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OOAD Unit-2
OOAD Unit-2
OOAD Unit-2
Mallikarjuna Nandi
Assistant Professor
Computer Science & Engineering
RGUKT- Ongole-AP
Structural modeling in UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a type of modeling that focuses on the static
structure of a system or software application. It is used to describe the components of a system and their
relationships, as well as the constraints and interfaces that govern how they interact with each other.
Diagrams are:
Class diagram
Object diagram
Deployment diagram
Component diagram
Structural modeling is useful for understanding the architecture and design of a software system, as well as
for communicating that information to stakeholders and team members. It is designed in a way that meets
the requirements and is scalable, maintainable, and extensible.
Class diagrams: These diagrams are used to represent the classes in a system and the relationships
between them. A class is a template or blueprint for creating objects, and it defines the properties and
methods that objects of that class will have. A class diagram consists of:
Class: A class represents a template for creating objects that share the same attributes,
operations, relationships, and behavior. It is represented as a rectangle with the class name
written inside it.
Attributes: Attributes are the data members of a class. They describe the characteristics of
the objects created from the class. They are represented as name: type pairs in the class
rectangle.
Methods: Methods are the operations that can be performed on the objects created from the
class. They are represented as name(parameter list):return type in the class rectangle.
The vocabulary of a class can be modeled using the attributes and operations of the class. The attributes
represent the properties or characteristics of the objects that belong to the class, while the operations represent
the actions or behaviors that the objects can perform. Here are some guidelines for modeling the vocabulary
of a class in UML:
Identify the key properties of the class: The key properties of a class are the attributes that define its
identity or differentiate it from other classes. For example, if you are modeling a class for a person, the key
properties could include the person's name, age, gender, and occupation.
Identify the operations that the objects can perform: The operations of a class are the functions or
methods that the objects can perform. For example, if you are modeling a class for a person, the operations
could include walking, talking, eating, sleeping, and working.
Use relationships to model associations between classes: Classes can have associations with other classes,
such as composition, aggregation, or inheritance. You can use UML relationships (represented by lines and
symbols) to model these associations.
Person
In this example, the class is called Person and has four attributes: name (a
-name: String
string), age (an integer), gender (a string), and occupation (a string). The -age: Integer
attributes are marked as private (-) to indicate that they can only be accessed by -gender: String
methods within the class. -Occupation: String
The class has four methods: walk (which takes an integer parameter and returns +walk(distance: Integer): Void
void), talk (which takes a string parameter and returns void), eat (which takes a +talk(message: String): Void
+eat(food: String): Void
string parameter and returns void), and sleep (which takes an integer parameter
+sleep(hour: Integer): Void
and returns void). The methods are marked as public (+) to indicate that they can
be accessed by other classes.
Relationships: Relationships represent the associations between the classes, such as inheritance,
composition, aggregation, and association. They are represented as lines between the classes with an
arrowhead indicating the direction of the relationship.
Class diagrams are useful for modeling the relationships between different objects and classes in a
system, and they can help in identifying potential issues in the design of a system.
The association between the Account and Customer classes can be labeled as "has" or "belongs to",
indicating that an account "belongs to" a customer. The association can also be given a multiplicity,
which specifies the number of instances that can participate in the association.
For example, the multiplicity on the Customer side of the association may be "1..*", indicating that
each customer can have zero or more accounts, while the multiplicity on the Account side may be "1",
indicating that each account must be associated with exactly one customer.
Multiplicity is a concept used to specify how many objects can participate in a relationship between two
classes. Multiplicity is represented using numbers or special symbols near the association line between two
classes.
One-to-one relationship: In a one-to-one relationship, each instance of one class is associated with one
and only one instance of another class. This is represented by the number "1" on each end of the association
line.
One-to-many relationship: In a one-to-many relationship, each instance of one class is associated with
one or more instances of another class. This is represented by the number "1" on one end of the association
line, and the asterisk symbol (*) on the other end.
Many-to-many relationship: In a many-to-many relationship, each instance of one class is associated with
one or more instances of another class, and vice versa. This is represented by the asterisk symbol (*) on both
ends of the association line.
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Aggregation is a relationship between two classes where one class (the containing class) contains instances
of another class (the contained class). Aggregation is typically shown with a diamond symbol at the end of
the association line pointing towards the class that contains the instances.
Aggregation implies a relationship where the child can exist independently of the parent.
Example: Class (parent) and Student (child). Delete the Class and the Students still Library
exist. +name: string
+address: string
+books: Book [ ]
Example: we are designing a library management system, and we have two classes: Library
and Book. The Library class contains a collection of books, so we can represent this
relationship using aggregation. The Library class is the containing class, and the Book class
Book
is the contained class.
+title : string
+author : string
In the example, the Library class contains an array of Book objects, which are instances of +ISBN : String
the Book class. The aggregation relationship is shown with a diamond symbol on the
association line connecting the two classes, with the symbol pointing towards the Library
class, indicating that it is the containing class.
Aggregation is a specialised form of association. It defines a one-way relationship that specifies a 'has-a'
relationship between two classes. For example, you can say that a wallet has money. However, the money
does not need a wallet in order to exist, so the relationship is one-way.
Composition relationship is a type of association where one class (the "whole" or composite object)
contains another class (the "part" or component object) as a part.
The composition association relationship connects the Person class with Brain class, Heart class, and Legs
class. If the person is destroyed, the brain, heart, and legs will also get discarded.
Dependency is an important aspect in UML elements. It describes the dependent elements and the direction
of dependency. Dependency is represented by a dotted arrow . The arrow head represents the independent
element and the other end represents the dependent element.
Generalization describes the inheritance relationship of the object-oriented world. It is a parent and child
relationship. Generalization is represented by an arrow with a hollow arrow head . One end represents the
parent element and the other end represents the child element. Generalization is used to describe parent-child
relationship of two elements of a system.
Advanced Class
A class is defined using the class keyword where c of class is in small case.
Once a class is defined, instances (objects) of the class can be created and each instance
can have different copy of instance variables (attributes/fields).
The data fields described inside the class are the properties and methods of the object.
These data fields are created when ever an object of the class is instantiated.
Advanced Class
The Constructor enables an object to initialize itself when it is created they have
the same name as the class they do not have any return type not even a void
All operations and methods are also properties of the class usually it is mentioned in the
third compartment of the class.
It also describes all arguments required for the method.It also describes the return data
type of the method. Generally it is mentioned in class diagram not in object diagram.
Sometimes you need to mention static and dynamic methods also. They may also has
access specifiers like packages, private, protected, public.
Classifier : A classifier is a mechanism that has structural features (in thevform of attributes), as well as
behavioral features (in the form of operations). Classifiers include classes, interfaces, datatypes, signals,
components, nodes, use cases, and subsystems. Those modeling elements that can have instances are called
classifiers. Every instance of a given classifier shares the same features. The most important kind of classifier
in UML is class.
Classifiers :
1. Interface A collection of operations that are used to specify a service of a class or a component.
2. Datatype A type whose values are immutable, including primitive built-in types (such as numbers and
strings) as well as enumeration types (such as Boolean)
3. Collaboration (Signal): defines an interaction between elements.
4. Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
5. Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
Advanced Relationships
Enumeration : The enumeration relationship allows us to represent a set of related constant values (days of
the week) within the context of a class that has an attribute associated with that enumeration type.
-----------------
Dependency
Association
Aggregation
Composition
Generalization
Realization
Abstract class is a class that cannot be created and serves as a base or parent class for other classes. It provides a way to
define common properties and behavior that can be shared among multiple classes. Abstract classes typically contain one
or more abstract methods, which are methods without an implementation that must be implemented by subclasses.
In this example, the class "Dog" inherits from the "Animal" class and implements the
"makeSound()" method. It also has a property "breed" of type String, which is specific
<<abstract>>
to dogs.
Animal
By using an abstract class in this way, we can create a common structure for all
Name : string
animals, while still allowing for the unique characteristics of each specific animal
subclass.
Makesound()
Interface: is a type of element that defines a set of operations that can be implemented by any class or
component that adopts the interface.
Example: we are designing a system for managing different types of vehicles, including cars, buses, and
trucks. We want to define a set of operations that each vehicle type must support, such as "start", "stop",
"accelerate", and "decelerate". we can define an interface called "IVehicle" that specifies these operations.
This interface specifies a set of operations that every vehicle must implement.
Ivehicle
For example, a car, a bus, and a truck would each provide their own
implementation of these operations. Start()
we can define a set of classes that represent different vehicle types. Each of Stop()
these classes would implement the "IVehicle" interface, which would ensure Accelerate ()
Decelerate()
that they all provide the same set of operations.
Packages are used to organize elements into groups, making it easier to manage and understand complex
systems. Advanced structural modeling with packages allows software engineers to model the organization
and structure of a system, including its components, classes, interfaces, and other elements.
Here are some examples of how packages can be used in advanced structural modeling:
Organizing Classes and Interfaces: Packages can be used to organize classes and interfaces into logical
groups. For example, all the classes and interfaces related to user management can be grouped into a package
called "User Management." This makes it easier to understand the overall structure of the system and find
the relevant classes and interfaces.
Representing Layers: Packages can be used to represent layers in a system. For example, the presentation
layer, business logic layer, and data access layer can each be represented as a separate package. This makes it
easier to manage the layers independently and to understand the dependencies between them. (CUSTMER
LAYER, MANAGER LAYER ETC)
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Separating Concerns: Packages can be used to separate concerns within a system. For example, all the
classes related to logging can be grouped into a package called "Logging." This separates the logging
functionality from other parts of the system and makes it easier to modify or replace the logging component.
Representing Subsystems: Packages can be used to represent subsystems within a larger system. For
example, a system that includes multiple modules or components can be represented using packages to group
related elements together. This makes it easier to manage and understand the system as a
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