. • 1 to fincl the vu 1.ucs of 11( I . I) ',11( L. 2) and v( l .

,3) given
l llN)hlc.•rn~ on 'fn11for'~ St•dt'~ ~lt'lbocl · l
I \rpl1 O,yh>t'> s,ti,•1 nu·thnd of m,lct • lat
.'ti ·
.ry.,, vt dy _ y y(O) - 1 at x === o• 1, x ~ o.2 and x _
~
. I l) I. 2_
' . IVC - J; I '
l: 1,in.. Toylor•,s,n,sin<lhod of ord<' 4 '~ d,r O•3.
Al~l' 1.'ompnrc the vulue!i with exact solution., . , _ x + y y(O) = 1.
~ , . f4th ders find y(0.1), if Y - '
•"'· Usmg TI1ylor's senes method o or ,

~ e. ''(: )
~ (JWt~) ~ y1(t.,) f
t_
= 1J (x,)t ....,- y ,Co +.'''
J ii ! ;,.
cJ otufia-w, ,•
/, ye,.,), ycr,;), yc1.3) 0 _9 /JJ/(JJA_ f· ,cy(t/ !f(r);./,

~l\lw xo =f, ~[rJ=f ⇒ J==.f 1,01,(u{ x-=-1

ff r !: 1fl9

f =- x. rM~a 1:1' + ~•11 "' 1tv-1 ~ •11 .

u• -¼ r
~ t] ~ i 1 ~
o/
u "- i [f1/ ef 3 tl'.'.~t (- ~f%f) t t{

fit ltv« <pv tl,C

( (-te) ::: I

f[ )CT) I= { ( 1) = I (1 )'I
3
" I

f'(ul:: ~"(ii~ [i(i)<½cf (dh =- {oH-1 =- _H; = 1

t ('l'.D) " ~"' (1) ~ Ht,f'll (1\ t (,1 (i) (-{ t11':i& (,)) t (1) (l f% (.~ 11 t--½ (l/i /)
1
 Initial Value Problems for Ordinary n:"" .
,.u erentiaJ Equations
.· fo11 f}liV (1 : 163

M
~ (?<.-+ Ii) C '1C·i.-\" -flI. f (x,,) + ~~ ~·•c-x.., .:2 .
-t ..h2 li" 'r-i.,\
O~
h(Jt k ,;: b • I ~ a.uol. ~o :::: t

~ ( I +I,_) ~ Y(1_ O) + h Y\(...:.o ) + ~ '1\ ' t.... c) 4 ! ;~ ~" 1 l,:., l

;c I -+ I.it\' + \,. ,_ l .!t) + h ~ /___t_)
~! 3 o ! l. ~
:=- \ +h + 2 k2. t- 4 h 3
3 &::f .
po11 h ~ o.,
=' ~(I • I J =c. I+ O, I+ ~ (o,1)
2
;- ~ (0>1) 3
=-(~fOb&I.
ron ~::: 0. 2
~, Lt { 1. ~ ) ~ 1 + cot~ ) + 52._ rD .2.) ~ + !J._ (e-2-~ ~
a 3 l1 2-::r

Fon it~ o. 3
c:J) ~ Cl<~) ::) l 't l~ · '3 ) + g_ 'o <2)2--t-JL_
L J t ;2-=r {o~3)3
3
~t,36A/)"

Gzr vw. f t'X-, y) ~ x?--~,

Lj Co) -.=.. \

lJ (,co ' '=- \j 0

?lo ::.. 0 ~ o ~ t,
164 \\111,-.I H1l(>l 1111 Nurm·1h.'1t/ Afttlwds

J I
Jl'I = 'X o' • Yo <C O.. l "' - \
,, ~ ,~ 1.. o •- ~o l J lo) I- (-t) = +
I
Yo O

U Ill
JO ~ i _, ~ / 1: f)_ - (t ) = f
lJ I\J "::. fff
-Yo
~ ..b;., /'Ix• 1+ fs f
JO =- - t
k tC ) + .b: 11
,, &,~ (x.o)
~(x,+11.\ "~('!U>)tf!8 x, ~-' J ill "·

h~
~
Xe ::::o.
ll (k)
u
U ('Xo )-t h
v ,f J
~ tRJ q'' (J<'.o) Lhl
u' ('l'.!J 1 _h2:
3!
~•" (x.v) t ~ ~ tu (x.o)
A,

To ~wl .
\}),
'i(~o,/,) hr::.D.t ~-==?
3
~to-11 : I+ Q.:!. (:--l\-1- ~·c,1-1- (o,rJ b1+ (AD,,?~ {-r)
I tl ! 3!
~ I- o.i t tHO '5 +o. lbbG :pm~~•-A, 1,b:fx10-b·
:. O.'lD~I,

~
~::.O.J, h-=-V-ri.. ~"';.~

~ (0 -2) ~ It ~~\) + [p,2)~c,1 + (0,2.)3 [1); Co1)1 (~1)

' &! 3~ ~
:=. l - 0' 2. 4- ti · 02. + r, 8 3 3 Jr x,o~S .-(;, ~ bb ·-=1 XI O..-H
: 0,8.2./J I

X-~o,~, k~o.B ~-;;.:

YIt· 3J " I + Co ·, ~ l (-1 l +- (l, i"~t (t l t

(p .3) ~ ( I ) • -1-- (D.'!) ¾(-l]
BJ Al
~I, -o,3 + o-o~r5<"1 ,l-f,'3 xro-~- 5t ~-:r5x,o~-~
~ fJ ~ ~tt'r I
 t' ' 'l .'

' I I I ( ,· '

. . o,,'
tJ to,) ) :c - c:' ~ C )'
ll, 1 - - ~ lo 11h 1 "- o. ~ os 1
.. 0,!). " l..
5to,,) <" - e ., lb,~) - il,\\J ,2) 1, ::- b,hl~'
) -o,,
3to•'d - -e ; to,'!.)> . ~to.3) t.i. ~ ~-11tit ,
J. ~ I e :X.1 ~ , ~ ttl) c \ fll/J ~ t~ '\)
at\ \JW t c~. ~) ,. "X_;;-y

~ ll;)) e \ -)
~ (x,o) ~ ~ c, Xo .:: O
=='> ~0 ~ \ '
8~ = ?l·➔ y
~ o ~ 'x.o -t ~o
~ 1
:::. Ott::: l
~t\ :: 1 ➔ ~. .::::)
~~ ~ ' -\ 9r} :::. \+\-c.2 \
166 " 'ork, Book on Nunicricnl Merhods

Tl - Problem on Euler's Method and Modified Euler's Method

L Solve the equation 5 dy +y2- 2 = o, y(4) = 1 for y( 4.1) and y( 4. 2) , taking h = 0.1 using (a) B
dx U.ler•8
method (b) modified Euler's method.

Fon~uku:
I

EulVt IJ fUfffi.od-' M__ lD"-) ~

?~ ·
B()(_+ h) ~ ~ t ~' -+ kf (1. y)
J

M Ddl~erl f=vhJ, 1 d ru,tfftoci.'

~ c'l<'- -1 k , ~ ~ r't-, + 1t t c1'. + ~ , v+ 1t ('l<'- • ~ 1J
jotu.ftlM !

~ * -t ~
2
- & ;:

~~-1 '}
o - ~ CA )=- t
~ (it, 2-) ~?
k ==- e~ r

-iSot:
£u.w, l tS Mttvlo<! ~-
fci ~,<. + ~~- d- : Q •

f5 £i, : : ~- ~ ~
ci.ll _ ~
-;r;_ 1-U2
=
:\
)
i.
1 l<1., y) ~
.Q.-lJ2..
:;:.....:i
~ 5 YJ ,
~ (~) = \ -) tj= \ t.e~ ,,_ ::: A ,

~ (~+\.__\ ~ qtst.\+\\ r -~\I J

~ ( II. H. I ) "'- ~ tI.) + to ·I) l 2. - ~l) '"J
~ Ck,, ) :::: \ t- <)., OJ

~ lA \' ) =- \ • t> ~ '

Ta t:fKq z_ == At I h = () t 0

\ ~ - ~~{).y-T
~ CA·\ +-~ -- 11 ~~tt\-\) + t~·' l _J J
'
~ \.t.)o..~ C:L tl \'\l
~ tit · 1 ) c l , 0 3 I:\
 lnit,af Vnluc Pwh/crm Im O,cJ11wry /)J{k1t"11twl h1u,,t1C1th 1&7

-::. I cD'3°1 + 0 D3~&6

1

-:: 1~ oi-i&is.
 ~. \ 1M' \{m~ "' Kuttn nwth\)d of 4t h onkr to tind y(O. l) and y(0.2) by solving the
l equation
µ' , 11~ 0) l. /::,,: O• IGl G1 ·
.r I ,ti '

k; ~ ~ [( (x -1 ~ , ~ -t ~)}

,,(i(.'f h, , Uh)-+ 2,~r~"t ?b .,,b1 ~ ) ~ o. 1 [ f (0 , I , I , 09 8 3 D

tOft(,t ,{y
• I
• ,t f t D!I
<7 dX. : 0-'- ( b -~88~)
I,,, -t~.~)... h: o . ,qb::f.

}<Jt --=: I,_ [ f (X th L ~ t k 3)]

:: tJ .2[f (~ •'l, 1-l'fb~)]

t 0. 2 (o .~J.i~6)
-= 0-189~.

~ (O. J.) -;, /-i- ~ [k1 ➔ 2':1- t 2k; t-k0

{. u t ~ -~1-- x~
.l <$ t ,t X a r::: , +f [o•.2- -t ~(_o .,c, b:t) +i[o• 1%'"9
tjto)=..l s) ~t;l) t: ~ -
+ 0, 1%°1'2.J
,\ y-.::: t X..=-0.
-==- +t { [r. \~~J
l;he,~ h - o. 2 , .~'r1.cJ. ~ (0.2. ) -:. ?
;;;;. 1--1 O. t'? 6
Cl ( 0 1 0 .
.J
~)~ I -t ...L
6
tic ~
t ·\ 2.. rt .l k 3 <t t:k1 ~ t, \~ b .

/..., ~ kf t-x,~ 1
I ~ (t) .. a) r ~1.--
~
"X..1-], ;:') t
2.4 ,< ;J
k\ ... o. a
I< =- ~ rr
it -f x + ~ , :1 + ¥11
~(O,?.) 1/(o , l , l,1\]
~ co. 1) l<>. '\i.H , l
 Init/111 V11/uc PmhlrmH for Ord11111ry Udtc:rcnt111l fa11111t 1tlff\ 171

Mtlnc's Predictor-Corrector Formulas

011
l1tcllls
, tr<' iJtnl y' "' I+ Y2• y(0, 6) = O.BB41, y(0.4) = 0.4228, y(0,2) = 0.2027, y(O) = 0 Find y( -0.2)
I1t Oiven rvtitnc's method.
· 0~it1S l
;en wat y' "' / (1 +x2), y(O) =l, y(O.l) =1.06, y(0.2) = 1.12 and y(0.3) =J.12, evaluate
z, 01 bY MiJne's predictor-corrector fonnulas.
y(0,4)
·,en that Y1 =1 +Y~, y(O) = 0, y(0.2) =0.2027, y(0.4) =0.4228 y(0.6) =0,6841, estimate
3- 01 ) y(l)using Milnes method.
y(O· 8 ,
Gi"'" that 5xy'. +~2 = 2,Y( 4) = l,y(4.l) =L0049,y(4.2) =I.0097, y(4.3) =10143, Compute
4. y( , 4)using Milnes method.
4

~nl'i(i l)lctJ :
f µdi l !'Oil viu,&od.,

~nt 1 :: ~t\~a
+- Ah
B
(a,, I
~11~; ~
,
Yt1-..-1
1 J~')
(!;...

CortJTCCf-o!l ruf- tho(

~o(c.dt~
~ to,z):: o · 2-02-;f-
!

I, ~' C H~ lZ ~l0,6):: O· hSJtl ~(o, k) = D•JtJ28 J- J

-l ..J,
t,,. Pj.J..
Ft~cl ~ (-0,;) ')( 1 ~r

t ~h:::
 \

172 Work Book on Numerical Methods

~' ;:: l--t~L.

~ o\ 't:- , .\ ~ o,._ ~ I ➔ (l). &~ k I l ,. -=- r• 1' b11 ,
~t ' -::.. I + ~ t '2.. ~ I+ fo. l--\ & 1 % t "'C_ t• I 18 :T
~~t ~ \ 4Y~L .. \ .\- (o, c2oa~ ) l.· 1,0!-\\b

~":\' ::: , 4-y,'l ~ '"'t:I ::.t,

~~ = Y1> - Oo Jhb;:f - y,,' ~ d~1,)
{Ii~,'
c. o. ~%~\ - 0-~~v=t ( ~ (l, 1,i-i~ - \,t)l,\\fJ \ dl,1)

!::" 0- L<~ l.\ \ - 0 • 8 %A1-,

.:: - 0,JOOSI
'I~" ~ - o. :it>aj
~e ifoit11 fv.11 Y\i.uJ.~:

~ ! 1,\
1

~i + l : 13 - t -+ C-o~ 1
) ( ~ ~-1 + .1-1 \j\ ..
~
,
Jl c. \1"',. ::.
\-\ t.

~~"" ~Li- (-o-o&b:f) (~~ +4-~,'-1 ')\) ,-,, ,.H (-o,iooil

=- o. Jc11 -0.0LV=t (\d)l\\0 ~ ~l,1 ➔ \.Ql-\0\~) = 1-0~01<

h~~ - c:i;ii]
;} • ~l : {
--r· (t f ';C) 1('C) : I
~ lo·.Al ~·! !fP)1t-r;?
' f y'(t-t x~}
~ ~
Sol: 1.D -:,.
Xr -:; ..,
0 'Jo : I
~l :;(•Ob
j1 :: ,.,2.
~o i (t l(l-t er) -l
1
:. C

X.1. -:; 0. Z
Y• 1 ~ 'O• '5b :f,418
Xi -::.o.3 S; =/,li t Y/ = o. us"' ,es
AA :0,Jt ~h ... .?
. Yt' : O. 6s 3 G.4 F
~
 Initiul Value Pml>lc11111 fr If r)f(//IJIIJY /)/Jfewntml f /,(J/Jfll/lJ/1 9 1n

ik-;. ~c, ,I- Al\\\ (&Y.1- ~; ~~~~)

=- \ t 0, /333 3 (a(o,5b=f./.\18) ~ O,bf512.98../J(o ,bZ!JlJt1))
~ I, a6b b

~
C,O,tlt et,t01 ' l fon ll!JJ1o.. :

~ ,u; I "' ~ 1\.H -t ~ _( ~\¼-t t,4 8'1'< t ~\_,e+l)

Lt 1 .. 1 ( l.'t6 )~ {t-t o,J/ I
i.lk - ~
~ I\ ~ ~ l + t)~\ ( Yi +~~)t-+ ~'it)
~ Ot4.00&6 ,
:::_ \.t~ + 0,033~3(o -bF3~1&&-t ~ (o•bg3bA%)
+ c."-Re a-e)
1b ~ \·d~3B-1A ,(
J, ~I:; \-t~ 2 J Y[v) =-0 ~Co -U,) =-0-lbl=t jl0,4)r D· A'-29 gco,l):tJ,b1AJ

ttvd ~ lo· B) ~ y (I) , ~ t = H ~ 2.

<lo\ '.
v 'i.,o =o ~'O ~ D a ' :. I
Uo
-
(X1 -;:.Q,2. \.Jl-=-Q-2!ld-'1 n.=-8.

A'.:i =1) , 1t y1.!: o.t\12& 1

~2. :: I· l=f g:f
- X3 = O b ~ 2i : I I:). b% 4L 80 1= l , 4 b 80
111 "'0 · ~ =?
~I\

71..~ct Y~=.9
p,udjit1n' ~ j-011.~r;J,o. ~
. I. k C ,, f ti 1 -t ,, t
8n-t1 'C gft-, + ~ 21r1.-2. - ott-1 '-J tt)
~k -=-Yo-t A(~-2..) L'.2-~1 1-~:it + 21~')
- o+o. 26bH {a 1,. oArol ~ 1, r'f& :r + ll (,. u Lil
 nth¥ 44
¢ 1 • IT

174

\' l'in,l.1J,.,., ,. ,,r, hd11w n11-t,f,,nh•~ Mt•tta,,d

01va1 ~; I ; 1/', u(UJ • O, 1/'t l.1 ,, ~IZ1, tJ(OAJ = 0 4rv,. 11(0,9) ~ ,, 'hi I u,mPl!tc ?1!0 ~,
hy Adam h1,ht01t11•_. m-c1hi-Mq1 method.

2 Co,mdcr ~ ir1111;sl nltu: prohlem th

rly " -
II
:,;'i . J. 1/fJ' == 0.5. LJjing the ~ n-Ba•>bf'JT'J:\
Jlfe<.Jtaor~~,,,~to, rntthlj,l'i.1mrl 1;/'> ~,.
3, 01\ler1 r,,,/ 1p ~ r/'1J _ l ,t;f4.JJ = ],(J()4!J,yl4.2, = L'f.1.17, y(4.3J = 1.(JJ4J, CornpiJtc
11(t1 . -11 11 ~"'X Atfam H-,..,hforth '~ Mtthod.
4 <,1 ✓en 1/ 11,,11(JJ 1, y(UJ
:t,:t(I =1.23:S, y(L2J = lfAS,y(L3J = l.97~, evaJuate 11(14
1Jt.1t1i l,.{farn-H,,t,hfonh't, M~oo. ),

~J, i::(, ,;~2/

~>- 'S;. 1-+- 1,/ - J. 0/J. ,,,r,J
1

~f ~. .. ~1, · l A~ (;>~;,• - y?;' ,f, ~~~)

◊ ,VJ~-t t ;._r~.,2J (fJ.Jt ,=r?..-'.f) - l,1--\~&t --ta(a v1-ti~))

r1,)
- -

t • f5 B_@ f I

3-3Jtlt 8

roxxtUon 1
1 'f 011hwlo :
;j ~ ½, -+ ~ ( yj + fa 'd ~ I -t ~ ~I )

C (} r Ji?)~¼ 0 1 ( \. \~P,,: ...\ Jt {\ , ~bi<:>') 1 ;2, ()!\-bf3)

[~k • l, IJ~"I~( ?,

~~ ~i ·\ Y'~) Y it ,J Jt ~,/ ➔ Y~')

'I: u•u A, \ o 2. ( , ~ ~ v~o + ll\- t;J , ol\ b f-i 1--+ '3 ' 3 ~ k a'
-/)

( lf r,, /, ~'5t> l)J

4 . ,;/,y' t ~ ~ ,. ; ~(A) :-J ~0-i.il c (, b041 -~(J\ . 2) :. I , 009 '::f"

'J (A. 3) I •b11-t 1 9[l-t •h ) ';: ,P
 ftifl'ILi( V11Juc l' , b I
Jo fc1t1H lor (J I
,, Jn111 y JJif fcrc111Jul }'
'-'/llid IIJrJ ff 17S

~O ~ l
,X:o t A
~ t :: t, Ot)~~
1, ' AI\ ¥\ .: '3 h · 0.1
~l e M)(ft :t
1-2 ~k•2 ~
11
: O,oAi 3
13 ~3 ~t\btk~
t: Ji,i ~~\ = o.~~(,t,
1:th cl{·l-\ ~A~~ ~~I e O• 0~51

~ ¢1-mn' ~ ie'Itiv..u90 .
LI ~ u
J Jt - -oD
+ ALD• I)
~
C1Jj l ~
l ~1 t t ~ q~ t }

~ t + 0· \~3 ~':> (&CQ~o~%~) - oto~ib1 R lo,oliBI))

-:. t I + () " 01 8 b ~

u~~ \ o Ol8(i1 J
co~ectun' j ~'trv.,vJ.Q .

~ t\ :: ~ 2. + ~ ( ~ 2.' +.lt ~at + ~ ~ \ )

-=- \ oDt'.>C\':\ -t ~ ( tl-O~ bb + A\O •Ok~\) * 0- D~3 ~1
\ 0 tiD<=t =f + o.. oo qo&3
n;:: [.·o,ra,g
""'"

AdatU ~ 13 w!Afon ffJL 1

1 fon,uvJo :

p~cncto9t 'J fon[//J))},o. .'

~n.tl ~ ~.._ ~ ¾[5»~" -B'fY~-1 d "~~-• -'l~~~J
1

co 'K9letton rJ foxW,ulO. .'

jw ~ 'l~ t /11 [ff"~' - 15 9:-t -t Mff: +-'IJ:11]

 176 WcOJ'.kB ook flll Nunwncn/ tikllH•,/~

,-
Jotu~qii&
(

o,,vw f(J. a.l-

Yo' ~ I ~ ~ 0• ii
"Xo ::- o yr'~f.0~\0
h ~ 3.
x, C D- 9. y,_' ~ Ir l:f g;:t'
Xi ::: D·A y,_ ~ 0 ·AftJ H:; I ::: I. J.t b ~q '
X; -= o .t, y~ ":., o-bB·h f
o.iXJt !:. y~ c?
fJ KldUJ on fo 11 t1,t t))D . I I .-Gfy' -:1
~ >!+1 ~ ~K., Jt__ 1/j~y.' - i51y,,_, t 3:f Yw1 n-YJ
¾ rfJ") (, ·Ml~) - 6➔ (1• rfff) t3-1 (, .o It ro I -q (1 JJ
J-h ~ "
~k : ~; <l-

"' H8/ll f- ~-lJIJ xro· 3 [Ao, >108[]

~ Ot6S/11rt~f D,:JB"l2

c. D-6~AI .f-0-33~2

ftp :c ,. Md
iOM et fo 1l ftJn ~Ol ~
~M, "' k [Y/i .--15 [/4., +11 y/ t q !f ~~ J
'Jr, -t

~ ~ ~~ ~ OAIO - 6 (t• /lfH) +M (r• Wf1) +q (a,DA~,fl

H t [ ,.
iA
"'- O· GUI + (d3;'5 ;,cro ·J) [ .40 • I/ 61,;J
t=- O•Gtltt + O~ 83:/1
.::::-,----:o§
[...__.Y-~-
~. 'f ~y-~ -n 1 iC01~0•">, ~w.ai:?
(fJfJ, f lfJ e It «ve fO fl,«/ Me 11a1Jftl J uc,U tJ1 Jto .2.J 'j (o•Ir )J(o,~)
/Jq £A1f(l(j f:w,{)I '! rueKtfJll, by fokt!if k ~ 0.1

o/ [<x t~ J ~ ~ fx) 1 hf {"t, ~) I ~.:~ :f ~ ~o-~ ,

~ ( 0-,-D •,1_) :c O-6 t O, 2. a( 0, 0 • "ii]
r== = = = = = = = = = = ~ ~ '.
 l llJI. i,,1 Yu/ut• J>,
II 11
1 (' /II.II f (
"' Jr rilJJtlfy I) Jfl Cft' /11111/ l'.tfU,lflt}(J~ 1 n

-i~c: .
.~1•r< 1nylor's scncs method of orc\cr 4 f' 1
I'' j1tJsit1f- Int 1/(0.1) if 1/ /l , 7,
'-I iungc-Kuttu method of 4lh on.lcr t fl ~ II 1 71(0) J.
osc o 1nd y(t I) b I .
, 2 · y so ving the equation ' '
aj\1et15.rY + ~ =:= 2,y(4) = 1,y(4. L) ::: 1004
). •
// ,/' I llj 11(1) L
9 4 = 1.0097 ' y(4 •J)
J. 11 (• •.l) using Milnes method. · , Y( ,2) 1 ()l l'3
• ' •
C
ompute
1

Given 1
== x2(1 + y), y(l) = 1, Y(l.1)
4· bY A,d.;-Basbforth' s method.
= 1.233
' y( 1.
2
l= 1. 548, Y( 1. 3) = I. 979. Eval uatc y( 1.4)

5 Given y' == 1 - Y, y(O) = 0, find y(O 1) by E l ,

· (0 3) by R-K method and hence y(O 4) b. Mil u er s metbod, y(0.2) by Modified Euler's method
Y · · Y ne's method. '
find y(0.1), y(0.2), y(0.3) from y' = y(x + ) y .
6· by Milne's method y ' (O) = 1, by usmg R-K method and hence y(0.4),

~ (P) '° o, <1➔ 0 ,1- o· 13 - f Co r' + iJ =c(E• a "'~ (Ii.~)]

~·(o-91-0,a) ~ Q.8iD,a [j(o.~,o.~a :.O•%t D-J [c,g-(o.a).lt+tl
:= D, ~ +o• ~ [r ,tf bJ = l t • t'3 a .~ ~ Co- ~ )]
'1(0,11 +o-a)"- 1,\'lil. +o-i L~ lo•t-1, 1,1~».>l "- HD2.--tO·'- D-16~-(o,l\i"-+Q
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