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 DEFINITE
INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 3

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Definition :

If  f ( x)dx  F(x) i.e. F(x) be an integral of f (x), then F(b) ă F(a) is called the definite integral

b b
of f (x) between the limits a and b and in symbols it is written as  f ( x)dx or, [F( x)].
a
a

b
Thus if  f ( x)dx = F( x) then by definition
a

b b
 f ( x)dx = [F(x)]  F(b)  F(a)
a
a

a is called the lower limit or inferior limit and b is called the upper limit or superior limit.
It is clear that value of a definite integral of a function is unique and it does not depend on
different forms of indefinite integral. For if
b b
a f ( x) dx = [F( x)  c]a  {F(b)  c}  F(b)  F( a)

b b
Thus the value of a f ( x)dx is same as when we take a f ( x)dx = F(x) .

G eomet r ical I nt er p r et at ion of Definit e I nt egr al

b
If f(x) > 0 for all x  [a, b]; then a f ( x)dx is numerically equal to the area bounded by the curve

y = f(x), the x-axis and the straight lines x = a and x = b

b
In general a f ( x)dx represents algebraic sum of the areas of the figures bounded by the curve

y = f(x), the x-axis and the straight lines x = a and x = b. The areas above x-axis are taken plus
sign and the areas below x-axis are taken with minus sign i.e.,

x=a f(x) x=b

S
P T
+ +
A B ă ă D E
C
Q R

b
i.e., a f ( x)dx = area APB ă area BQC ă area CRD + area DSTE

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 4 QUIZRR

Illustration 1

1
0 (4 x
3
Find  3 x 2  2 x  1)d x .

Solution :

1 x4 x2
0 (4 x3  3 x2  2 x  1) dx  4.
3
 2.
2
 x  x4  x3  x2  x

1
0 (4 x
3
  3 x2  2 x  1) dx

= (14 + 13 ă 12 + 1) ă (0 + 0 ă 0 + 0) = 2 ă 0 = 2

Illustration 2


sin x
 4
0 cos 3 x  2 cos x
dx .

Solution :

sin x sin x
 cos3x  3cos x dx   (4 cos3 x  3cos x)  3cos x dx

sin x 1 1
 4 cos3 x dx  4  tan x sec
2
= xdx  tan2 x [Put z  tan x]
8

 
sin x 1
 4
0 cos 3 x  2cos x
dx  [tan2 x] 4
8

1   1 1
=  tan 2  tan 2 0   1  0  
8 4  8 8

Illustration 3


dx
 2
0 1  sin x

dx dx dx
Solution :  1  sin x    

  
1  cos   x  2cos2   
2  4 2

  
tan   
1   1  4 2    tan     
=  sec2   dx  . 4 2
2 4 2 2 1  

2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 5

 
 I dx     
2
0 1  sin x
   tan    2
  4 2 
0

   
=  tan     tan     tan 0  1  1
 4 2 4
2nd Method :

dx 1  sin x 1  sin x  1 sin x 

 1  sin x   1  sin2 x dx   2
cos x
dx      dx
 cos x cos2 x 
2

 (sec
2
= x  tan x sec x) dx  tan x  sec x.

 
dx
  2
0 1  sin x
 [tan x  sec x] 2
0

sin x  1
Lt  tan x  sec x   tan   sec 0  Lt  (0  1)
= x

0 x

0
cos x
2 2

   
 tan 2 and sec 2 are undefined 
 
Hence we can not take value of

tan x  sec x at x 
2


Here we take limit as x   0]
2

 
sin   h   1
2    
Lt  1 putting x =  h
= h 0    2 
cos   h 
2 

h
2sin2
cos h  1 1  cos h 2 1
= Lt 1 Lt  1  Lt
h  0  sin h h 0 sin h x 0 sin h

2
 h
 sin 2  h2
2  .
 h  4
= Lt  2  1011
h 0 sin h
.h
h

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 6 QUIZRR
Note :
In the second method, numerator and denominator have been multiplied by (1 ă sinx) and the
 
value of 1 ă sinx is 0 when x  and hence when x  integrand is undefined
2 2
Hence avoid multiplying numerator and denominator by an expression which becomes zero at
any point of the interval [a, b] where a and b are the lower and upper limits respectively of
integration.

Pr omb lems in which int egr al can b e found b y Sub st it ut ion met hod :
Working Rule :
When definite integral is to be found by substitution then change the lower and upper limits of
integration. If substitution is z = (x) and lower limit of integration is a and upper limit is b then
new lower and upper limits will be (a) and (b) respectively.

Illustration 4


cos x
Find the value of  2
0 (1  sin x )2
dx .

Solution :
Let z = 1 + sinx, then dz = cosxdx
When x = 0, z = 1 + sin  = 1 +  = 1

 
and when x  , z  1  sin  1  1  2
2 2


cos x 2 dx 2
2
Now I =  2 dx  1  1 z dz
2 2
0 (1  sin x) z

2
 z1  1 
2
1  1
=  1     z     2  1  2
 1  1  

Note : Only principal value of  is taken. For example when sin = 0,  = n but principal value
of  is 0.

Illustration 5

1 1 x
Evaluate 0 1 x
d x.

Solution :
Let x = cos 2, then dx = ă2sin2d.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 7

 
When x = 0, cos2 = 0  2  or,  
2 2

1 1x 0 1  cos 2
Now I =  dx   (2sin 2) d 
0 1 x 4
1  cos2

0 2sin2  0
  4 sin
2
=  2
(2.2sin  cos )d   d 
4
2cos  4

01  cos2 0
= 4  
2
d    2   (1  cos2) d
4 4

00
 sin 2 
=  2      [2  sin 2] 
 2  4
4

       
=  (0  sin )    sin   =  (0    1     1
 2 2   2  2

Illustration 6

 dx
Find  ( x  ) (  x )
.

Solution :
Let x = cos2 + sin2
Then dx = (ă2cossin + 2sincos)d = 2( ă ) sincosd
When x = ,  = cos2 + sin2
or, ( ă )sin2 = 0 or, sin2 = 0   = 0
when x = ,  = cos2 + sin2
or, cos2 = cos2 or, ( ă )cos2 = 0

or, cos2 = 0 or, cos = 0 or,   

2

 dx
Now I = a (x  )(  x)

/2 2(  )sin  cos 

= 0 d
( cos    sin2   )(   cos2    sin2 )
2

/2 2(  ) sin  cos  /2 /2  

= 0 2 2
d = 2
0 d  2 []0  2   0  
 2 
(  ) sin (  ) cos 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 8 QUIZRR

Illustration 7

e ex
Find 1 x
(1  x log x )dx .

Solution :

ex x1 
 x (1  x log x)dx   e  x  log x  dx
x
= e [ f ´( x)  f ( x)]dx, where f ( x)  log x = exf (x) = exlogx

e ex e
1 (1  x log x) dx  [ ex log x]  ee log e  e log 1  ee
x 1

Illustration 8

2 dx
Evaluate  2 4  x 2 directly as well as by the substitution x = 1/t.

Examine as to why the answer do not tally ?

Solution :

2 dx
I = 2 4  x2

2
1 x 1 1     
=  tan 1   [tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (1)] =        I
2 2  2 2 2  4  4  4 4

on the other hand; if x = 1/t then,

2 dx 1/ 2 dt 1/2 dt
I = 2 4  x2  1 / 2 t2 (4  1/ t2 )  1 / 2 4t2  1

1/2
=  tan 1 (1)    tan 1 (1)  =       
1 1
=  1 tan 1 (2t) 
2  2  2  8 8 4
  1 / 2

 1
 I =  when x 
4 t

1
In above two results I = ă/4, is wrong. Since the integrand  0 and therefore the definite
4  x2
integral of this function cannot be negative.
Since x = 1/t is discountinuous at t = 0, the substitution is not valid (I = /4).
Note : It is important the substitution must be continuous in the interval of integration.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 9

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b b

Property 1 : 
a
f ( x)dx   f (t )dt
a

i.e. integration is independent of change of variable.

b b

Property 2 : 
a
f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
a

i.e. if the limits of a definite integral are interchangable then its value becomes negative
of the earlier value.

b c b

Property 3 :  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx

a a c

where a cb
Logic : We know that definite integral represents the area of the function between x-
axis under the given limits.

f(x) E
B C

A D F
a c b


b
Now f ( x)dx  area of f ( x) i.e. area ABCEFI
a

 area ABCDA+ area CEFDC

c b
  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a c

You can prove all the above 3 properties by alzebraic method. We are leaving that part
for you to do it yourself.

General form of Property-3

 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  ...  

b c1 c2 b
f ( x)dx
a a c1 cn1

where a  c1  c2  ...  cn 1  b

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 10 QUIZRR
W or king R ule
This property is used when integrand is different in different intervals. This happens in the
following cases.
1. funct ion changes or is discount inuous at some point s in [ a , b]
2. Modulus function
3. Greatest intger function & fractional part.
In each of the 3 cases we find the point where the function is different & divide the interval
accordingly using property-3.

Illustration 9
1 1  2 x ; x  0
(a) Evaluate 1 f ( x )dx , where f ( x )  1  2 x ; x  0

1 1  2 x ; x  0
(b) Evaluate 1 f ( x )dx , where f ( x )  1  2 x ; x  0

Solution :
(a) The function is discontinuous at 0, at its value is changing. Hence we cannot integrate over
[ă1, 1]. So applying the rule.
1 0 1
1 f ( x)dx  1 f ( x)dx  0 f ( x)dx
0 1
  (1  2 x) dx   (1  2 x) dx
1 0

0 1
 [ x  x2 ]  [ x  x2 ]
1 0

= [0 ă (ă1 ă 1)] + [1 + 1 ă 0] = 4
(b)

ă1 ăve 0 +ve ă1

In case of modulus function, the value of function changes at the point where it becomes 0.
Hence, breaking the interval
1 0 1 0 1
Now 1| x|dx  1| x| dx  0| x| dx  1  xdx  0 xdx
[... when ă 1 < x < 0, |x| = ă x and when 0 < x < 1, |x| = x]

0 1
 x2   x2   1 1 
         0      0  1
2
  2
   2   2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 11


3
3. [ x]dx
1

We know greatest integer function returns integral values only. So for every integral interval
value will change.
0 1 2 3
2
  [ x]dx   [ x]dx   [ x]dx   [ x]dx
1 0 1 2 1
0
 1  0  1  2
ă1 1 2 3
2

  x dx
2
4.
0

For fractional part, let us draw the graph so for

2
0  x1  x  x
1
1 x  2  x  x  1 0
(this is the reason we did such graphs in functions chapter) ă1 1 2 3

   x dx    x dx   xdx   ( x  1)dx
1 2 1 2

0 1 0 1

1 2
x2 ( x  1) 2 1 1
    1
2 0 2 1
2 2

Illustration 1 0

2

2
(a) Find the value of
0
sin x dx (b) Evaluate 0 x 2  2 X  3 dx

Solution :
(a) [When sin x  0, x  n , where n  0, 1, 2,... out of which only p lies between lower and
upper limits of integration].

0 +ve  ăve 2
2  2
Now I  0
sin x dx   sin x dx  
0 
sin x dx

 2
  sin xdx   sin xdx    cos x0    cos x
 2
0 

 (cos   cos 0)  (cos 2  cos  )

 ( 1  1)  [1  ( 1)]  4

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
12 QUIZRR
2
(b) x + 2x ă 3 = 0    x = ă 3, 1

Sign scheme for x2 + 2x ă 3 in [0, 2] is

0 ăve 1 +ve 2

2
0| x
2
Now I =  2 x  3| dx

1 2 1 2
=  | x2  2 x  3| dx   | x2  2 x  3| dx =  ( x2  2 x  3) dx   ( x2  2 x  3) dx
0 1 0 1

1 2
 x3 2
  x3 
=    x  3 x     x2  3 x
 3  0  3  1

 1   8  5 2 5
=    1  3   0     4  6     1  3   =    4
1
 3    3  3  3 3 3

Illustration 1 1
Find the value of

 x  dx

 
4
cos x  sin x dx

3/ 2
(a)
0
(b)
0
(c) Evaluate x cos x dx
0

Solution :

 
(a) cos x  sin x  0  cos x  sin x  tan x  1  tan  x  n 
4 4


where n  0, 1, 2,... out of which only lies between lower and upper limits of definite
4
integration.]
sign scheme for cos x ă sin x

0 +ve  ăve 
 4
Now I   0
cos x  sin x dx
 /4 
 cos x  sin x dx   cos x  sin x dx
0  /4

 /4 
 (cos x  sin x)dx   (cos x  sin x)dx  [sin x  cos x]0 / 4   sin x  cos x / 4

0  /4

         
  sin  cos    sin 0  cos 0     sin   cos  )   sin  cos   
 4 4    4 4  

 1 1    1 1 
    1  (0  1)      2  1  ( 1  2)  2  1  1  2  2 2
 2 2    2 2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 13

  x dx
4
(b)
0

Here also the value of fractional part will change at integral values

x 1 at x  1
, which is the upper limit.
x2 at x  4
so value of

 x  x, 0  x 1
 x  1, 1 x  4

  x dx   xdx    
4 1 4
x  1 dx
0 0 1

1 4
2 3/ 2 2
  x3/2  x 1
4
x
3 0 3 1

2 2
       (8  1)  (4  1)
3 3

7

3

x  0

(c) x cos  x  0  
cos n x  0 or  x  (2n  1) 2 , n  I

x  0 sign scheme for x cos x is


 1 3 0 +ve 1 ăve 3
 x  2 , between 0and 2 2 2


3/ 2
x cos  x dx  
1/ 2
x cos  x dx  
3/ 2
Now x cos  x dx
0 0 1/2


1/ 2
x cos  xdx  
3/ 2
x cos  xdx
0 1/ 2

 x sin  x cos  x   x sin  x cos  x 

1/ 2 3/ 2

    
   0  
2
 2 1/ 2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
14 QUIZRR

 1 1   3 1 
  2    
 2    2 2 

1 1 2 5 1
  2   2
2   2 

 f ( x)dx   f (a  x)dx
a a
Property 4 :
0 0

Proof. Put a  x  t on R.H.S.

so lower limit becomes a
and upper limit becomes 0
& dx  dt
a 0 0
 
0
f (a  x)dx   f (t )(dt )    f (t )dt
a a

a
  f (t )dt {using Property-2]
0

a
  f ( x)dx [using Property-1]
0

Usefulness
This property is useful to convert an indefinite integral to a more easily solvable integral. This
property is specially very useful in trignometric integrals. Let us see how.

Illustration 1 2

 /2 sin x

1
(a) 0
sin x  cos x
(b) 0
x(1  x)99 dx

Solution :

 /2 sin xdx
(a) I  ...(i)
0
sin x  cos x
see now if you solve this without any use of definite properties, as a normal indefinite
question it will become a very lengthy problem.
Let us see how property comes handy in this case.

I 
 /2 sin x
dx  
 /2
sin   x
2  
0
sin x  cos x 0

sin   x  cos   x
2 2   
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 15

 /2 cos( x)
 I  ...(ii)
0
cos x  sin x
adding (i) and (ii)

 /2 sin xdx  /2 cos xdx

2I   
0
cos x  sin x 0
cos x  sin x

 /2  sin x cos x 
    dx
0
 cos x  sin x sin x  cos x 

 /2 sin x  cos x  /2
 dx   dx
0
sin x  cos x 0

 /2 
 x0 
2

 
 2I  I
2 4
So you can notice the usefulness of this property. When sin x & cos x are interchangeable
by this property, use it to reduce the integral.


1
(b) x(1  x)99 dx
0

Though we can solve this question by first using by parts and then applying the limits, but
here we will use this property to prevent that long step.
1
I   x(1  x)99 dx ...(i)
0

applying Property-4
1
I   (1  x)[1  (1  x)]99
0

1
  (1  x) x99 dx
0

1
  ( x99  x100 )dx
0

Now solve simply as integral of 2 functions (no need of using by parts)

1 1
x100 x101 1 1 1
    
100 0 101 0 100 101 10100

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
16 QUIZRR

Illustration 1 3

 /2  /2 sin x  cos x
(a)  0
log tan xdx (b) 0 1  sin x cos x
dx

 /4  /2 x
(c) 
0
log(1  tan x)dx (d) 
0 sin x  cos x
dx

Solution :
 /2
(a) I  log tan xdx ...(i)
0

applying Property-4

 /2  
I  log tan   2  dx
0
2 
 /2
 log cot xdx (ii)
0

adding (i) and (ii)

 /2  /2
2I   log tan xdx   log cot xdx
0 0

 /2
 (log(tan x)  log cot x)dx
0

Using the log property, log a  log b  log ab

 /2
 log(tan x  cot x)dx
0

 /2  /2
 log1dx   0.dx  0 [as log1  0 ]
0 0

Tip. Why I thought of using this property ?

1. Using by parts , is a very long process


2. Most importantly, upper limit is and every trignometric, function gives it
2


opposite pair at ă x, hence purpose solved.
2

 /2 sin x  cos x
(b) I  dx ...(1)
0 1  sin x cos x
Similarly in this question, a bell should ring that upper limit is  / 2 and function comprises

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 17

of sin x & cos x which can be interchanged.

Hence applying Property-4.

 /2 sin(  x)  cos(  x)
I  2 2 dx
0
1  sin(  x) cos(  x)
2 2

 /2 cos x  sin x
 dx ...(ii)
0 1  cos x sin x
adding (i) and (ii)

 /2  sin x  cos x cos x  sin x 

2I      dx
0
 1  sin x cos x 1  sin x cos x 
 /2
 0.dx = 0
0

 I = 0

 /4
(c) I  log(1  tan x)dx
0

applying Property-4

 tan   tan x 
  
 /4  /4
 log 1  tan   x dx   log 1  4  dx
0 4 0  1  tan  tan x 
 4 

 /4  1  tan x 
 log  1   dx ...(ii)
0
 1  tan x 

 /4  2 
 log  dx
0
 1  tan x 
adding (i) and (ii)

 /4   2 
2I    log(1  tan x)  log    dx
0
  1  tan x  

 /4  2 
 log  (1  tan x)  dx
0
 (1  tan x) 

 /4

0
 log 2  dx

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
18 QUIZRR

 /4  /4 
 2 I  log 2 dx  log 2 x 0  log 2
0 4


 I log 2
8
Note. Another common mistake is the last step. Students forget that on L.H.S. it is 2I , and
they have to divide by 2 to get the answer. So keep this in mind.
 /2 x
(d) 0 sin x  cos x
dx

x
Let f ( x)  (i)
sin x  cos x


x
  2
Then f   x  
2  sin    x   cos    x 
   
2  2 


x
  2
or f   x 
2  cos x  sin x

   1
(1) + (2)  f ( x)  f   x  
2  2 cos x  sin x



 
2 2 cos  x  
 4

  
 sec  x  
2 2  4

Now I  1
 /2   
2  f ( x)  f   x   dx
0
 2 

1   /2  
 .
2 2 2 
0
sec  x   dx
 4
 /2
      
  log sec  x    tan  x   
2 2  4  4  0

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 19

       
  log  cosec 4  cot 4   log sec 4  tan 4 
2 2   

 

4 2
log  
2  1  log  2 1 

  2 1  
 
2
 log    log 2 1
4 2  2 1  4 2



2 2
log  2 1 

 f ( x)dx   f (a  b  x)dx
b b
Property-5
a a

Property-4 is a special case of Property-5 when a  0 & b  a

Proof. Let a bt  x

 dt  dx
& at xa t b
xb ta

I   f (t )(dt )
a
 b

by using Property-2

I   f (t )dt   f ( x)dx
b b

a a

Illustration 1 4

x  /3 1

2
(a) 
1
3 x  x
dx (b) /6
1  cot x
dx

Solution :

2 x
(a) I  dx
1
3 x  x
If we apply Property-5 in this integral then the denominator remains the same, which gives
encouragement to use the same.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
20 QUIZRR
 applying Property-5.

2 3 x
I  dx
1
3  (3  x)  3  x

2 3  x dx
 (ii)
1
x  3 x
adding (i) and (ii)

2 3 x x 
2 I      dx
1
 x  3 x 3  x  x 

2 3 x  x 
    dx
 3 x  x 
1

2
  dx  x 1  2  1 =1
2

1
 I .
2

 /3 1  /3 sin x
(b)  /6
1  cot x
dx  
 /6
sin x  cos x
dx

 
Earlier we have seen that in case of   x  transformation in trignometric integrals, the
2 
interigral was reduced to a very simple one. See, here also it is happening.

  
Now,  
3 6 2

 
& property 5 replaces x by ( a  b  x) i.e.   x .
2 
Hence our purpose is solved.

 
sin   x 
 /3 2 
 I  dx
 /6
   
sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 21

 /3 cos x
 dx (ii)
 /6
cos x  sin x
Now I hope you understand what we are trying to do & what we will do next.
adding (i) and (ii)

 /3    
2I   dx     
 /6
3 6 6


 I
12

2 a f ( x)dx,
f ( x)dx   0
a if f ( x) is even
Property-6 a
0, if f ( x) is odd

Proof. From Property-3, we get

 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx

a 0 a
(i)
a a 0

 f ( x)dx   f (t )(dt )

0 0
Now (put x  t )
a a

  f (t )dt   f (  x)dx

a a

0 0

 a f ( x)dx,
 if f ( x) is an even function
 0 a (ii)
  f ( x)dx, if f ( x) is an odd function
 0

Thus, when f ( x) is an even function from (i) & (ii)


0
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  2  f ( x)dx
a a a
 a 0 0 0

and when f ( x) is an odd function, from (i) & (ii)


0
f ( x)    f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  0
a a
 a 0 0

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 22 QUIZRR
Geometrical Proof.
If f ( x) is EVEN
y
++ =2X
f(x) ++

=2X

ăa 0 a x

If f ( x) is ODD

This property should be used only when limits are equal and opposite and the function
which is to be integrated is either odd or even.

Illustration 1 5

 /4

1

1

4
(a) Find x3e x dx (b) Find x x dx (c) Evaluate x3 sin 4 xdx
1 1  /4

Solution :

Let f ( x)  x3e x
4
(a)

f ( x)  ( x)3 e(  x)   x3e x   f ( x)
4 4
Then

Hence f ( x) is an odd function.

1 1
 f ( x)dx  0  x3e x dx  0
4

 1
or
1

(b) Let f ( x)  x x

Then f ( x)   x  x   x x   f ( x) [ x  x ]

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 23

Hence f ( x) is an odd function.

1 x
 
1
f ( x)dx  0 or dx  0
1 1 x

(c) Let f ( x)  x3 sin 4 x

Then f (  x)  ( x)3 sin 4 (  x)   x3 (  sin x) 4

  x3 sin 4 x   f ( x) .
Hence f(x) is an odd function
/4
  / 4 f ( x)dx  0

Illustration 1 6

a ax
 f ( x2 )dx  2 f ( x2 )dx 
a a
(a) Show that (b) Evaluate dx
a 0 a ax
Solution :

(a) f [( x)2 ]  f ( x2 ) . Hence f ( x2 ) is an even function.

a a
  a
f ( x2 )dx  2 f ( x2 )dx
0

a ax a ax
(b) I  dx   dx
a ax  a
a 2  x2

a dx a ax
 a  dx
a a
a x
2 2
a 2  x2

a dx x
 a .2  0 [ is an odd function]
0
a 2  x2 a 2  x2

a
 x
 2a . sin 1   2a [sin 1 (1)  sin 1 0]
 a 0

 
 2a   0    a
2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
24 QUIZRR

2 a f ( x)dx;
f ( x)dx   0
2a if f (2a  x)  f ( x)
Property-7 
0, if f (2a  x)   f ( x)
0

 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  
2a a 2a
Proof. f ( x)dx
0 0 a

Put x  2a ă t in 2nd inetgral ( dx   dt ) when x  a then t = a

when x  2a then t = 0

 f ( x)dx   f (2a  t )dt   f (2a  t )dt   f (2a  x)dx

2a 0 a a
 a a 0 0

 f ( x)dx   f (2a  x)dx

2a a
 0 0

If f (2a  x)  f ( x)

 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x) dx  2  f ( x) dx
2a a a a
then 0 0 0 0

and if f (2a  x)   f ( x)

 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x)dx  0
2a a a
then 0 0 0

Illustration 1 7
Evaluate

2  xdx
(a) 
0
cos 5 xdx (b) 
0 1  cos 2 x
Solution :
(a) We will first check for the property-7 conditions. For that let

f ( x)  cos5 x

then f (2  x)  cos5 (2  x)

 cos5 x  f ( x)

 f ( x)dx  2  f ( x)dx
2a a
 0 0
if f (2a  x)  f ( x)

applying the rule.


I  2 cos 5 xdx ...(i)
0

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 25

Now applying property-4


I  2 cos 5 (  x)dx
0


 2  cos5 xdx
0


 2 cos 5 xdx ...(ii)
0

adding (i) and (ii)

2I  0
 I 0

 xdx
(b) I  ...(i)
0 1  cos2 x
This is an interesting problem, because here. Property-7 is not visible at first. So the tip that
we can derive from this question is that approach the question as given rather than going
by a fixed mind.
Here we can see that property-4 is applicable so without thinking anything else I will use
it first

 (  x) dx  (  x)dx
 I  ...(ii)
0 1  cos (  x) 0 1  cos 2 x
2

adding (i) and (ii)

 xdx   x
2I    dx
0 1  cos x
2 0 1  cos2 x

 
 dx
0 1  cos 2 x
Now if I apply property-4 back then I will have no advantage as I will get the same integral.
Hence no use. But if I apply Property-7.

1   /2  dx 
I   2 as f (2a  x)  f ( x)
2  0 1  cos 2 x 

 /2  dx
 I 
0 1  cos2 x

1   dx
2 0 1  cos 2 x
 I

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
26 QUIZRR
MISTAKE : Common mistake at this step, is to take it as a normal substitution integral.

  sec2 x
2 0
i.e. I dx (dividing by cos 2 x )
sec 2 x  1
Now the common substiution
x  tan x
dx  sec2 xdx
But wait this is a wrong step, as per the rule of substitution the function which is substituited
should be continuous in the interval.

But there for x  tan x , tan x is not continuous over interval [0,  ] . It is discontinuous at x  .
2
Therefore, it is not possible to substitute tan x in the interval [0,  ] .
So next thought should be to brea k the interval so tha t we c a n a ply the tra nsforma tion.

Illustration 1 8

 /2  /2 
Prove  0
log sin xdx  
0
log cos xdx  
2
log 2

 /2
Solution : Let I  0 log sin xdx ...(i)

clearly property-4 is applicable here,

 /2    /2
 I  log   x  dx   log cos xdx ...(ii)
0
2  0

adding (i) and (ii)

 /2
2I  
0
 log sin x  log cos x dx

 /2  /2  sin 2 x 
  log sin x cos x dx  log   dx
0 0
 2 

 /2

0
 log sin 2 x  log 2  dx
 /2  /2
 log sin 2 xdx   log 2dx
0 0

 /2
log sin 2 xdx  log 2  x0
 /2

0

 /2  
 2I   logsin 2 xdx   log 2    ...(iii)
0
2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 27

Now let us solve the integral part separately.

 /2
I  
0
 log sin 2 x dx
See if I apply property-4 again here I will again get I  , which becomes futile as I am struck
here. So what should I do ?

There are only 2 options

1. I  gives a definite value, which does not seems to be the case here.
2. express I  in terms of I to solve the question.
Now, let
2x  t
 2dx  dt
1 
 I   log  sin t  dt ...(iv)
2 0

Now (iv) is almost similar to I with the only difference being in the upper limit.
 applying property -

 1   /2  /2
I     2  logsin tdt  log  sin t  dt  I
2 0 0

Putting this value back in (iii)


2I  I  log 2
2
 /2  /2 
 I  log sin xdx  
log 2 cos xdx  
0 2 0

Now solving it as we would have done in indefinite integral case.

 /2 sec2 xdx
I 
0 1  sec2 x

 /2 sec 2 xdx

0 2  tan 2 x
Now obvisously we will substitute tan x  t
as x0 tan x  t  0

x tan x  t  
2

  dt  t
I   tan 1
0 2  t2 2 2 0

    
 tan   tan 1 0  
2
1
   0 
2 22  2 2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
28 QUIZRR

 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  
a a /2 a /2
Property 8 f (a  x)dx
0 0 0

Geometrical Proof :
Y f(x) Y f(x) Y
f(aăx)

X X X
O a O a O a
a a/2 a/2
 f ( x)dx  f ( x) dx
 f (a  x) dx
0 0 0
= +

Y
f(x) If f (a  x)  f ( x)  x  (0, a )

a
i.e. f ( x) is symmetrical about x  .
2
then  2
X a a/2
O a/2 a 0 f ( x) dx 0 f ( x) dx

Illustration 1 9

 /2  /2  /4
Show that 
0
f (sin 2 x)sin xdx  
0
f (sin 2 x) cos xdx  2 
0
f (cos 2 x) cos xdx

Solution :
 /2
Let I  f (sin 2 x) sin xdx ...(i)
0

 /2      
 I  f sin 2   x   sin   x  dx (using property-4)
0
 2   2 

 /2
 I  f sin(  2 x) cos xdx
0

 /2
 I  f (sin 2 x) cos xdx ...(ii)
0

Hence the first part is proved.

 /2
I  f (sin 2 x) sin xdx
0

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 29

 /4  /4      
 f (sin 2 x)sin xdx   f sin 2   x   sin   x  dx (using Property-5)
0 0
  2   2 

 /4  /4
 f (sin 2 x) sin xdx   f (sin 2 x) cos xdx
0 0

 /4
 f (sin 2 x)(sin x  cos x) dx
0

 /4          
 f sin 2   x   sin   x   cos x   x  x dx (using property-4)
0
 4    4  4  

 /4  1 1 1 1 
 f (cos 2 x)  cos x  sin x  cos x  sin x dx
0
 2 2 2 2 

 /4
 2 f (cos 2 x) cos xdx
0

Hence the second part is also proved.

Some mor e algeb r aic p r op er t ies :

 f ( x) dx  (b  a )  f ((b  a ) x  a )dx
b 1
Property-9 a 0

for the proof of this property we will approach from R.H.S.

Put z  (b  a ) x  a in R.H.S.

 dz  (b  a )dx
& when x0 , za
x 1 , zb
 new integral becomes
dz
   f ( x)dx =L.H.S.
b b
(b  a ) f ( z)
a (b  a ) a
some other properties.
b c
 f ( x)dx  
b
1. a a c
f ( x)dx

bc
 f ( x)dx  
b
2. f ( x  c) dx
a a c

bc
 f ( x)dx  
b
or f ( x  c )dx
a ac

b 1 b  x
3.  a
f ( x) dx 
c a
f   dx
c
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
30 QUIZRR

Illustration 20

2
 2
5 2/3 9 x 
 dx  3
( x 5) 2  3
Evaluate e e dx
4 1/3

Solution :


2
N ot e : Here we know e x dx cannot be evaluated by idefinite integral

5
I 1   e ( x 5) dx
2
Thus,
4

 ( 5  4)  e (( 5 4) x 4 5) dx
1 2

I1    e ( x1) dx
1 2

 0
...(i)

again, let

I2  
2/ 3
e9( x 2/ 3) .dx
2

1/3

2
 2 1  1 2
 2 1  1 9    x  
     e  3 2  3 3  .dx
 3 3 0

1 1 ( x1)2
3 0
 e .dx

1
 ( I1 ) ...(ii)
3

where, I  I 1  3I 2

 I 
 I1  3   1 
 3

 I1  I1

I 0
5
 e( x 5) dx  3
2/3
e 9( x 2/3) dx  0
2 2

 4 1/3

PROPERTIES RELATED TO PERIODICITY

 f ( x) dx  n  f ( x)dx
nT T
Property-10 : I f ( x) is a periodic function with period T then
0 0

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 31

The proof of this property is really easy one.

Geometrical Proof.
If f ( x) is periodic then it will repeat (the curve also) after an interval of T.

O T 2T 3T nT

Since the area under the curve for an interval of T is same everytime.
Total area = n  (curve under one interval)

 f ( x) dx\  n  f ( x)dx
nT T
 0 0

a T
 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
T
Property-11 a 0

Let us see the proof using geometry


T
if 0
f ( x) dx

O T 2T

now

a a+T

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
32 QUIZRR
so observation only we can say
a T
 f ( x)dx  
T
f ( x) dx
0 a

Property-12 : Generalization of the above property is

a  nT
 f ( x) dx  n  f ( x)dx
T

a 0

a  nT
 f ( x)dx   f ( x) dx  n  f ( x) dx
nT T

a 0 0

We can also use gemoetrical proof here.

 f ( x) dx  (n  m)  f ( x) dx ,
nT T
Property-13 : mT 0
n, m I

Geometrical Proof.

mt nt

We can write,

 f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx  
nT nT mT
f ( x) dx
mT 0 0

i.e. area of curve between = area of curve uptil nT - area of curve uptil mT

 f ( x)dx  n  f ( x)dx  m f ( x) dx
nT T T
 mT 0 0

 ( n  m)  f ( x)dx
T

Some other properties deduced from earlier properties

a  nT
 f ( x) dx   f ( x)dx
a
1. nT 0

a  nT
 f ( x)dx  
nT
2. a  mT mT
f ( x) dx

b  nT
 f ( x) dx   f ( x)dx
b
3. a  nT a

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 33

Illustration 21

400
  
10 100
(a) Prove that ( x  [ x]) dx  5 . (b) e x[ x] dx  100(e  1) (c) 1  cos 2 xdx  800 2
0 0 0

Solution :
(a) Since x  [ x] is a periodic function with period one unit. Therefore

 ( x  [ x]) dx  10  ( x  [ x]) dx  10   xdx   [ x]dx

10 1 1 1

0 0  0 0 

  x2 1  10
 10     0    5
  2  0  2

(b) Since x  [ x] is a periodic function with period one unit, therefore so is e x[ x ] , and hence

 e x  [ x]dx  100  e x[ x] dx  100 e x 0 dx

100 1 1

0 0 0

 100 e x .dx  100(e  1)

1

400 400
(c) 
0
1  cos 2 x  
0
2 sin x dx


 2  400  sin x dx [ sin x is periodic with period  ]
0


 400 2  sin xdx  400 2   cos x0  800 2

0

Illustration 22

4 32 / 3
(a) Evaluate  0
cos x dx (b) Evaluate  0
1  cos 2xdx

Solution :

(a) Note that cos x is a periodic with period  .

Hence the given integral,

I  4 cos x dx
0

4   /2

0

cos xdx   cos xdx
 /2 

 4  sin x0   sin x /2  4(1  1)  8 .
 /2 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 34 QUIZRR
32 / 3 10 32 /3
(b)  0
1  cos 2 xdx  2 
0
cos x dx  2 
10
cos x dx

 2 / 3
 10 2  cos x dx  2  cos x dx
0 0

 /2   /2 2  /3
 10 2   cos xdx   cos xdx  2   cos xdx    cos xdx 
 0  /2   0  /2 

 3 
 10 2 1  1  2 1   1
 2 

 3 3
 20 2  2  2    22 2 
 2  2

Illustration 23

n V
Show 0
sin x dx  (2n  1)  cos V , where n is positive integer. and 0  V   . [IIT-1994]

Solution :
n V n V
 sin x dx   sin x dx  
V
sin x dx
0 0 V


  sin xdx  n  sin x dx
V

0 0
(Using Property-IX)


   cos x0  n  sin xdx
V
0

 (  cosV  1)  n( cos x)0

 (cosV )  1  n(1  1)

 (2n  1)  cosV
n V
 0
sin x dx  (2n  1)  cos V

where n is positive integer and 0  V   .

PROPERTIES INCLUDING INEQUALITIES :

1. If f ( x)  0 on an interval [a , b] , then


b
f ( x)dx  0
a


b
or if f ( x)  0 , then f ( x)dx  0
a

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 35

The reason is very obvious because if f ( x)  0 the area will be above x-axis i.e. positive & for
f ( x)  0 it will be negative.

2. Property-14 : If f ( x)  g ( x) on [a , b] , then

 f ( x )dx   g( x )dx
b b

a a

The proof is similar to the reasoning given in the above case.

3. Property-15 : If m and M are the smallest & largest values of function f ( x) defined on an
interval [a , b] then

m( b  a )   f ( x )dx  M (b  a )
b

Proof. It is given that

m  f ( x)  M
integrating both sides

 mdx   f ( x)dx   Mdx

b b b

a a a

m(b  a )   f ( x)dx  M (b  a )
b
 a

Property-16 : If f ( x) is defined over [a , b] then

 f ( x )dx   f ( x ) dx
b b

a a

This is very straight forward result.

C

a B
A o b

b
So a
f ( x) dx  area OBC - area OAD ...(i)

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 36 QUIZRR
whereas

D C

A B
a o b


b
 f ( x) dx  area OBC + area OAD ...(ii)
a

compare (i) and (ii) to get to the result.

Property-17 : If f 2 ( x) & g 2 ( x) are integrable over [a , b] then

   g ( x)dx 
b b b 1/ 2

 f ( x ) g ( x )dx  f 2 ( x )dx 2
a a a

Illustration 24

sin x 1  1 dx 

19
(a) Show that 10 1 x8
dx  7
10
(b) Prove that
6 0
4 x  x
2

4 2
Solution :

19 sin x 19 sin x
 dx  
b b
(a) 10 1  x8 10 1  x8
dx [ a
f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx ]
a

19 sin x
 dx
10 1  x8

1 19 1
 dx   8 dx
19

10 1  x8 10 x
[ sin x  1 ]

19
 1  1 1

1 1
 7
  7    7
 7 x 10 7.(10) 7.(19)
7 7
7.(10) 10

(b) 0  x 1
 4  x2  4  x2  x3  4  x2  x2 [ x2  x3 ]

 4  x2  4  x2  x3  4  2 x2  1

 4  x2  4  x2  x3  4  2 x2

 4  x2  4  x2  x3  4  2 x2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 37

1 1 1
  
4 x 2
4 x  x 2 3
4  2 x2

1 dx 1 dx 1 1 dx
 0
4 x 2

0
4 x  x
2 3

2 0 2  x2

1 1
 1 x  1  1 x 
 sin 2   I  2 sin 
 0  2 0

 
 I
6 4 2

Illustration 25

1 15
 (1  x)(1   3 ) dx 
3
(a) Prove that 4   3  x3 dx  2 30 (b) Prove that .
1 0 8
Solution :

dy 3x2
(a) Let y  3  x , then  0 3
dx 2 3  x3

 y is an increasing function
 1 x  3

 3  13  3  x3  3  33

 2  3  x3  30


3
2dx  
3
3  x3 dx  30  dx
3
 1 1 1

4 
3
 3  x3 dx  2 30
1

(b) Let f ( x)  1  x and g ( x)  1  x3

If f 2 ( x) and g 2 ( x) and f ( x) g ( x) are integrable functions on [a , b] , then


a
b
f ( x) g ( x)dx   b

a
f 2 ( x)dx   g (x)dx
b

a
2

 0
1
(1  x) (1  x2 ) dx    (1  x)dx  (1  x )dx
1

0
1

0
3

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 38 QUIZRR

1 1
 x2   x4 
  x   x  
 2 0  4 0

3 5 15
 . 
2 4 8

1 15
Thus, 0
(1  x)(1  x3 ) dx 
8
.

L eib nit z’s R ule for d iffer ent iat ion

Case-I. If the limits are function of the variable whose derivative is taken.

d  h( x )
 f ( t )dt   f  h ( x )  h ( x )  f  g( x )  g ( x )

 
i.e. dx  
g ( x )

independent of x

a very common case is

d x
dx 0
f (t ) dt  f ( x)

Case-2. If the integrand is the function of variable whose derivative is taken, i.e.

d  b
f ( x, t ) dt   
b d

dx  a  a dx
f ( x, t )dt

taking t as a constant while differentiating.

Case-3. General Case :

d h( x ) h( x ) d
 f ( t , x )dt   f ( t , x )dt  f  h( x ) h ( x )  f  g ( x )  g ( x )
dx g ( x ) g ( x ) dx

You can see that its a combination of both the results.

TIP :
Learn the formulas by variable of differentiation, integrand & limit of the integral not
by cases.

Property-18. Let a function f ( x, a ) be continuous for a  x  b and c    d . Then for any  [c, d ] ,

I ( )   f ( x,  ) dx , then
b
if a

dI ( ) b  ( f ( x ,  ))
 dx
d a 

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 39

Illustration 26
Differentiate the following w.r.t. x
x2 x
(a) 0
(cos t 2 ) dt (b) 
1/ x
sin t 2 dt

Solution :

d  x2 
I  0 cos t dt 
2
(a) We have to find
dx  
This is an example of case-1 where only limits are a function of x.

I   cos( x2 ) 2  
d 2
 ( x ) ă cos(0).0
dx

 I  2 x cos x4

d x
dx 1/ x
(b) I sin t 2 dt

This is again an example of case-1

I  sin   x 
2

d
dx
 
  1 2  d  1 
x   sin      
  x   dx  x 
 

1  1  1 
 sin x   sin  2   2 
2 x  x  x 

1 1  1 
 sin x  sin  2 
x 
2
2 x x

Illustration 27
x2 t 2  5t  4
Find the points of maxima / minima of 0 2  et
dt .

Solution. We will apply the normal rules of maxima/minima & for maxima/minima we differentiate
x2 t 2  5t  4
 if f ( x)   dt
0 2  et

d x2  t 2  5t  4 
dx 0  2  et 
then f ( x)    dt

again case-1 example, only limit is a function of x.

( x2 ) 2  5( x2 )  4 d 2
 f ( x)  . (x )  0
2  ex
2
dx

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 40 QUIZRR

 ( x2 )2  5( x2 )  4 
 2x  
2  ex
2
 

2 x( x2  4)( x2  1)

2  ex
2

2 x.( x  2)( x  2)( x  1)( x  1)


2  ex
2

equality it to zero.

· + · + · +

ă2 ă1 0 1 2

Hence the points of maxima (i.e. where sign = -1, 1 changes from +ve to -ve) & points of minma
(where sign changes from -ve to +ve) = -2,0,2

Illustration 28

x2 cos x.cos  dy
(a) If y( x)   2 /16 d , find at x   .
1  sin 
2
dx

 /2
(b) Evaluate  0
log(1  sin  sin 2 x)cosec 2 xdx .

Solution :

x2 cos 
(a) y (cos x). d
 2 /16 1  sin 2 
here cos x is a constant in integration, so it can be moved out of integral & this is the trick here.

x2 cos 
y  cos x. d

1  sin 2 
2
/16

now differentiate using product rule.

dy d x2 cos  d x2 cos  d
 (cos x)   2
dx  2 /16 1  sin 2 
 cos x.
dx dx  /16
1  sin 2 
the derivative of integral is an example of our case-1 i.e. integrand is not the function of
x, only limits are

dy x2 cos  cos x2
  sin x. 2 d   (2 x)  (cos x) 0
dx  / 16
1  sin 2  1  sin 2 x2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 41

2 x cos 2 x x2 cos 

1  sin x
2
 sin x /16
2
1  sin 2 
d (i)

now solving the integral by substituting

  t2
 d  2tdt
& limits at   x2 tx

2 
 t
16 4

cos t
I 
x
 Integral 2tdt
 /4 1  sin t

dy
But stop, we are solving in futile. We need to find the value of at x   & ahead of this
dx
integral is sin x which is 0 at x   , so no need of solving the integral

dy  2 cos 2 ( )
   2 cos 2 ( )  2
dx  x 1  sin 2 ( )

 /2
(b) I  log(1  sin  sin 2 x)cosec 2 xdx
0

now this is question based on property-18.

H er e I is a function of  , so according to property

 /2 
dI
d

0 
 log (1  sin  sin 2 x cosec 2 xdx

 means differentiating the function containing  only & taking all other variables as
constant while differentiating.

I  /2 1
   sin 2 x cos  .cosec2 xdx
 0 (1  sin  sin x)
2

 /2 cos  dx  /2 cos  sec2 xdx


(1  sin  sin 2 x) 0 cos ec2 x  sin  tan 2 x

0

 /2 cos  sec2 xdx


0 1  (1  sin  ) tan 2 x

Put tan x  t

sec2 xdx  dt

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
42 QUIZRR
& limits at x0 t0


x t 
2

dI  cos  dt

d 0 1  (  sin  )t 2

cos   dt
 
(1  sin  ) t 2  1
0

sin 


cos 

1  sin 
tan 1 t 1  sin 
0
 1  sin  
cos  

1  sin 
  2

1  sin    0 


 .cos 
 1  sin 
2(1  sin  )

 cos 

2 1  sin 

 (cos 2  / 2  sin 2  / 2)

2 sin  / 2  cos  / 2

    
as 1  sin    sin 2  cos 2  2 cos sin 
 2 2 2 2

  
  cos  sin 
2 2 2

dI ( )    
   cos  sin 
d 2 2 2
now integrating to get the value of I
   
2
I  cos  sin  dx
 2 2

  
I  2 sin  2 cos   C
2 2 2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 43

  
I    sin  cos   C ...(i)
 2 2

for value of C put   0 in the equation

I (0)   (sin 0  cos 0)  C

... (ii)
 C
& I (0) can be found out using the original function.
 /2
& I (a )   log(1  sin  sin 2 x) cos ec2 xdx
0

 /2
I (0)   (log(1)).cos ec2 xdx  0
0

Putting this in (ii)

I (0)    C
 0  C
 C  
putting this value in (i)

  
I ( )    sin  cos   
 2 2

g ( x)   f (t ) dt is an even function.
x
Property-19 : If f (t ) is an odd function, then
a


x
Property-20 : If f (t ) is an even function, then g ( x)  f (t ) dt is an odd function.
0


x
NOTE : For f (t )dt might not be an odd function. So apply the above property
a

taking special care of limits.

Property-21 : If f ( x) is a continuous function on [ a , b] then there exists a point c  ( a , b) such
b
that  a
f ( x)dx  f (c)(b  a ) . This is known as Mean Value Theorem of Integration.

f ( x)  0 then the equation f  x  0 has

b
Property-22 : If f ( x) is continuous in [ a , b] & 
a

atleast one root in ( a , b) .

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
44 QUIZRR
Proof of this property is very simple.

b
a

The area can be zero only iff there is some part of f ( x) below the x-axis (i.e.
negative area). And for that to happen for a continuous function f ( x), f ( x) must
cross the y  0 line at atleast one point.

IMPROPER INTEGRAL

If f ( x) is continuous on [ a ,  ] , then a
f ( x)dx is called as improper integral and

 b
 a
f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx
b  a

If the Right Hand Limit of integral exists then the improper integral is convergent otherwise it
is divergent.

GAMMA FUNCTION


It is defined by the improper integral, by 0
e  x xn1dx and is denoted by  n


 n   e  x xn 1dx where x is a positive rational number.
0

Pr op er t ies of G amma funct ion

1. 1  1, 0   and ( n  1)  nn
2. if n  N , ( n  1)  n !

3. (1/ 2)  

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 45

Useful ext ensions of gamma funct ion :

 /2  /2
1. 
0
sin 2 xdx  
0
cosn xdx

 n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
 n . n  2 . n  4 ... 4 . 2 . 2 , if n is even

 n  1 . n  3 . n  5 ... 4 . 2 .1, if n is odd
 n n  2 n  4 5 3

 /2  /2
2. 
0
sin m x cos n xdx  
0
sin n x cosm xdx

(m  1)(m  3)...(1)( n  1)(n  3)...(1) 

 . when both m & n belong to even integer
(m  n)( m  n  2)...2 2

(m  1)(m  3)...(1 or 2)(n  1)( n  3)...(1 or 2)

 when either of m or n belong to odd integer
(m  n)(m  n  2)...1 or 2


3. 
0
sin m x cosn xdx  0 , if n is odd

 /2
 2 sin m x cosn xdx , if n is even
0

Illustration 29

 dx
Evaluate the integral 0 1  x2
Solution :
y
y 1
1 y=
y=
1+x2 1+x2

x x
O b b O 
dx dx
1+x2 1+x2
0 0
By the defintion of an improper integral we find

 dx b dx b 
 
1
 lim  lim tan x  lim tan 1 b  .
0 1  x b  0 1  x b 
2 2
0 b  2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
46 QUIZRR

Illustration 30

dx
Evaluate  1  x2

Solution :
 dx dx  dx
 
0

 1 x2  1 x 2 0 1  x2

The second integral is equal to . Compute the first integral :
2
 dx 0 dx 
 1  x    1  x2  lim
2
 lim

tan 1 x |0  lim (tan 1 0  tan 1  ) 
  2
Therefore
 dx  
 1 x 2
  
2 2
In many cases, it is sufficient to determine, whether the given intergal converges or diverges, and
to estimate its value.

T he I nt egr al of a Discont inuous funct ion :

A function f ( x) is defined and continuous when a  x  c , and either not defined or discontinuous
c
when x  c . In this case, one cannot speak of the integral  a
f ( x)dx as the limit of integral sums,

because f ( x) is not continuous on the interval [ a , c] , and for this reason the limit may not exist.


c
The integral f ( x)dx of the function f ( x) discontinuous at the point c is defined as follows :
a

 
c b
f ( x)dx  lim f ( x)dx
a b c 0 a

If the limit on the right exist, the integral is called an important convergent integral, otherwise
it is divergent.
If the function f ( x) is dicsontinuous at the left extremity of the interval [ a , c] (that is, for

 
c c
x  a ), then by defintion f ( x)dx  lim f ( x)dx
a b  a 0 b

if the function f ( x) is discontinuous at some point x  x0 inside the interval [ a , c] , we put

 f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx

c x0 c

a a x0

if both imporper integral on the right side of the equation exist.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 47

Illustration 31

1 dx dx

1
(a) Evaluate 0
1 x
. (b) Evaluate the integral 
1 x2

Solution :

1 dx b dx
(a) 
0
1 x
 lim 
b 1 0 0
1 x
  lim 2 1  x |b0
b 1 0

  lim 2
b 1 0
 
1 b 1  2

(b) Since inside the interval of integration there exists a point x  0 where the integrad is
dicsontinuous, the interal must be represented sum of two terms :

dx 1 dx 1 dx

1
 lim  2  lim  2
1 x 2 1 0 1 x  2 0  2 x

Calculate each limit separately :


dx1 1 1 1 1 
lim  2   lim   lim     
1 0 
a 0 1 x 1 0 x
1  1 1 

Thus, the integral diverges on the interval [ 1, 0]

dx
1  1
1 0 1 x2
lim   lim  1  
1 0
 2 
And this means that the integral also diverges on the interval [0,1]. Hence, the given
integral diverges on the entire interval [ 1,1] . It should be noted that if we had begun to
evaluate the given integral without paying attention to the discontinuity of the intgerand
at the point x  0 , the result would have been wrong.

1
y
dx
1 1 1 1 
Indeed 1 x2   x 1    1  1   2
which is impossible (fig.)

y = 12
x

x
ă1 0 1

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
48 QUIZRR
SUMMATION OF SERIES USING DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM

If f ( x) is an integrable function defined on [ a , b] then

lim  h  f (a )  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  ...  f (a  (n  1)h

h 0

is called the definite integral of f ( x) between limits a and b.

 f ( x)dx  lim h  f (a )  f (a  h)  f (a  2h)  ...  f (a  (n  1)h

b
 a h 0

n
 lim
h 0
 f (a  rh)
r 0
y
f(x)

It should be noted that as b  0, a  

băa
h=
n
nh  b  a
x
1 O a b
Putting a  0, b  1 , so that h  h
n (b ă a)

1 n 1 r 

t
We get 0
f ( x)dx  lim
n  n
r 0
f 
n

WORKING RULE

1  r 
Step-1. n  
Express the series in the form, lim
n
 f  
 n 

Step-2. Replace  by  ,

r
by x and
n

1
  by dx
n

r 
Step-3. Obtain the lower & upper limits of the integral by computing nlim   for the least &

n
greatest value of r respectively i.e. put the starting & ending values of r to get the
limits.

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 49

Illustration 32

 1 1 1 1 
Show that lim     ...    log 6 [IIT ă 81]
n 
 n 1 n  2 n  3 6n 
Solution :

 1 1 1 1 
lim     ...  
n  n  1 n2 n3
 6n 

 1 1 1 1 
 lim     ...  
n  n  1 n2 n3 n  5n 

[writing last term in the same form as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, ... terms are]
5n
1 5n
1 n 
 lim   lim   
r 1 n  r r 1 n  n  r 
n  n 

1 5n 1
 lim
n  n
 r
r 1
1
n
 lower limit of r  1

1
 lower limit of integration  nlim  0

n
 upper limit of r  5n

5n
 upper limit of integration  lim
n 
5
n
Hence from (i) required limit

dx
   log(1  x)0
5 5
0 1 x

 log 6  log1  log 6 [ log1  1 ]

Illustration 33

 n n n 1 
Evaluate lim   2  2 2  ...  
 n 1 n  2 n  3 2n 
n  2 2 2

 n n n n 
Solution : lim   2  2 2  ...  2 
 n 1 n  2 n  3 n  n2 
n  2 2 2

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
50 QUIZRR
[Writing last term in the same form as first, 2nd, 3rd,.... term are]

n
 n  1 n n2
 lim   2 2   lim  2 2
r 1  n  r  r 1 n  r
n  n  n

1 n 1
 lim  2
n  n
r 1 r  ...(i)
1  
n

 lower limit of r  1

1
 lower limit of integration = lim 0
n  n
 upper limit of r  n

n
 upper limit of integration = lim 1
n  n
Hence from (i), required limit

dx

1 1
  tan 1 x
0 1 x 2 0

 tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (0)

 
 0 
4 4

Illustration 34

 1 1 1 1 
Evaluate lim     ...  
 n n 2  12 n 2  22 n 2  (n  1) 2 
n  2

 1 1 1 1 
Solution : lim     ...  
n 
 n 2 n 2  12 n 2  22 n 2  (n  1) 2 
n 1
1 1 n 1 n
 lim   lim 
n 
r 0 n2  r 2 n  n
r 0 n2  r 2

1 n 1 1
 lim
n  n
 2
r 0 r 
1  
n

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
 QUIZRR 51

y
 lower limit of r  0  lower limit of integration = lim 0
n  n
 upper limit of r  n  1

 n 1   1
 upper limit of integration = lim    lim 1    1
n 
 n  n   n 
 from (i), required limit
1 dx  

1
 sin 1 x  sin 1 (1)  sin 1 (0)  0 
0
1  x2 0 2 2

Illustration 35

r n
r2
Evaluate lim
n 

r 1 r  n
3 3 .

Solution :

n
r2 1 n r 2n
lim   lim 
r 1 r  n r 1 r  n
n  3 3 n  n 3 3

2
r 
 
1 n n
 lim  3
n  n
r 1 r ...(i)
  1
n

1
lower limit of r  1  lower limit of integration  lim
n 
0
n

n
upper limit of r  n  upper limit of integration  lim
n 
1
n

1 x2
 from (i), required limit   dx ...(ii)
0 x3  1
Let z  x3  1 , then dz  3 x2 dx

when x  0, z  1 and when x  1, z  2

1 2 dz 1 1 1
from (ii), required limit     log z1  (log 2  log1)  log 2 .
2

3 1 z 3 3 3

DEFINITE INTEGRALS