five positive integers. The
values could be any number with no known relationship between them.
Because all five can be chosen at random with no limitations, the degree of
freedom is four.
• Example 3: Consider a data sample consisting of one integer. That integer
must be odd. Because there are constraints on the single item within the
data set, the degree of freedom is zero.
 What is a Contingency Table?
• A contingency table displays frequencies for combinations of
two categorical variables. Analysts also refer to contingency
tables as crosstabulation and two-way tables.
• Contingency tables classify outcomes for one variable in rows and
the other in columns. The values at the row and column
intersections are frequencies for each unique combination of the
two variables.
• Use contingency tables to understand the relationship between
categorical variables. For example, is there a relationship between
gender (male/female) and type of computer (Mac/PC)?
 Chi-Square Test

• The Chi-Square Test is a statistical method used to

determine if there is a significant association between two
categorical variables.
• It assesses whether the observed frequency distribution of
data differs from the expected frequency distribution.
• It was developed by Karl Pearson in 1900.
 Characteristics of the Chi-Square Test:

• This test follows a specific distribution called chi square distribution.

• In general it is used to measure the differences between what is
observed and what is expected according to an assumed hypothesis.
• Suitable for categorical data analysis.
• Tests independence or association between variables.
• Compares observed frequencies with expected frequencies.
• Non-parametric, meaning it does not assume a normal distribution.
Chi-Square Distribution:
The Chi-Square distribution is a probability distribution that arises in
statistical hypothesis testing. It is a continuous probability distribution
that takes only non-negative values and is skewed to the right. The
shape of the Chi-Square distribution changes with the degrees of
freedom parameter.
Graph of the Chi-Square Distribution:
• As the degrees of freedom increase, the Chi-Square distribution
becomes more symmetrical and approaches a normal distribution.
• For lower degrees of freedom, the distribution is highly skewed to the
right.
• The Chi-Square distribution is characterized by its mean (expected
value) and variance, which are equal to the degrees of freedom.
Applying the Chi-Square Test in SPSS: Steps and
Examples:

• Enter data into SPSS and organize it in a contingency table

format.
• Navigate to Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs.
• Select variables for analysis and run the Chi-Square Test.
• Interpret the results, including Chi-Square statistic, p-value,
and degrees of freedom.
 Adding Chi-Square Test Results to
APA 7th Edition Document:

Example: Let's say we conducted a study to investigate

whether there is an association between gender and
preference for a type of smartphone operating system (OS).
We surveyed 200 individuals and categorized them based
on their gender (male or female) and their preference for
smartphone OS (Android, iOS, or other). Here's the
contingency table representing our data:
• Now, we will use the Chi-Square Test
to determine if there is a significant
association between gender and
smartphone OS preference. IOS Android Other

• Interpret Results: We compare the

calculated Chi-Square value with the
critical value from the Chi-Square
distribution table at a certain Male 50 30 20
significance level (e.g., α = 0.05). If
the calculated Chi-Square value is Female 40 50 10
greater than the critical value, we
reject the null hypothesis, concluding
that there is a significant association
between gender and smartphone OS
preference.
In an APA 7th Edition research paper, the results of the Chi-Square Test should be
reported in the results section. Here's how you can present the results:
1.Report Chi-Square Statistic and Degrees of Freedom:
1.Begin by reporting the Chi-Square statistic value and the degrees of freedom in
parentheses.
2.Example: "A Chi-Square test of independence revealed a significant association
between gender and smartphone OS preference, χ²(2) = 6.89, p < .05."
2.Interpretation of Results:
1.Provide a brief interpretation of the findings.
2.Example: "The results indicate that there is a significant association between gender
and smartphone OS preference, suggesting that gender may influence individuals'
choice of smartphone operating system."
• Concluding Remarks:
• Conclude the results section by summarizing the key findings and their
implications for the research question or hypothesis.
• By following these guidelines, you can effectively present the results of the
Chi-Square Test in accordance with APA 7th Edition style in your research
paper.
Results
• A Chi-Square test of independence was conducted to examine the association
between gender and smartphone operating system (OS) preference among
the surveyed participants. The contingency table representing the distribution
of smartphone OS preference by gender is presented in Table 1.
• Table 1. Distribution of Smartphone OS Preference by Gender

IOS Android Other

Male 50 30 20

Female 40 50 10
The Chi-Square test yielded a significant association between gender and
smartphone OS preference, χ²(2) = 6.89, p < .05. These results suggest that
gender may influence individuals' choice of smartphone operating system.
Further post-hoc analyses were not conducted in this study.
Discussion
The findings of this study provide insight into the relationship between
gender and smartphone OS preference. The significant association
observed indicates that gender plays a role in shaping individuals'
preferences for specific smartphone operating systems. Understanding
these patterns can inform marketing strategies and product development
efforts targeted towards different demographic groups.
Overall, the results support the notion that gender is a relevant factor to
consider when analyzing consumer preferences in the context of
smartphone technology. Further research could explore additional variables
that may influence smartphone OS preference and investigate potential
interactions between gender and other demographic or psychographic
factors.
Applications of the Chi-Square Test:

• Market research: analyzing

customer preferences.
• Biology: studying genetics and
allele frequencies.
• Social sciences: examining
survey responses.
• Quality control: assessing
product defects.
Conclusion:
• The Chi-Square Test is a powerful tool for analyzing
categorical data and assessing relationships between
variables.
• By understanding its characteristics and application,
researchers can effectively use Chi-Square Test in
various fields.
Thank you