Integers Notes

Numbers 📝
Natural Numbers

● Counting numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...

● All natural numbers are whole numbers, but not all whole numbers are natural
numbers.

Whole Numbers

● All natural numbers together with 0: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...

● Zero is a whole number, but not a natural number.

Integers

● All natural numbers, 0, and negatives of counting numbers: ..., -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, ...
● Positive integers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
● Negative integers: ..., -4, -3, -2, -1

📝
● 0 is an integer that is neither positive nor negative.

Addition of Integers

Rules

1. Addition of two positive or two negative integers:

● Add their values regardless of the sign and give the sum their common sign.
● Example: 36 + 27 = 63, sign: +; -31 + (-25) = -56, sign: -
2. Addition of a positive and a negative integer:
● Find the difference between the numerical values regardless of the signs and
give the sign of the integer with the greater value.
● Example: -47 + 18 = -29, sign: -; -29 + 52 = 23, sign: +

Properties of Addition of Integers

1. Closure Property of Addition:

● The sum of two integers is always an integer.
● Example: 5 + 9 = 14, -4 + (-8) = -12
2. Commutative Law of Addition:
● If a and b are two integers, then a + b = b + a.
● Example: -4 + 9 = 9 + (-4) = 5; -5 + (-8) = -8 + (-5) = -13
3. Associative Law of Addition:
 ● If a, b, and c are three integers, then (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
● Example: (-6 + (-8)) + 5 = -14 + 5 = -9; -6 + ((-8) + 5) = -6 + (-3) = -9
4. Existence of Additive Identity:
● For any integer a, a + 0 = 0 + a = a.
● 0 is the additive identity for integers.
● Example: 9 + 0 = 0 + 9 = 9; -6 + 0 = 0 + (-6) = -6
5. Existence of Additive Inverse:
● For any integer a, a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0.
● The opposite of an integer a is -a, and the sum of an integer and its opposite
is 0.
● Example: 5 + (-5) = (-5) + 5 = 0; (-5) + 5 = 5 + (-5) = 0

Subtraction of Integers ❌
Definition

● For any integers a and b, a - b = a + (-b).

● a - (-b) = a + b.

Examples

● Subtract 9 from 4: 4 - 9 = 4 + (-9) = -5.

● Subtract -8 from 5: 5 - (-8) = 5 + 8 = 13.
● Subtract 7 from -6: -6 - 7 = -6 + (-7) = -13.
● Subtract -9 from -5: -5 - (-9) = -5 + 9 = 4.

Properties of Subtraction of Integers

1. Closure Property of Subtraction:

● If a and b are two integers, then a - b is always an integer.
● Example: 2 - 5 = -3, -2 - (-6) = 4
2. Subtraction of Integers is Not Commutative:
● a - b ≠ b - a.

📝
● Example: 3 - 5 = -2, 5 - 3 = 2; -4 - 2 = -6, 2 - (-4) = 6## Properties of Integers

Subtraction of Integers

● Additive Inverse: For every integer, there exists an additive inverse.

● Example:
● −4−(−6)=−4+6=2
● −4−(−6)=−4+6=2
● Example:
● (−6)−(−4)=−6+4=−2
 ● (−6)−(−4)=−6+4=−2

🔢
● Note: Subtraction of integers is not commutative.

Multiplication of Integers

Rules

● Rule 1: To find the product of 2 integers with unlike signs, multiply their values and
assign a minus sign to the product.
● Example:
● 6×(−5)=−30
● 6×(−5)=−30
● Example:
● (−7)×9=−63
● (−7)×9=−63
● Rule 2: To find the product of 2 integers with like signs, multiply their values and
assign a plus sign to the product.
● Example:
● 12×16=192
● 12×16=192
● Example:
● (−8)×(−14)=112
● (−8)×(−14)=112

Properties

Properties
Closure Property- The product of 2 integers is always an integer.

Commutative Law- For any 2 integers a and b, a×b=b×a.

Associative Law- For any 3 integers a, b, and c, (a×b)×c = a×(b×c).

Distributive Law- For any 3 integers a, b, and c, a×(b+c) = (a×b)+(a×c).

Existence of Multiplicative Identity- For every integer a, a×1=1×a = a.

Existence of Multiplicative Inverse- For every non-zero integer a, there exists a multiplicative
inverse which is 1. a×1 = a

Property of 0- For every integer a, a×0 = 0×a = 0.

Important Results

● Minus a into Minus a, n times: If

● 𝑛
● n is odd, the result is a negative integer. If
● 𝑛

📚
● n is even, the result is a positive integer.

Board Problems for Integers

● Example: In a class test containing 20 questions, 4 marks are given for a correct
answer and -2 marks for every incorrect answer. Ranjita attempts all questions, and
12 of her answers are correct. What is her total score?
● Marks given for 1 correct answer = 4
● Marks given for 12 correct answers = 4 × 12 = 48
● Marks given for 1 incorrect answer = -2
● Marks given for 8 incorrect answers = -2 × 8 = -16
● Ranjita's total score = 48 + (-16) = 32

Division of Integers 📊
● Rule 1: For dividing 1 integer by another, if they have unlike signs, divide the values
and assign a minus sign to the quotient.
● Example:
● −48÷12=−4
● −48÷12=−4
● Rule 2: For dividing 1 integer by another, if they have like signs, divide the values and
assign a plus sign to the quotient.
● Example:
● 90÷10=9
● 90÷10=9## Division of Integers 🤔
Signs in Division
When dividing integers, the signs follow these rules:

● If both numbers have the same sign, the result is positive.

● If both numbers have different signs, the result is negative.

Examples

● 98 divided by 14 equals 7
 📏
● 40 minus 48 divided by minus 16 equals 3

Modulus of an Integer

● The modulus of an integer a is denoted by |a|, with 2 vertical lines.

● |a| equals a if a is positive or 0, and -a if a is negative.

Examples

● |6| equals 6
● |-6| equals 6

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● |-8| equals 8

Distance Between 2 Points

● Let A and B be 2 points at a distance from the origin.

● AB equals |A - B|, with the modulus sign.

Example

● An elevator descends into a mine shaft at a rate of 6 meters per minute, starting from
20 meters above the ground level. How long will it take to reach -370 meters?
● Let O denote the ground level.
● OA equals 20 meters, and OB equals -370 meters.
● AB equals |OA - OB|, which equals |20 - (-370)|, which equals 390 meters.
● Time taken is equal to 390 divided by 6 minutes, which equals 65 minutes or
1 hour and 5 minutes.

Properties of Division of Integers 📝

1. Division of Integers is Not Always an Integer

● If a and b are integers, then a divided by b is not necessarily an integer.

● Examples: 16 divided by 5, and -9 divided by 4.

2. Division by Itself is 1

● If a is an integer and a is not equal to 0, then a divided by a equals 1.

● Examples: 16 divided by 16, and -8 divided by -8.

3. Division by 1 is the Number Itself

● If a is an integer, then a divided by 1 equals a.

● Examples: 7 divided by 1, and -6 divided by 1.
4. Division by Zero is Not Defined

● If a is an integer and a is not equal to 0, then 0 divided by a equals 0.

● But a divided by 0 is not meaningful or not defined.

5. Division of Integers is Not Associative

● If A, B, and C are integers, then (A divided by B) divided by C is not equal to A

divided by (B divided by C), unless C equals 1.

Examples

● A equals -8, B equals 4, and C equals -2.

● (-8 divided by 4) divided by -2 equals 1.
● -8 divided by (4 divided by -2) equals 4.

Things to Remember 📝
● The numbers ..., -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... are all integers.
● 0 is less than every positive integer and greater than every negative integer.
● If x and y are integers such that x is greater than y, then -x is not greater than -y.
● The absolute value of an integer is its numerical value regardless of its sign.
● |7| equals 7, and |-7| equals 7.
● |0| equals 0.