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أساسيات التحكم ( PDFDrive.com )
أساسيات التحكم ( PDFDrive.com )
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105Pa
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[m2]Wא
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P = 100 bar = 1000 N/cm2 Wא
2
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1000N⋅ 7.85cm2
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cm2
F = 7850N
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F = 15000N
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A = F
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= 0.002
N
A = 0.002m = 20cm2
2
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P1 = Pamb = 100kPa = 1bar
P2 = 1 × 7 = 700 kPa = 7 bar
P2 =
Pe = P −P = (700 − 100)kPa = 600kPa = 6bar
abs amb
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A1 א א א א F1 א א K1500 kg
KA2 = 1200cm2A1 = 40cm2WA2
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m = 1500kg Wא
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A ⋅F
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A2
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0.004 m 2 ⋅ 1500 N
F1 =
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F1 = 500N
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K100NF1אאאA2אאKאא
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Kh = 15mאρ = 1000kg
KV2 = 0.4 m3 V1 = 0.8 m3 א Wאא א
KP1 = 3 barאאאP2אא
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Types of
Compressors
אאא٥J ٢א
- ٢٦ -
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WE٦J ٢אF(reciprocating piston compressor)J ١
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600kPa (6 bar)K(single stage compressor)א J
1500kPa (15 bar)K(two stage compressor)א J
٦J ٢א
J ٢
E٧J ٢אF(radial flow compressor)
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1000kPa (10 bar)אאא
- ٢٧ -
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E٨J ٢אF(axial flow compressor)J ٣
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Kאאאאאאאא
K600kPa (6 bar) .אא J
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(sliding vane compressor-rotary compressor)אJ ٤
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400kPa (4 bar)K(single stage compressor)א J
- ٢٨ -
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א٩J ٢א
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- ٣٠ -
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E F
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אא١٢J ٢א
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(Air filter with water separator)EאFאאJ ١
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- ٣١ -
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- ٣٢ -
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Pressure Regulator
(lubricator)אJ ٣
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אאאאאאאK١٥J ٢אאא
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אאאאאאאJ ٤
- ٣٦ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
אא١٧J ٢א
Single acting cylinder
- ٣٧ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
א
אא١٨J ٢א
Diaphragm cylinder
- ٣٨ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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W،אאאא
EEF١٩J ٢אF(Piston cylinder) א• א
EEF١٩J ٢אFאאאא• א
Double-acting cylinder with adjustable end position cushioning
E٢٠J ٢אFאאא• א
Cylinders with through piston rod
E٢١J ٢אFאאא• א
Tandem double-acting cylinder
אאאK
אאאאK
אאאא١٩J ٢ א
- ٣٩ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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אאא٢١J ٢ א
- ٤٠ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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(Rodless cylinders)אאאא٣J ٤
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E٢٣J ٢אFאא •
Sealing band cylinder with slotted cylinder barrel
E٢٤J ٢אFאא •
Cylinder with magnetically coupled slide
E٢٢J ٢אF (Band or cable cylinder)אא
אאאאאא
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- ٤١ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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E٢٣J ٢אFאא
Sealing band cylinder with slotted cylinder barrel
Kאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
Kאאאאא
א٢٣J ٢א
Sealing band cylinder with slotted cylinder barrel
Cylinder with magnetically coupled slideאא
א א אא א א
אאא Kאאאאא
אא אאא K א א
Kאא
א٢٤J ٢א
Cylinder with magnetically coupled slide
- ٤٢ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
- ٤٣ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
(ISO) אאאאא٥J ٤
אאJ
אאJ
אאאJ
אאאJ
אאאJ
אאאאJ
אא אאJ
אאא٢٧J ٢א
(ISO) אאאא٦J ٤
אא -
אאא -
א -
אא א-
אא٢٨J ٢א
- ٤٤ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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אא J ١
א א א א א א א אJ ٢
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א F א א א Wא א J ٥
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- ٤٥ -
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KאאאאWאא J ١
KאWא J ٢
KאאWא J ٣
KאאאWNormal positionאא
אא א אא א WInitial position אא א
Kאאאאא
א א א WPoppet Valves K
KאאאK،א،א
אאאאKא
Kאאא
א א WSliding Valves א א א K
א א K(flat slide) (spool) א
אא א א א א א א
א א א א ،
Kא
- ٤٧ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאJ
אא J
KאאאאאאאJ
KאאאאJ
KאEאאאFJ
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DIN ISO 1219 אאא٢٩J ٢ א
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אא ISO 5599-3
א
א P ١ א
א A, B ٤،٢
א R, S ٥،٣
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٢١א אY, Z ١٢
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אאאאאא٣٠J ٢א
- ٤٨ -
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KאאאEאאאFאא
K(ball seat)אאאאא
Wאא Wא
אא، W٢L٣א٣٤J ٢א
3/2-Way Valve: Ball Bearing Seat, Normally Closed Position
- ٥٠ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wאא Wא
- ٥١ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
- ٥٢ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא، W٢L٣א٣٧J ٢א
3/2-Way Valve: Hand Slide, Normally
Cl d P iti
K١٢אKא٢L٣٣٨J ٢א
Kא א א א אא
אאא ١٢אK٢ ١א
٢אאK٢ ١אאKא
KאאאאאאאK٣א
Wאא Wא
אא،א٢L٣א٣٨J ٢א
Single Pilot, Normally 3/2-Way Valve
- ٥٣ - Closed Position
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
1
Pilot Controlאא٣٩J ٢א
- ٥٤ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
א
א
אא،א،אא٢L٣א٤٠J ٢א
3/2-Way Roller Lever Valve, Pilot Operated, Normally Closed
אא،א،אא٢L٣א٤١J ٢א
3/2-Way Roller Lever Valve, Pilot Operated, Normally Open
- ٥٥ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א،אא٢L٣٤٢J ٢א
אKאאאאKאא
א א א א Kאא
KאאאאאאאאאKא
،א٢L٣٤٢J ٢א
אא،א
3/2-Way Roller Lever Valve, Pilot Operated,
- ٥٦ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
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EF ٢L٤אא
אא K ٢L٤ ٤٣J ٢אKKאאא
א K٣ ٤ א ٢ א א א א
٣ א K ٣ ٢ ٤ ١ א אא
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K،
אא
א
א،٢L٤א٤٣J ٢א
4/2-Way Directional Valve, Disk Seat
- ٥٧ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
W٢L٥אא٦J ٢J ٥
אא٢L٥אא
K א ٢L٥ ٤٦J ٢ א KKא
Kאא
K،،W٢L٥א
א٢L٥א٤٦J ٢א
5/2-Way Double Pilot Valve, Pneumatically Actuated, Both Sides
- ٥٩ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א٢L٥٤٧J ٢א
5/2-Way Double Pilot Valve, Suspended Disk Seat
- ٦٠ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
W٣L٥אא٧J ٢J ٥
،٤٨J ٢אא، ٣L٥אא
אאאאאאKאאאא
WאKאאא
K٢١אא١٢אאאא J
K٤١אא١٤אאאא J
אאאא J
Kא
אאאאאאא J
Kאאאא J
א א אא א א J
K
Wאא
Wאא
Wאא
אא٣L٥א٤٨J ٢א
5/3-Way Valve, Pneumatically Actuated, Both Sides
- ٦١ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wאא
א
EאFא
אא٢L٢ J
אא٢L٣ J
אא٢L٣ J
K٢L٤ J
٢L٥ J
KאאK٣L٥ J
- ٦٢ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא٣J ٥
:Non-return Valveאא١J ٣J ٥
א א א Eא אFא א
FאאאאKE٥٠J ٢אFEאאF
KאאאאE21
אאE12Fאאאא
Kאאאא
K،،Wא
א
1 2
Non-return Valve ٥٠J ٢א
- ٦٣ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
- ٦٤ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
EאF٥٢J ٢א
Shuttle Valve (OR Function)
- ٦٥ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
٥٣J ٢א ١
٢
Quick Exhaust Valve
- ٦٦ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
WThrottle Valveאאא١J ٤J ٥
א א EאLF א א
KE٥٤J ٢ אFא א א
אאאאאKאאאאא
אאKאאאא
Kאאא
WOne-Way Flow Control Valve،،אא٢J ٤J ٥
אEאאFאא،אאאא
אאאKE٥٥J ٢אFא
K2 1אאאאאא
אאאאא
KEF
א
١ ٢
- ٦٧ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
J
J
EאF J
EאFא J
אא J
א٥٦J ٢א
Wאא
J
J
אא٥٧J ٢א
- ٦٨ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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WPressure Regulatorא١J ٥J ٥
KE٥٨J ٢אFאאא
אKאאאא
א א K(Diaphragm)
אאאKאאKאא
אאאאאKאא
א א א א Kא א א
Kא א א א א א א
Kא א א א א א א
Kאא
א٥٨J ٢א
Pressure Regulator
- ٦٩ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wאא،אא٢J ٥J ٥
Time Delay Valve, Normally Closed
٢L٣Wאא
אE١אFאאKE٥٩J ٢אFאאא
אאאאא 12אK 1
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אא א K2 1 א א א
אאאאאאאא
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אאאאאא12אK٢L٣
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K3
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אאא
א
- ٧٠ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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- ٧١ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wא
J
-
J
J
J
א٦١J ٢א
- ٧٢ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
אא
١J ٦
אKאאא
Wאא
Power source א J
ESensorsאאFא J
EProcessorsאFא J
Control elements א J
EActuators אFא J
Kאאא٦٣J ٢א
W،אא،א
אW0• א
א K אא KKK2 ،1 • א
،אEאאF
KאאאאKאא
א،א
Wא
א
אא ،אא
א
א
א J
א J
א J
، J
א
J
א א J
J
אא
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J
א א J
א J
א J
אא٦٢J ٢א
- ٧٤ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
א
א
א
א
- ٧٥ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wאאאאא
אאא •
אאאאאא •
אאא •
אא א א א Kא א •
Wאאאא
Kא •
- ٧٦ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאאאאאא٢J ٦
Kאאאאא אאא א
אא א א א
אאאK
אאא،אאאאא
7mmא40 mm
אאאאא١J ٢J ٦
J ٢אאאא א ٢L٣
KEאאFאאא אא אK٦٥
KEאFאאאא
אאK١ אK٢
אאאא٦٥J ٢א
אא א א Kאא א א א ٦٦J ٢ א
א K1A אא ٢ א ١ א 1S א א
אאאKאאאאא
K٣אאאאKאאאאא
אאאא ،Kאאאאא
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K0Sא0Zא
- ٧٧ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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אאאאאא٦٦J ٢א
- ٧٨ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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אאאאא٢J ٢J ٦
א א אא א ٢L٥ א א
אאאאאא אK٦٧J ٢
א אKEאאFאא
KEאFאא
אאK١ אK٢
אאאא٦٧J ٢א
אKאאאאאאא ٦٨J ٢א
K1Aאא ٤א ١א 1Sאאאאא
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٢L٤אאKאאא
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- ٧٩ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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אאאאא٦٨J ٢א
- ٨٠ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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KאאאK٢L٤אא א W
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אאאאאאאאא٣J ٦
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אאאאא١J ٣J ٦
אKאא W
א אא KE٦٩J ٢ אF א א
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אא٦٩J ٢א
- ٨١ -
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- ٨٢ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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אאאאא٧٠J ٢א
- ٨٣ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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אאאאא٢J ٣J ٦
1Vא 14אאאE٧٢J ٢ אF 1Sא
Kאא 14אאK1Aאא Kא
אאא1V14אKא1Sאאא
אאאא Kא 1Vא
KאאאKאאא
- ٨٤ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאא٧١J ٢א
- ٨٥ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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אאKא (AND)??אא
K2אאא1(3)1א
אKא (OR)??אאא
K2א1(3)1אא
ANDאא١J ٤J ٦
1S2אא ٢L٣אא א W
אא אאאK1S1،٢L٣א
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א،אאא א
א ٧٢J ٢אWא
KאאאאK
1S1א2א1V1אא 1(3)1א
א ، 1S2،אאא ٢L٣אK1S2
אKאא ANDK1V2א
،1V2،٢L٥אאKא2،1S1،٢L٣א
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א 14 א א Kא א AND
1V2אK1S21S1אאאא1V2 א
Kאאא
- ٨٦ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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KANDKאאא٧٢J ٢א
- ٨٧ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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1A אא KE٧٣J ٢ אF א א א W
אא א א K א אא א א
KאאאאאאאKאאא
٧٣J ٢א
ORאא٢J ٤J ٦
אאKאאאאW
Kאאא
א،אאא א
א ٧٤J ٢אWא
KאאאאK
אא ٢א 1V1אא 1(3) ١א
1S2 1S1אאאאאK1S2 1S1
אאOR K1V1אא1(3)١א
א א א א א א K٢ א
،א א Kאא 1V2 א א Kא
- ٨٨ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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א 1V1 א 1S2 1S1 א א
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KORKאאא٧٤J ٢א
- ٨٩ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא KE٧٥J ٢ אF א א W
Kאאא ،אKאא
א אא א Kא א א ٢L٣
Kאאא
א٧٥J ٢א
- ٩٠ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאא٥J ٦
אאא K٢L٣אא W
אא KאאאאאKא
KאאאאKKא
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KE٧٧J ٢אF ٢L٥E٧٦J ٢אF ٢L٤אאא
٢L٥٢L٤אKא
אאאאK(Memory Function)א
אאאאKא
אאאEאאאאאFאאאאK
אאאאא 1V1אKאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
א א ١٤ א 1S1 א א א
אאאאאKאאא1V1אK1V1
K 1V3א 1V2א
K1S1אא 1V1אKאא
אK1V1אא 12א 1S2א
אאאKאאאאא אאא 1V1
1V1א 1S2אאK1V2א
.
- ٩١ -
אא ٢١٤ א
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K٢L٥אאאאא٧٦J ٢א
K٢L٤אאאאא٧٧J ٢א
- ٩٢ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאא٧٨J ٢א
- ٩٣ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאא٦J ٦
אE٧٩J ٢אFאא W
KאאאאאאKאאא
Kאאא،אאא
٧٩J ٢א
אאאאאא٨٠J ٢א
- ٩٥ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא٧J ٦
KE٨١J ٢אFאא W
K א א אE F א
KאKאאאאאאא
٨١J ٢א
א،אאאאאא ٧٢J ٢א Wא
KאאאאK
א א א א אא א ،אא א
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אKאאאא٢L٥אאאא
K1V2אאא 14א 1Sאא
א Kא א א אא א אא 1V2 א
אאאK 1V2א 1Sאא
KאאאאKאאאא
א 1V1 א א א 12 א
- ٩٦ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאא אאK1Aאא
K1V2א 12אאK٢L٣אא،א
Kאאאאאאא1V2א
Kאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא
Kאא
אאאאאא٨٢J ٢א
- ٩٧ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
W
אKE٨٣J ٢אFאא
Kאא אאאאא א
א א Kא א א
אאאא Kאאא אאKאא
Kאאא
٨٣J ٢א
- ٩٨ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאא٨٤J ٢א
- ٩٩ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאאאא٨٥J ٢א
אאאאאא 1S3א،אא
אאאאאK1V2אאאא 1V2
א٢L٣א،אK1V2אאא
1V3אK1V3אא 12א 1V3
אKאאאאא אאא
אא 1S3 א ،אא K1V4 א א א
K1S3אאאאאא 1V2אאא
אאKא1V3א٢L٣אא
- ١٠٠ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
1S2א،אאאK1V3א12
Kא
אאאאאא ٩J ٦
אאאאא١J ٩J ٦
Kא א אא א אא א אא
א K(Displacement diagram) א
אא،אאאאKאאא
א א Kא א א א אא Kא
א א א ،אא א ،א
WאאאאאאK
Roller lever valve with idle return אא •
Time delay valveאא •
Double pilot valve (Reversing valve) •
Kאאאאא،אא
אא٢J ٩J ٦
K٨٦J ٢אאאא W
א א א א א א אא א א
אKאאא אKא
Kאאא
אאאאא Wא
אא،אאאK٢L٣אאKא
2S1א Kא 1S2 2S1אא
Kאאא1S1אא
- ١٠١ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wאאאאא
1Aאא 2S11S1Wאא
2Aאא 1S3Wאא
1Aאא 2S2 Wאא
2Aאא 1S2Wאאא
(Initial position)אאא 2S1 Wאא
،1V2 ،٢L٥ א א ،1S1 א א K١
KאאK1Aאא
K2S3 א ، אא K٣
K1Aאא1V2א
א1S2א،1AאאK٤
Kא2S1א2AאאK2V
K1S1אא אאאאK٥
- ١٠٢ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
٨٦J ٢א
- ١٠٣ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאא٨٨J ٢א
- ١٠٤ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wאא
Wאא
- ١٠٥ -
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wאא
Wאאא
- ١٠٦ -
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א א א K א
אאK אאאא
Kאאאאאא
-١٠٩-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
א
אאאאא١J ٣א
א ٢J ٣א
א א KE א א F
אאאאKEאFאאEONF
אאאאK אא
Kאאאאאאאא
-١١٠-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
DC circuit א٢J ٣א
Electrical resistanceאא
א א א אא א אא
אאאאאKאאאKאא
KאאאאאאאKא
-١١١-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאאאאאW
Wאא
Kאאאאא •
Kאאא •
Electrical powerאא
،אאאאאא،א
Kאאאא
EאאFאאא
،EאאאאFא EאאF
אא،א
Kאאאא،אא
Kאאאא
P = V. I
W
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Current (Ampere, A)אWI
Power (Watt, W)א WP
K24 V DC٢L٥W
؟אK60 Ohmא
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I= = = 0. 4 A
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P = V. I = 24×0.4 = 9.6 W
-١١٢-
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Structure of a solenoid.אא
Wא
א א א א K •
Kאאא
אאאא Kאא •
K
.אאאאאאאא
-١١٣-
אא ٢١٤ א
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Applications of solenoidsאא
א א א א א א
KאאאאKא
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאאא •
Function of a capacitorא٤J ٧
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אK E٤J ٣א S1אF
א אKאאאאK
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אE٣{٤אS2אFאאא
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א٤J ٣א
-١١٤-
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אא٥J ٣א
-١١٥-
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אאאא٦J ٧
אא א א א א א א א ،א
WאאאאאKEMultimeterF
Kאאא،אא• א
Kאא• א
אאאKאאאאא
KAmmeterאאאאVoltmeter א
אאK٢٤א،אW
KאאאאאE 230VF
Kאאא
Wאאאאאאא
Kאאא •
(Voltmeter or Ammeter, AC or DC, Resistance) אאא• א
Kאאאאא •
א א F א א א א •
KEאא
K• א
Kאא •
Kאאאאאאא •
KEאאאFאאא •
Kאאאאא،אאאא •
Voltage measurementא
א K אא (voltmeter) א א
אאאKאאא
-١١٦-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאא
Kא
Current measurementא
א Kא אא (Ammeter) א א
א א א Kא
Kא
Resistance measurementא
WDCא
א،אאאאWא• א
Kאאא
א ،א אא א Wא • א
KאאKאא(Ohmmeter)
אF אא E F א א
KEopen circuitאFEshort-circuit
KACאאאאאאא W
Sources of errorאא
אאאאא
Kאאאאא Kא
א،אאאא
Kאאא٪٠{٥א٠{٥
-١١٧-
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אא
אא
אא
transformer rectifier stabilizationא
א٦J ٣א
-١١٨-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
-١١٩-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
–EFאא٨J ٣א
Normally closed contact (break) – section and symbol
Changeover contact
א א א א א
אא Kא א א Kא
Kא
–٩J ٣א
Changeover contact – section and symbol
-١٢٠-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Limit switchesאא
Kאאאא
،א ،א א Kא א א
KE١٠J ٣אFאא،אא
K١
K٢
אאאK٣
F
Eאא K٤
אא
אא
–١٠J ٣א
Limit switch – section and symbol
-١٢١-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Proximity switchesאא
א א א
WאאאאKאאK
•
•
•
•
Reed switchאא
KאK
Kאאא
א אאאאאאאא
אאאא
א א א אא א Kא
אאE٠{٢F
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-١٢٢-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א–١١J ٣א
Reed switch – normally open contact
Electronic sensorsאא
W،אאאאא
א •
א •
.אא •
א א אא
.א
Positive and negative switching sensorsאאאא
אאאא
KאאאWאאא •
Kאאאאאא
Kא א א Wא אא •
Kאאאאאאאא
-١٢٣-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Inductive proximity sensorsאאא
،KE٣FE٢F،E١Fאאא
אאKא אאא
א א א א Kא א ،א א א
Kא
א א א א א א א
Kאא
-١٢٤-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
١٢J ٣א
Inductive proximity sensor
١٣J ٣א
Capacitive proximity sensor
-١٢٥-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
אא١٤J ٣א
One-way light barrier
-١٢٦-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
١٥J ٣א
Reflective light barrier
א
١٦J ٣א
Diffuse reflective optical sensor
-١٢٧-
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Pressure sensorsא
Wאא
EFאא •
EFאא •
א •
١٧J ٣א
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Electronic pressure switchesאא
א א Kא א א
א א א א Kא
Kאאא
-١٢٨-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
-١٢٩-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
K١
K٢
K٣
אK٥OK٤אK٣K٢K١
K٧K٦
١٨J ٣א
analogue pressure sensor characteristic curve of an Construction and
-١٣٠-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
א
א
א
א١٩J ٣א
Construction of a relay
Applications of relaysא
Wאאאא
אא •
אא •
א •
אאאאא •
Kאאאאאאאאאא
-١٣١-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
-١٣٢-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאא٦J ٨
2/2-Way Solenoid Valve without Pilot Controlא٢L٢אא
אKאא ٢L٢א ٢١J ٣א
،אK ٢ ١א
K٢א١אאאאא
א٢L٢א٢١J ٣א
2/2-Way Solenoid Valve without Pilot Control
-١٣٣-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
אא٢٢J ٣א
Pilot Control Directional Control Valve with
-١٣٤-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
EF EF
،א،٢L٣א٢٣J ٣א
Kאא
Pilot controlled 3/2-Way solenoid valve,
normally closed with manual override
-١٣٥-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
EF
EF
،א٢L٥א٢٤J ٣א
Pilot controlled 5/2-Way single solenoid valve א
-١٣٦-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
EF
EF
א،٢L٥א٢٥J ٣א
Pilot controlled 5/2-Way double solenoid valve
-١٣٧-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
KEא،אFא،٣L٥א
5/3-way valve with exhausted initial position
Kאא ٣L٥אאא٢٦J ٣א
א א א ،א א •
٥ א ٤ א ٣ א ٢ א KE٢٦J ٣EF אF א
K١א
J ٣EFאFאאא،אאא •
K٣א٢א٤א١א،אאKE٢٦
J ٣EFאFאאא،אאא •
K٥א٤א٢א١א،אאKE٢٦
א،אKאאא •
Kא
EF
EF
EF
א،٣L٥א٢٦J ٣א
KEאאF
Pilot controlled 5/3-Way double solenoid valve
(Mid-position exhausted).
-١٣٨-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
אא
אאאאאאא١J ٩
Kא א א
א אא א א א א
א (PLC)אאאאאKא
אאאאאאא
א א א Kא
K
אא אאא١J ١J ٩
-١٣٩-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאא٢٧J ٣א
אאאא(b אאא(a
אאאא(c
-١٤٠-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאאא٢J ١J ٩
-١٤١-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאא٢٨J ٣א
٢L٥אאאא(b ٢L٤אאאא(a
אאאא(dאאאא(c
-١٤٢-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Logic Operationsאא٢J ٩
אאא،אאאא
Kא
Parallel connection (OR circuit)EאFאאא
KS2 S1 (٢٩J ٣(b) ٢٩J ٣(a))אאא אא
K(٢٩J ٣(d)٢٩J ٣(c))אאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאאא •
Kאאאאא •
Kאאאא،א •
-١٤٣-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
EOR Circuit??אFאאא٢٩J ٣א
אאאאא(a
אאאאא(b
אאאא (c
אאאא(d
-١٤٤-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
-١٤٥-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
EAND Circuit??אFאא٣٠J ٣א
אאאאא(a
אאאאא(b
אאאא (c
אאאא(d
-١٤٦-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא٣J ٩
א א K(AND) ?? (OR) ?? ٢J ٣ ١J ٣ א
Wאאאאאא
KאאאW٠ •
KאאאW١ •
1Y1 S2 S1 S2 אS1א
א
٠ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ١
١ ١ ٠
١ ١ ١
OR operation??א١J ٣א
1Y1 S2 S1 S2 אS1א
א
٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ١
٠ ١ ٠
١ ١ ١
AND operation??א٢J ٣א
-١٤٧-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Signal storageא٤J ٩
א א K א א אא ، א אא
، Kאא אא ،א
אKאאא
Kאאאאא
Signal storage with double solenoid valve אא
אא א
K
אאאא
valve with double solenoid return stroke control Manual forward and
EWS2،WS1Fאא אא
K(٣١J ٣(b)٣١J ٣(a))א
٣١J ٣(c) )א א א
אK1Y1א،S1אאK(٣١J ٣(d)
אאא،אאKאא
אK1Y2א،S2אאKא
KאS2אKאא
אאא
double solenoid valve stroke control with Automatic return
א S1אא אא
א א٣٢(c)J ٣ (b)٣٢J ٣ א K א א
אא S1אאKאא
Kא 1S2 א א 1Y2 א א ،
Kאא،S1א
-١٤٨-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
-١٤٩-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאא٣١J ٣א
אאאאא(a
אאאאא(b
אאאא (c
אאאא(d
-١٥٠-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
b)
אאאא٣٢J ٣א
אאאאא(a
אאאא(b
-١٥١-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאא٣٣J ٣א
אאאאא(a
אאאא(b
אאאא(c
-١٥٢-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
K א א “OFF” א א א
א?אאKאא “OFF” “ON”אא
.( Dominant ON latching circuit)?
א ٣٢J ٣(a)אאא ٣٢J ٣(b)אאא
Kאאא “OFF”אא “ON”א
.( Dominant OFF latching circuit)?א?אא
-١٥٣-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאא
function via relay with latching return stroke control Manual forward and
אא S1אאאאא א
KאאKS2אא
אא S1אאאא
KS2אאאאאא K
،אאאאא
.( Dominant OFF relay circuit)?אYאא
-١٥٤-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאא٣٥J ٣א
אאאאא(a
אאאאא(b
אאא(c
-١٥٥-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Delay אא٥J ٧J ٣
Kאא ،אא
אאא،،א
Kא(time relay)
-١٥٦-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אFאאא٣٦J ٣א
E
אאאאא(a
אאא(b
-١٥٧-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאא١-٣
Sequential control with signal storage by double solenoid valves
א אאא
K(latching relays)אא
Kאאאאאא
(Feeding device)אW
אא K א א ٣٧J ٣ א
K(proximity inductive switches)2B21B12A1A
٣٧J ٣א
-١٥٨-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
K“START”אאאאאאאא
Wאא
אאK1AאאWא• א
אאאK2AאאWא• א
K1AאאWא• א
K2AאאWאאא •
K“START”א
٣٨J ٣אאאאאאאא
אא
1Aאא
2Aאא
אאאאא٣٨J ٣א
-١٥٩-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאא
J ٣אאאאא
Kאאא٣٩
אאאא٣٩J ٣א
-١٦٠-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאא
א א א א א אא
Kאא٤٠J ٣אKאאאא
Wאא
אא
אאWאאאאא
א אאWאאאאא
אאWאאאאא
אאאWאאאאא
אאאא٤٠J ٣א
-١٦١-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Sensor evaluationא
א אא א א א א
אאאאא Kא
אאא אKאאא
א ،1B1א אא KE٤١J ٣אF אא א
KאאאK1א
אאאא٤١J ٣א
-١٦٢-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאאאא٤٢J ٣א
-١٦٣-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאא٤٣J ٣א
א אאא
-١٦٤-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאאאאא٤٤J ٣א
Kאאא
-١٦٥-
אא ٢١٤ א
אא
Fourth sequence stepאאאא
אא1B1א،1Aאא
אאא٣{٤٥א K2Aאא2Y2אKאא
Kאאאאאא
אאאא٤٥J ٣א
-١٦٦-
אאא
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
אאאא
אא
אא
٤
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא אאא
אא
אאא
- ١٦٧ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
EFא
א
אא
אא
א
א א
א
אא
אא١J ٤א
- ١٦٨ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
٢L٣
א
אא
אאאא٢J ٤א
- ١٦٩ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Driveא٢J ١٠
א Kא א Eאא א ، F א
אאאאא אאא
٣J ٤ א Kא א אא
K
٣J ٤א
Hydraulic Pumpאא٣J ١٠
א א א א א א א
Kא א א א KE F
א א ،א א א א א א
Wאאאאאאאאאא
א א א א א א Wא א-
Kאאאא
א א א א א Wאא א-
KEאFאאאKאאאאאא
- ١٧٠ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
א
א א
א
אא
א
אא
א
א
אא٤J ٤א
- ١٧١ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
א
א א א א
א א
(r.p.m) (cm3) (bar)
א
א
א
א
אאא٥J ٤א
- ١٧٢ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Gear pumpW
Kאאאאאאאאא
א
א
א
אא
אא Kא S אK٦J ٤ א
אאKאאאאאאWא
Kא א ،א א א
א P אאאאא
א א א א Kא א א
אאאא Kא
K
- ١٧٣ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Couplingsא٤J ١٠
אאאאאאאא
א א א Kא
א Kא א א א
Wאאאאא
•
•
Kאא •
Reservoirאא٥J ١٠
Wאאאאאא
Kאאא •
Kאא •
Kאאאאאאאא •
KKKאאאאאאא •
Wאאאאאא
Kא •
Kאאאאא• א
F א אא א א א •
KEאא،אא
Kא •
Kא •
- ١٧٤ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Filtersא٦J ١٠
Kאאא
Wאא
Wאאאא
Zא
א א
א
אא٧J ٤א
- ١٧٥ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Coolersאא٧J ١٠
א א א א ،א א
אאKאאאאאKאא
– ٥٠אאאKאאא אאאאא
א אא א K ٦٠
Kאאאאא
א א א
Kאאאא(thermostat)
Wאאא
K٢٥אWא •
K٣٥אW •
KאאאWאא •
- ١٧٦ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Heaters א٨J ١٠
Kאאאאאא
א א א א א Kא א א א
א א Kא
Kא١٠J ٤א
١٠J ٤א
- ١٧٧ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
אאאא
א K א א אא
WאאאKאאא
Kאא• א
Kאא• א
א ١٣J ٣ א א ١٢J ٤ ١١J ٤ א
Kאאאאא
- ١٧٨ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wiper K١
Venting screwא K٢
Piston rodאא K٣
Cylinder barrelאא K٤
Cylinder rod bearingאא K٥
Sealא K٦
Mounting screwא K٧
אא١١J ٤ א
Single Acting Cylinder
- ١٧٩ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Piston K١
Piston rod אא K٢
Cylinder rod bearingאא K٣
Annular piston surfaceא K٤
Piston surfaceא K٥
אא١٢J ٤ א
Double Acting Cylinder
- ١٨٠ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
אא אא אא
٢W١א
WאF
א אKEא
א
Kא
אא
(A1=A2)
א אZא
א
א
א
אא
אא Kא
א
אא
א
אא
א
אא א
א
אאאא١٣J ٤א
- ١٨١ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Kאא١٤J ٤א
א
Pressure relief valve
א
Two-way pressure
regulator
א
א
Three-way pressure
regulator
אא١٤J ٤א
- ١٨٢ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Kאא١٧J ٤א
- ١٨٣ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא١٥J ٤א
- ١٨٤ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
א١٦J ٤א
- ١٨٥ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
א١٧J ٤א
Wא
א :Safety valves א J
א א א K אא ، א
Kאא
א א א א א W Brake valvesא J
Kאאאאא
- ١٨٦ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא١٨J ٤א
- ١٨٧ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
WE١٩J ٤אFאאאאאאא
(1)א(A)אKאאא •
Kאאא(3)א
אאא،אאא א •
KאאKאאא
Kא،(A)אאא •
Wאא
Wא
אא١٩J ٤א
- ١٨٨ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא٢J ٣J ١١
Kאאא،אא
K א א א א
KDIN 150129אאא
Kא٢L٢٢٠J ٣א
٢L٢٢٠J ٤א
אא
WE٢١J ٤אFאאאאא
Kא •
Kאא •
Kאא •
Kאאאא •
(L) א •
Kא
- ١٨٩ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Kאא
Kאא
Kאאא
אאא
Kאא
K
K
K
Kא א
אא٢١J ٤א
Wאאא
٢L٢ •
٢L٣ •
٢L٤ •
٢L٥ •
٣L٤ •
- ١٩٠ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
(P,A)אא
٢L٢ (P A)אא
٢/٤ אא
(P B, A T)
٢L٥ אא
(A R, P B, T)
٣L٤ א
(P, A, B, T)
٣L٤ אא
(P T, A, B)
٣L٤ Hאא
(P A B T)
٣L٤ א
(P, A B T) א
אא
٣L٤
(P A B, T)
אא٢٢J ٤ א
- ١٩١ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
2/2-way valve٢L٢אאJ ١
E٢٣J ٤אF(P)(A)٢L٢אא
٢L٢ ٤{٢٣אKאאא
KEF٢L٢٢٤J ٤א
APWא APWאא
،٢L٢٢٣J ٤א
2/2 way valve, spool design
EF٢L٢٢٤J ٤א
2/2 way valve, poppet design
- ١٩٢ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
٢L٢ א א א ٢٥J ٤ א
Kאאאא٢٦J ٣א
אאא٢٥J ٤א
- ١٩٣ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
٢L٢אאא٢٦J ٤א
- ١٩٤ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
3/2-way valve٢L٣אאJ ٢
(T)אא (P) (A) ٢L٣אא
WאאאKE٢٧J ٤אF
KT A PWא• א
KAPT אWא •
KאאAPWאא٢L٣אא
K٢L٣אאא٢٨J ٤א
EF،٢L٣٢٧J ٤א
3/2 way valve, poppet design
- ١٩٥ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאK אאK
K٢L٣אאא٢٨J ٤א
- ١٩٦ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
4/2-way valve٢L٤אאJ ٣
(P) (B) (A) ٢L٣ א א
א א KE٣٠J ٤ ٢٩J ٤ אF (T) אא
Wא
KT A BPאWא• א
KTBAPאWא •
٢L٤ ٣٠J ٤א
with two control pistons 4/2 way valve
- ١٩٧ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
EאFאאKאא٢L٤א
K٢L٢٢L٣
W،٢L٤אאא
E٣١J ٤אFאא• א
Kאא •
Kא• א
אאא٢L٤א٢L٥אאא
K٣٢J ٤א
אאאK
אאK
K٢L٤אאא٣١J ٤א
- ١٩٨ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
K٢L٥אאא٣٢J ٤א
- ١٩٩ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
4/3-way valve٣L٤אאJ ٤
٣L٤ א א K ٣L٤ ٣٣J ٤ א
،،אאא ٣L٤אא
א ٣L٤אא ٣٤J ٤אK٢L٢
Kאאא
אאא،٣L٤٣٣J ٤א
- ٢٠٠ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
א–אא
–אא
H–אא
א–אא
–אא
٣L٤אא٣٤J ٤א
K٣٥J ٤אאאא٣L٤אא
- ٢٠١ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאאK אאK
K٣L٤אאא٣٥J ٤א
- ٢٠٢ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
Wא
•
•
Kאא٣٨J ٣א
- ٢٠٣ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
א
א
Acone ،א
٣٦J ٤א
- ٢٠٤ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא٣٧J ٤א
- ٢٠٥ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
K(lockable) ،
Kאא
K(de-lockable) ،
Kאא
EאF
،
(de-lockable)
אא٣٨J ٤א
- ٢٠٦ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
AB
BA
AB
٣٩J ٤א
Piloted non-return valve
- ٢٠٧ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא
א א ،٤٠J ٤ א א א אא
K
א٢L٤אאKא٢L٣אאאא
Kאאאאאא
אא Xאאא ٢L٣אא
אאא אאאKא
אאאא،٢L٤אאKאאא ٢L٤
Kאאאא
א٤٠J ٤א
K
- ٢٠٨ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
(Orifice valves)אא(Restrictors)אאJ ١
אא
אא א
א א
(Q)א (Q)א
אא٤١J ٤א
- ٢٠٩ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא٤٢J ٤א
One-way flow control valve
- ٢١٠ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אא٤٣J ٤א
Two-way flow control valve
- ٢١١ -
אאא ٢١٤ א
אא
אאא٤٤J ٤א
- ٢١٢ -
א ٢١٤ א
Barometer אא
Binary control
- ٢١٣ -
א ٢١٤ א
Check valves אא
Circuit diagram א
Clamping devices
Components
Compressor
Compressed air regulators א
Condensate א
Coordinated motion
Components
Compressor
Compressed air regulators אאא
- ٢١٥ -
א ٢١٤ א
Processors: Valves and logic elements Wא
Seal א
Sequence control
Sequence valves
Shut-off valves אא
Shuttle OR valve EF
Signal flow
Single-acting cylinder אאא
Slide valves
Sliding-vane motors א
Standards
- ٢١٦ -
אא ٢١٤ א
References
1. Harry L. Stewart, “Pneumatics and Hydraulics”, Macmillan Publisher Co, New York, 1987.
،אא،אאא،?א?א .٢
K١٩٩٧
3. 6. Peter Croser and Frank Ebel “ Pneumatics - Basic Level”, Festo Didactic Gmbh, 2002.
4. D. Merkle, B.Schrader and M. Thomes, “Hydraulics - Basic Level Textbook”, Festo Didactic
Gmbh, 2003.
- ٢١٧ -
א ٢١٤ א
א
א
١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאWאא
١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאWאא
١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא١J ١
١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK؟א١J ١J ١
١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٢J ١J ١
٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא ٥J ١J ١
٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא ٢J ١
٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٣J ١
٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא א٥J ١
٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٥J ١
٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٦J ١
١٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאWאא
١٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١J ٢
١٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٢J ٢
١٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٣J ٢
١٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٤J ٢
١٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٥J ٢
١٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦J ٢
א ٢١٤ א
א
١٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
١٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאאWאא
١٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١J ٣
١٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٢J ٣
٢٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٣J ٣
٢٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٤J ٣
٢٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא١J ٤J ٣
٢٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٢J ٤J ٣
٣٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא ٤J ٤J ٣
٣٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאWאאא
٣٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא١J ٤
٣٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא٢J ٤
٤١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא٣J ٤
٤٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٤J ٤
٤٤ (ISO) אאאאא٥J ٤
٤٤ (ISO) אאאא٦J ٤
٤٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
٤٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١J ٥
٤٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא א٢J ٥
٥٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢L٢١J ٢J ٥
٥٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢L٣٢J ٢J ٥
٥٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא٣J ٢J ٥
א ٢١٤ א
א
٥٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢L٤אא٤J ٢J ٥
٥٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣L٤אא٥J ٢J ٥
٥٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢L٥אא٦J ٢J ٥
٦١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣L٥אא٧J ٢J ٥
٦٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אא٣J ٥
٦٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא١J ٣J ٥
٦٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEאאFא٢J ٣J ٥
٦٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEאF٣J ٣J ٥
٦٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٤J ٣J ٥
٦٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٤J ٥
٦٧ אאא١J ٤J ٥
٦٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،،אא٢J ٤J ٥
٦٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٥J ٥
٦٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא١J ٥J ٥
٧٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא،אא٢J ٥J ٥
٧١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣J ٥J ٥
٧٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
٧٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢J ٦
٧٧ אאאאאאאא٢J ٦
٧٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא١J ٢J ٦
٧٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא٢J ٢J ٦
٨١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאאאא٣J ٦
א ٢١٤ א
א
٨١ KKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא١J ٣J ٦
٨٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא٢J ٣J ٦
٨٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKORANDWאא٤J ٦
٨٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKANDאא١J ٤J ٦
٨٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKORאא٢J ٤J ٦
٩١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٥J ٦
٩٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٦J ٦
٩٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٧J ٦
٩٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٨J ٦
١٠١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאא٩J ٦
١٠١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאא١J ٩J ٦
١٠١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٢J ٩J ٦
١٠٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
١١٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאWאא
١١٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא١J ٧
١١٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢J ٧
١١٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٣J ٧
١١٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٤J ٧
١١٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٥J ٧
١١٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא٦J ٧
١١٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
א ٢١٤ א
١١٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא١J ٨
١١٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٢J ٨
١٢١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא٣J ٨
١٣١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٤J ٨
١٣٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٥J ٨
١٣٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٦J ٨
١٣٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאא
١٣٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאאא١J ٩
١٣٩ אא אאא١J ١J ٩
١٤١ אאאאאא٢J ١J ٩
١٤٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٢J ٩
١٤٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٣J ٩
١٤٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٤J ٩
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٥J ٩
١٦٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאWאאא
١٦٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאWאא
١٦٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא١J ١٠
١٧٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٢J ١٠
١٧٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٣J ١٠
١٧٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٤J ١٠
١٧٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٥J ١٠
١٧٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٦J ١٠
١٧٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٧J ١٠
א ٢١٤ א
١٧٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא٨J ١٠
١٧٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאWאא
١٧٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא١J ١١
١٨٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא٢J ١١
١٨٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٣J ١١
١٨٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא١J ٣J ١١
١٨٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٢J ٣J ١١
٢٠٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٣J ٢J ١١
٢٠٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאא٤J ٢J ١١
٢١٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא
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