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 QUIZRR 1

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CURVE SKETCHING
There are 5 steps to draw a curve, y = f(x)
Step 1 :
CHECK FOR SYMMETRY
1. Check whether function is even.
(a) Replace x by x
(b) If no change in f(x), then function is even
(c) Graph is symmetrical about y-axis.
2. Check if function is odd
(a) Replace x by x
(b) If f ( x) = f(x), then function is odd
(c) Graph is symmetric about origin
3. Replace y by y, if no change, then the graph is symmetrical about x-axis.
4. If function is periodic, draw graph only in the period, as the remaining curve is a repetition of
this one.

Step 2 :
POINTS OF INTERSECTION
(a) Find points of intersection with x-axis & y-axis.
for x axis, put y = 0
y axis, put x = 0
(b) Special care of double & triple roots
for example, if f (x) = (x a)2 g (x)
here x = a, is a double root of f (x) or you can also say repeated root of f (x) = 0
note in this case f (a) = 0, f´(a) = 0 but f´´ (a)  0 i.e. can be point of local maxima / local
minima

now take f (x) = (x a)3 g (x)

 x = a is a triple root of f (x)
here, note
f (a) = 0
f´(a) = 0
a
f´´ (a) = 0, but
f´´´(a)  0

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 a is the point of inflection (as shown in diagram) i.e. the point where shape of the
curve changes from convex to concave & vice-versa.
 TIP : if f (x) = (x a)n g (x)
& nth derivative is the first non zero derivative then

if n is even  x = a is a point of local maxima / minima

n is odd  x = a is a point of inflection

let us take another example

y = x (x ă 1)2
we can see that x = 1 is a double root of f (x)
Step 1 : no symmetry
Step 2 : has double root at x = 1
Step 3 : put f (x) > 0
 x (x 1)2 > 0

· + +
0 1
double root so
no sign change across it.
 for x  (0, ) y > 0
x  (  0) y < 0
so approximate graph would be

0 1

from this we can also deduce that x = 1 will be point of local minima & not local
maxima. If it was local maxima then the curve will come in the negative half.
Step 3 :
SIGN OF GRAPH
(a) Put y > 0 & see where the graph is above x-axis & where it is below x-axis.
for example if f (x) = x (x 1) (x 2)
put x (x 1) (x 2) > 0 · + · +
(using wavy curve) 0 1 2

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So corresponding to it the graph will be above x-axis where region is +ve & below x-axis
where region is represented by ve sign.

0 1 2

Further x (x 1) (x 2) is a polynomial function, so it will be continuous & hence the

following will be the curve.

Check the domain : Find the domain (especially in cases where denominator can become
zero). Draw the curve only in its domain.

Step 4 :
ASYMPTOTE
Examples of asymptote

y=Logx

y=1
x
x=0 is a vertical
asymptote
here x = 0 is a vertical asymptote
& y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote

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(a) Horizontal asymptote

Ć If lim f ( x)  c1 , where c1 is finite then y = c1 is horizontal asymptote in right half.

x

if lim f ( x)  c2 , where c is finite then y = c is horizontal asymptote in left half.

x   2 2

for example
1
y = tan x

/2

/2

here y = /2 is a horizontal asymptote in right half.

y= /2 is a horizontal asymptote in left half.

(b) Vertical Asymptote

If ylim g( y)  c1 , where c is finite, then x = c is a vertical asymptote.

 1 1

OR
in normal words, if for a finite value of x, y approaches ( or ) then x = c is a vertical
asymptote.
e.g.

/2

y = tanx y = Log x

x = /2, a vertical asymptote x = 0, a vertical asymptote

Take special care in case of

(a) when denominator can be zero. Put denominator = 0 to get the value of x for which vertical
asymptote will be formed.

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 QUIZRR 5

(b) Logarithmic functions

for log (f(x)) = 0, find f (x) = 1 & for those values of x it will be a vertical asymptote.

Step 5 :
Find the points of maxima, minima.
find the shape of curve, i.e. either concave or convex.

Concave Convex

No line segment lies above the graph No line segment lies below the graph

A twice differentiable function f defined on interval I is

(a) concave if and only if f´´(x)  0 for x  I
(b) convex if and only if f´´(x)  0 for x  I
inflection is the point where the shape of the curve changes from convex to concave or vice-versa.

Sket ch of some common cur ves :

(a) Linear inequality, straight line curve
ax + by  c or ax + by  c
convert inequality into equality, to obtain an equation of straight line.
For deciding which region is the answer put origin in the line and check for the region
required.
e.g 3x + 5y  15

(0,3)
now put origin (0, 0) in the inequation.

(5,0) (0, 0) satisfies the inequality

 shaded region is the required area.

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(b) Circle
general form : x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
standard form : (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
for inequality (x h)2 + (y k)2  r2 or  r2

(h,k) (h,k)

2 2 2
(x h) + (y k) < r
(region inside the circle) 2 2 2
(x h) + (y k) > r
(region outside the circle)

3. Parabola
standard forms : y2 = 4ax
other forms y2 = 4ax, x2 = 4ay & x2 = 4ay

y2 = 4ax y2 = 4ax y2 = 4ay y2 = 4ay

for inequalities

y2  4ax  region inside the parabola

y2 > 4ax  region outside the parabola

Ar ea of Bound ed R egions
1. For a continuous function f (x) defined over [a, b], the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the
x-axis and the ordinates x = a and x = b is given by

b b

 f (x) dx or  y dx
a a
y = f (x)

Other types
a b

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 QUIZRR 7

2. When f (x) is below x-axis then the value of integral will come
out to be negative but as we know area is a positive quantity.
a b
b b

 Area =   f (x) dx   f (x) dx

a a
y = f (x)

3. Area of such curves is obtained by using the above 2 types

Area = Area (I) + Area (II) + Area (III)
I b III
b c d a c d
II
= 
a
f ( x) dx 

b
f ( x) dx 

c
f ( x) dx

4. Area between 2 function / curves

When 2 curves intersect at 2 points they form an area which we can find out by the following
formula

Area =  (upper
a
lower)dx

y = f (x)
b

=  (difference of curves)dx
a

a b
b y = g (x)
=  ( f (x)  g(x) dx
a

The result will be the same whether the curves meet in 2 points or 1.

a b

intersecting at one point on inter section

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 8 QUIZRR
Sometimes it is easier to take area with y-axis as in following cases :
y=b
b
b

1. Area =  f ( y) dy x = f (y)
a a
y=a
Note : The function inside the integral is a function of y not x.
It is because we have to integrate with respect to y.

2. Area =   f ( y) dy
a y=b
b

=  f ( y) dy
a
y=a
a

when we were integrating with respect to x, portion below x-axis gave negative area, & here left
part will give negative area.

3. Here Area = Area (I) + Area (II) + Area (III)

a
b c d I x = f (y)
= 
a
f ( y) dy 

b
f ( y) dy 

c
f ( y) dy
b
II
c
III
d

4. Here area will be

b
b

area =  (right
a
left)dy
g (y) f (y)

a
b

=   f ( y)  g( y) dy
a

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 QUIZRR 9

see you can use any set of formula, but choose such a one which makes your calculation easier.
let us discuss some cases.
f (x)

g (x)

for such cases, use

  f (x)  g(x) dx
for such cases use   f ( y)  g( y) dy
because to integrate wrt x is very
lengthy & cumbersome

for such case both sets can be used i.e.   f (x)  g(x) dx
  f ( y)  g( y) dy
Illustration 1

Draw the rough sketch of the curve y  3 x  4 and find the area under the curve above
x-axis and between x = 0 and x = 4.
Solution :

The equation y  3 x  4 represents the upper half of parabola y2 = 3x + 4 whose axis of

symmetry is x-axis, focus on positive direction of x-axis and vertex also on x-axis. When y = 0,

4  4 
x , therefore vertex is at   3 , 0  . The parabola opens on the right, therefore it also intersects
3  
y-axis. Putting x = 0, we get y =  2, therefore parabola passes through points (0, 2) and
(0, 2) as shown. x = 0 is equation of y-axis and x = 4 is equation of line parallel to y-axis as
shown. The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded portion shown.

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The region is bounded between two parallel lines x = 0 and x = 4
 required area

3 4

=  y dx  
0 0
3 x  4 dx Y y = 3x + 4

4 (0,2)
2 (3 x  4)3 / 2 
= 3 
3  0

X´ ( 4, 0) X
2 3/2
3
= [16)  (4)3 / 2 ] x=4
9

2 2 Y´ x = O
3 3
= [(4)  (2) ]  (64  8)
9 9

2 112
=  56  sq. units.
9 9

Illustration 2
Find the area of region bounded by the curve 4x 2 + 9y2 = 36.
Solution :
The equation 4x2 + 9y2 = 36

x2 y2
   1, represents an ellipse, with a = 3 and b = 2.
9 4

2
y= 9 x2
3

X´ (3, 0) ( 3, 0) X

x=3
Y´
x=O

The region is symmetric about both coordinates axes. We determine the area of region in first
quadrant and multiply it by 4 to get the required area. The region in first quadrant is bounded
between two parallel lines x = 0 and x = 3.

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 QUIZRR 11

 required area

= 4  y dx
0
x2
9

y2
4
= 1

y2 9  x2
 =
4 9

2
 y= 9  x2
3

3 3
2 8 x 9 x
= 4 
0
3
9  x2 dx  
3 2
9  x2  sin 1 
2 3 0

8  9 1 9  8 9 
=  0  2 sin (1)  0  2 (0)   3  2 . 2   6 sq. units.
3    

Illustration 3
Find the area bounded by the curve y2 = 4a x and the line y = 2a and y-axis.
Solution :
The equation y2 = 4ax represents a parabola whose vertex is at origin, axis of symmetry is x-axis
and it opens on right side with focus on positive direction of x-axis, y = 2a is equation of straight
line parallel to x-axis as shown. The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded
portion.
The region is bounded between two parallel lines y = 0 and y = 2a.
 required area

2a 2a
y2
= 
0
x dy 

0
4a
dy Y y2 = 4ax

y = 2a
2a  2a 
1 1  y3   y=O

2
= 4a y dy =   
4 a  3   X´ O X
0  0 

1  8 a3  2
= 4a   0  = 2a sq. units. Y´
 3  3

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12 QUIZRR

Illustration 4
Find the area of the region included between the parabola y2 = x and the line x + y = 2.
Solution :
The equation y2 = x represents a parabola whose vertex is at origin, axis of symmetry is x-axis
and it opens on the right with vertex on positive direction of x-axis.
For finding the points of intersection of y2 = x and x + y = 2, we solve them to get
(2 x)2 = x  4 + x2 4x = x
2
 x 5x + 4 = 0
 (x 4) (x 1) = 0
 x = 4 and x = 1
 y= 2 and y = 1
The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded portion.
The region is bounded between two parallel lines y = 2 and y = 1.
 required area
Y
1 1

=  (x of line) dy   (x of parabola) dy
2 2
(0, 2) y2 = x

y=1
(2, 0)
1 1 1 1 X´ O
y2  y3  X
= 
2
(2  y) dy 

2
y2 dy  2 y  
2 
2
 
3 
2
y= 2

x+y=2
 1  4   1 ( 8) 
=  2      4       Y´
 2  2   3 3 

3   1 8  15 9
=   6      3 sq. units.
 2   3 3  2 2

Illustration 5

x2 y2
Find the area of smaller region bounded by the ellipse   1 and the straight line
a2 b2
x y
 1
a b

x2 y2
Solution : The equation   1 represents an ellipse.
a2 b2

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 QUIZRR 13

The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded portion.

The region is bounded between two parallel lines x = 0 and x = b.
 required area Y
x2 y2
+ =1
a a (0, b) a2 b2
=  ( y of ellipse) dx   ( y of line) dx
0 0 (a, 0)
X´ ( a 0) X
a a
x y
+ =1
b b a a
  a (a  x) dx (0, b)
2 2
= a  x dx 
a
0 0 Y´
x=O x=a

 a  a
b x 2 a2 2 1 x   b  (a  x)2  
= a  a x  sin      
 2 2 a   a  2  0 
0  

 a2  b  a 
2
b
= a 0  sin 1 (1)    
 2  a  2 

ab  ab ab   
.    1  sq. units.
2  2
=
2 2 2 

Illustration 6

Sketch the region bounded by the curve y  5  x 2 and y = |x ă 1| and find its area.
Solution :

The equation y  5  x2 represents the upper half of the circle x2 + y2 = 5 whose centre is at
origin and radius 2.
The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded region.
For finding the points of intersection of Y

y  5  x2 and y = |x 1|, we solve them to get y= 5 x2

y= x 1
|x 1| = 5  x2
(x 1)2 = (5 x2)
2
 x 2x + 1 = 5 x2
X´ O X
 2x2 2x 4 = 0
 x2 x 2 = 0
x =1 x=2
 (x + 1) (x 2) = 0
 x = 1 and x = 2
Y´
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The region is bounded between two parallel lines x = 1 and x = 2
 required area

2 2

=  ( y of circle) dx   ( y of modulus function) dx

1 1

2 2

  x  1 dx
2
5  x dx 
=
1 1

2 1 2 
 
  
2
5  x dx    ( x  1) dx  ( x  1) dx
=
 1 
1  1 

2  1 2
 ( x  1)  ( x  1) 2  
2
x 2 5 1 x 
= 2 5  x  2 sin   
5  1  2
 
2
 
 1
 1 


5  2  5 1 1  1
= 1 sin 1    1  sin  2  
2  5 2 5  2

5 1  2  5 1 1 1
=  sin    sin   sq. units.
2  5 2 5 2

Illustration 7
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the curves x 2 + y2 = 4 and y2 = 3 (2x ă 1).
Solution :
Y
The equation x2 + y2 = 4 represents a circle with
centre at origin and radius 2 and y2 = 3 (2x 1) is y2 = 3(2x 1)
x2 + y2 =4
equation of a parabola whose axis of symmetry is
x-axis and it opens on the right. The vertex is on
x-axis, putting y = 0, we get x = 1/2, therefore
(1/2, 0) is the vertex. X
X´ O (2, 0)
2 2
For finding the points of intersection of x + y = 4
and y2 = 3 (2x 1), we solve them to get
x2 + 3 (2x 1) = 4
2
 x + 6x 7 = 0 x=2
 (x + 7) (x 1) = 0 x=1
Y´
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 QUIZRR 15

 x = 1 and x = 7 (not possible)

The region whose area is to be determined is the shaded portion.
The region is symmetric about x-axis and region in Ist quadrant can be divided into two regions
bounded between parallel lines x = 1/2 and x = 1 and x = 1 and x = 2 respectively.
 required area

 1 2 
 

= 2  ( y of parabola) dx 
1 / 2

1
( y of circle) dx


 1 2 
 
=  3
2


1/ 2
2 x  1 dx 

1
4  x2 dx


 1 2
 2 (2 x  1)3 / 2  x x 
= 
2 3 . .   4  x2  2sin 1  
 3 2 1 / 2 2 2 1 


 1 3  1  
= 2  2 sin 1 (1)   2 sin1  2 
 3 2   

 1   1 2 
= 2   2  
 2 3 3 2 3 3

4 1
=  sq. units.
3 3

Illustration 8
Find the area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the curves defined by

   3
y  tan x ,   x  ; y  cot x ,  x 
3 3 6 2
Solution :
To find the area hold by x-axis and curves
y = tan x, /3 < x < /3 ...(1)
and y = cotx /6 < x < 3/2 ...(2)
The curves interesect at P, where tan x = cot x, which is satisfied at x = /4 within the given
domain of x.

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16 QUIZRR
The required area is shaded area
/4 /3
A=  / 6 y1 dx   / 4 y2 dx
P y = cotx
where (/4, 1)

y1 = tan x
/3 /6 /4/3/2  3/2
y2 = cot x O X

x
b = cotx

tan
/4 /3

y=
 A =  / 6 tan x dx   / 4 cot x dx
/4 /3
= [log sec x]  [log sin x]
/6 /4

 2   3 1 
=  log 2  log    log  log 
 3  2 2 

3 3
= log 2  log  log  log 2
2 2

 3 3
= 2  log 2 . 2  = 2 log
  2

= log 3/2 sq. units

Illustration 9

Find the area bounded by the curves x 2 + y2 = 4, x 2   2 y and x  y

Solution :
The given curves are
x2 + y2 = 4 ...(1)

x2   2 y ...(2)

x= y ...(3)
It is clear from the equations of curves that eq. (1) represents a cricle with centre (0,0) and radius
2. (2) represents a downward parabola with vertex at origin.
(3) represents a straight line, through origin making as anlge of 45 with +ve direction of x-axis.
Now points of intersection of (1) and (2)
Substituting the value of x2 from (2) in (1), we get
y2  2 y  4  0

2  2  16 23 2
 y 
2 2

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 QUIZRR 17

4 2 2 2
= or = 2 2 or  2
2 2

 x2  2  2  
[rejective ve value of y as x2 can not be ve]
 x2 = 2

 x=  2

 Pts of intersection of (1) and (2) are ( 2,  2), ( 2,  2) .

Also for point of intersection of (1) and (3)

Solving eq. (1) and (3), we get

2x2 = 4  x2 = 2  x =   2    y =  2

 point of intersection are ( 2,  2), ( 2,  2) . Thus we observe all the three curves pass

through the same point ( 2,  2) .

Now required area = shaded area

y
x
0 2 y=
=  2  yC  yL  dx  0  yC  yP  dx
2+
y
2=
4

2 0 2 x
  0
O
= y dx  y dx  yP dx x1
2 C 2 L (0,0) B
(- 2,- 2) A
( 2,- 2)
C (0,2)
y1
2 0 2 x2
= 2 0  0
2
4  x dx  x dx  dx
2 2

0 2
x 2 4 1 x 
2  x2    x3 
2
=  2 4  x  sin      
2 2 0  2    3 2 0
2

 2  2    2  2 2
= 2 2 4  2  2sin 1   
 2    2 
    3 2

  2 1
= 1  2.   1    
 4  3 3

AREA
18 QUIZRR

Illustration 1 0
Find the area bounded by the curves, x 2 + y2 = 25, 4y = |4 ă x 2| and x = 0 above the x-axis.
Solution :
We have to find the area bounded by the cruves
x2 + y2 = 25
4y = |4 x2|
x= 0
above x-axis

4  x2 if x2  4
Now, 4 y  4  y2  
2 2
 x  4 if x  4

4  x2 if  2  x  2
4y  
2
 x  4 if x  2 or   2

Thus we have three curves

(I) Circle x2 + y2 = 25
(II) P1 = Parabola x2 = 4(y 1), 2 < x < 2
2
(III) P2 = Parabola x = 4(y + 1), x > 2 or x < 2
2
(I) and (II) intersect at 4y + 4 + y = 25
2 2
or (y 2) = 5  y 2 = μ5
y = 7, y = 3
y = 3, 7 are rejected since. y = 3 is below x axis and y = 7 gives imaginary value of x.
(I) and (III) intersect at
4y + 4 + y2 = 25 or (y + 2)2 = 52
y + 2 = μ5
y = 3, 7
y = 7 is rejected, y = 3 gives the points above x-axis. When y = 3, x = μ4. Hence the points of
intersection of (I) and (III) are (4, 3) and ( 4, 3). Thus we have the shape of the curve as given
in figure.
Required area is
,3)
(-4 Q P(4,3)

= 2   ycircle dx   yP1 dx   yp2 dx

4 2 4
 0 0 2 
M B A L
(-5,O) (5,O)
(-2,0) (2,0)
 4 1 2 1 4 
= 2   25  x2 dx   (4  x2 ) dx   ( x2  4) dx
 0 4 0 4 2 

AREA
 QUIZRR 19

2 4
1 x3  1  x3 
4
 4 25 1 x 
=  0
2
2 25  x  sin    4 x      4 x
 2 5 0 4   3  4 3 
0 2

 25 4 1  8  1  64  8 
= 2 2 9  sin 1   8      16     8  
 2 5 4  3  4  3  3 

 25 4 4 4 4
= 2 6  sin 1    
 2 5 3 3 3

4 4
= 12  25sin 1  8  4  25sin 1
5 5

Illustration 1 1


Find the area of the region bounded by the curve C : y = tan x, tangent drawn to C at x 
4
and the x-axis.
Solution :
The given curve is y = tan x ...(1)
Let P be the point on (1) where x = /4
 y = tan /4 = 1
i.e. co-ordinates of P are (/4, 1)
 Equation of tangent at P is
y 1 = m (x /4)

dy
Where m  ]( / 4, 1)  sec2 x  sec 2  / 4  2
dx  ( / 4, 1)

 Equation of tangent at P is
y 1 = 2 (x /4)
or y = 2x + 1 /2 ...(2)
The graph of (1) and (2) are as shown in the figure.
Y
  2 
,1)

Tangent (2) meet x-axis at, L  , 0 (2)

4

 4 
/(
P=

Now the required area = shaded area LM X

O
= Area OPMO Ar (PLM)
(1)

/4 1 x=-/2

x=/2
= y(1) dx  LM.PM
0 2

AREA
20 QUIZRR

/4 1
= 
0
tan x dx 
2
(OM  OL) PM

/4 1    2
= [log sec x]0     .1
2 4 4 

1  1
=  log 2  2  Sq. units. Ans.
2  

Illustration 1 2

1
Sketh the curves and identify the region bounded by x  , x = 2, y = In x and y = 2x. Find
2
the area of this region.
Solution :
The given curves are
y = ex loge x ...(1)

log e x
and y ...(2)
ex

log x
The two curves intersect where ex log x =
ex

 1 
  ex  ex  log x  0
 

1
 x or x= 1
e

At x = 1/e or ex = 1,
log x = log e = 1, y = 1

1 
so that  ,  1  is one pt. of intersection and at x = 1, log 1 = 0  y = 0
 e 

 (1, 0) is the other common pt. of the curves.

1
Now in between, i.e.,  x1 or 1 < ex < e
e

1
and log   < log x < log 1
 e

AREA
 QUIZRR 21

or 1 < log x < 0

i.e. log x is ve, throughout.

log e x
y1 = ex loge x, y2 
ex

1
Clearly under the condition stated above y1 < y2 both being ve in the interval  x1
e

The rough sketch of the two curves is as shown in fig. and shaded area is the required area.
 The required area = shaded area

1 1
 log x 
= 1/ e
( y1  y2 ) dx =
 
1/ e
ex log x 
ex 
dx

1 1 1 log x
 
x
x log x  Log
= e dx y=ex
1/ e e 1/ e x B
O (1, 0) X
1
(e , -1) A
1 1
 x2 x2  1  (log x)2  Log
X
= e  log x      y= ex
 2 4  e  2 
1/ e 1/ e

 1   1 1  1  1
= e   4     2  2    e 0  2 
   2e 4e   

 1 3  1 e 3 1
= e   2   =  
 4 4e  2 e 4 4 e 2 e

5 e 5  e2 e2  5
=  = = Ans.
4e 4 4e 4e

Illustration 1 3

2
Sketh the region bounded by the curves y = x 2 and y  . Find the area.
1  x2
Solution :
2
The given curves are y = x2 and y  . Here y = x2 is upward parabola with vertex at origin.
1  x2

2
Also, y  is a curve symmetrical with respect to y-axis.
1  x2

AREA
22 QUIZRR

dy  4x
At x = 0, y = 2   0 for x > 0
dx (1  x2 )2

 Curve is decreasing on (0, )

dy
Moreover  0 at x = 0
dx

 At (0, 2) tangent to curve is parallel to x-axis.

As x  , y  0
 y = 0 is asymptote of the given curve.
For the given curveÊs pt of intersection : solving their equations we get x = 1, y = 1, i.e., (1, 1).
Thus the graph of two curves is as follows :

1
y
2

2
 The required area = 2   x  dx
0  1  x2 
(1,1)
1
 1 2 x3   2 x´ O x

=  4 tan x    4. 
 3  4 3
0

2
=  sq. units. y´
3

Illustration 1 4
Find the possible values of b > 0, so that the area of the bounded region enclosed between

x2
the parabolas y = x ă bx 2 and y  is maximkum.
b

Solution :
The given curves are
y = x bx2 ... (1) and y = x2/b ...(2)
2
 1   1 
  y  4b    b  x  2b  and x2 = by
   

 1 1 
Here clearly first curve is a downward parabola with vertex at  ,  and meeting x-axis at
 2b 4 b 
(0, 0) and (1/b, 0) while second is an upward parabola with vertex at (0, 0).

 b b 
Solving (1) and (2) we get the intersection points of two curves at (0, 0) and  2
, 
2 2
 1  b (1  b ) 

AREA
 QUIZRR 23

Hence the graph of given curves is as below

Shaded portion represents the required area, given by

b
 x2 

y
1  b2  x  bx2   dx 2 b
A = 
0  b  1 b , (1+b2 )
2
P 1+b

O(0, 0) x
b
x bx 2
x 3 3 1  b2
 A =    
 2 3 3b 
0

b2 b4 b2
=  
2 (1  b2 )2 3 (1  b2 )3 3 (1  b2 )3

b4  b2 b2
= 
6 (1  b2 )3 6 (1  b2 )2

dA
For area to be max/min we should have 0
db

1
 [2b (1 + b2)2 (1 + b2) . 2b . b2] = 0
6

2b (1 + b2) (1 + b2 2b2) = 0
 1 b2 = 0
 b = 1, 1
but given that b > 0   b = 1

Illustration 1 5

 1 
Let O (0, 0), A (2, 0) and B  1,  be the vertices of a triangle. Let R be the region consisting
 3
of all those points P inside OAB which satisfy, where d denotes the distance from the
points to the corresponding line. Sketch the region R and find its area.
Solution :
OAB is the given . Consider OI the  bisector of BOA. We know any point on OI must be at
equal distances from OB and OA.
Thus for d (P, OA)  min [d (P, OB), d (P, AB)]
Point P must lie under OI and similarly under AI. Thus within or on OIA
 Req. area = Ar ( OIA)

AREA
24 QUIZRR

1/ 3 1
Now, tan  BOA = 
1 3

 BOA = 30
 IOA = 15
SimilarlyIAO = 15
 Eqn of OI is y = (tan 15) x ...(1)
n
Eq of IA is y = ( tan 15) (x 2) ...(2)
with point of intersection I (1, tan 15)
 Required area

1
2
=  (tan 15) xdx 

1
 tan 15 ( x  2)dx
0 Y

 2 1  2 
2
x x
= tan 15     2 x    B(1, 1/ 3)
 2  
 2  
 0 1
I
A
 1  4 1 (0, 0)O
= tan15    4   2   (2, 0) X
 2  2 2

= tan 15 [1] = tan 15

= 2  3 sq. units.

Illustration 1 6
Let f (x) be a continuous function given by

 2x | x |  |
f (x) = f ( x )   
2
 x  a x  b, | x |  |

Find the area of the region in the third quardrant bounded by the curves x = 2y2 and
y = f (x) lying on the left of the line 8x + 1 = 0.
Solution :

 x2  ax  b ; x   1

2 x ; 1 x1
 2
 x  ax  b ; x  1

 f (x) is continuous at x = 1

AREA
 QUIZRR 25

 ( 1)2 + a ( 1) + b = 2
and 2 = (1)2 + a.1 + b f (x
)
y= y
i.e., a b = 3
and a + b= 1
On solving we get a = 2, b = 1
x1 O x
 x  2x  1 ; x   1
2

 f ( x)  2 x ; 1 x1
 2

x
x = -2Y2
 x  2x  1 ; x  1

=
-2
x = -1 x = -1/8

Given curves are

y = f(x), x = 2y2 and 8x + 1 = 0
Solving x = 2y2, y = x2 + 2x 1 (x < 1) we get x = 2.
Also y = 2x, x = 2y2 meet at (0, 0)

 1  1
y = 2x and x = 1/8 meet at   , 
 8 4 

The required area is the shaded region in the figure.

 Required area

 x
1  1/ 8  x 
=  
 2
 2
 ( x2  2 x  1) dx 
 
1

 2
 2 x dx


1  1/8
 1 2( x)3 / 2 x3 2   1 2( x)3 / 2 
=    x  x     x2 
 2 3 3   2  2 3   1

 2 1  4 8   2 1 1   2 
=  3  3  1  1    3  3  4  2    3 .      1 
     16 2 64   3 

 2  5   4  8  18   4  3   2  3 
=  3       192    3 
   3     

257
= square units
192

AREA