Hydrology

Hydrology is the study oI the movement, distribution, and quality oI water on Earth and other planets,
including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. A
practitioner oI hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the Iields oI earth or environmental science,
physical geography, geology or civil and environmental engineering.
Domains oI hydrology include hydrometeorology, surIace hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage basin
management and water quality, where water plays the central role. Oceanography and meteorology are
not included because water is only one oI many important aspects within those Iields.
Hydrological research can inIorm environmental engineering, policy and planning.
The term hydrology is Irom Greek: , hydr, "water"; and oo, logos, "study".
Brancbes of bydrology
hemical hydrology is the study oI the chemical characteristics oI water.
Ecohydrology is the study oI interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle.
Hydrogeology is the study oI the presence and movement oI ground water.
HydroinIormatics is the adaptation oI inIormation technology to hydrology and water resources
applications.
Hydrometeorology is the study oI the transIer oI water and energy between land and water body
surIaces and the lower atmosphere.
Isotope hydrology is the study oI the isotopic signatures oI water.
SurIace hydrology is the study oI hydrologic processes that operate at or near Earth's surIace.
Drainage basin management covers water-storage, in the Iorm oI reservoirs, and Ilood-protection.
Water quality includes the chemistry oI water in rivers and lakes, both oI pollutants and natural solutes.
[edit] Related topics
Oceanography is the more general study oI water in the oceans and estuaries.
Meteorology is the more general study oI the atmosphere and oI weather, including precipitation as
snow and rainIall.
Limnology is the study oI lakes. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other
attributes oI all inland waters (running and standing waters, both Iresh and saline, natural or man-
made).
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pplications of bydrology
O ueLermlnlng Lhe waLer balance of a reglon
O ueLermlnlng Lhe agrlculLural waLer balance
O ueslgnlng rlparlan resLoraLlon pro[ecLs
O ,lLlgaLlng and predlcLlng flood landsllde and droughL rlsk
O ealLlme flood forecasLlng and flood warnlng
O ueslgnlng lrrlgaLlon schemes and managlng agrlculLural producLlvlLy
O 9arL of Lhe hazard module ln caLasLrophe modellng
O 9rovldlng drlnklng waLer
O ueslgnlng dams for waLer supply or hydroelecLrlc power generaLlon
O ueslgnlng brldges
O ueslgnlng sewers and urban dralnage sysLem
O nalyzlng Lhe lmpacLs of anLecedenL molsLure on sanlLary sewer sysLems
O 9redlcLlng geomorphologlcal changes such as eroslon or sedlmenLaLlon
O ssesslng Lhe lmpacLs of naLural and anLhropogenlc envlronmenLal change on waLer resources
O ssesslng conLamlnanL LransporL rlsk and esLabllshlng envlronmenLal pollcy guldellnes

O oncept
O Hydrology is among the principal disciplines within the larger Iramework oI hydrologic
sciences, itselI a subcategory oI earth sciences study. OI particular importance to hydrology is
the hydrologic cycle by which water is circulated through various earth systems above and
below ground. But the hydrologic cycle is only one example oI the role water plays in the
operation oI earth systems. Outside its eIIect on living things, a central aspect oI the hydrologic
cycle, water is important Ior its physical and chemical properties. Its physical inIluence, exerted
through such phenomena as currents and Iloods, can be astounding but no less amazing than its
chemical properties, demonstrated in the Iascinating realm oI karst topography.
Introduction to Hydrology
As noted earlier, hydrology is the central Iield oI the hydrologic sciences, dealing with the most basic
aspects oI Earth's waters. Among the areas oI Iocus in hydrology are the distribution oI water on the
planet, its circulation through the hydrologic cycle, the physical and chemical properties oI water, and
the interaction between the hydrosphere and other earth systems.
Among the subdisciplines oI hydrology are these:
O Groundwater hydrology: The study oI water resources below ground.
O Hydrography: The study and mapping oI large surIace bodies oI water, including oceans and
lakes.
O Hydrometeorology: The study oI water in the lower atmosphere, an area oI overlap between the
hydrologic and atmospheric sciences
O Hydrometry: The study oI surIace waterin particular, the measurement oI its Ilow and
volume.


ydrologic cycle
The central theme oI hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through diIIerent pathways
and at diIIerent rates. The most vivid image oI this is in the evaporation oI water Irom the ocean, which
Iorms clouds. These clouds driIt over the land and produce rain. The rainwater Ilows into lakes, rivers,
or aquiIers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquiIers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or
eventually Ilows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state oI being several times
throughout this cycle.


QuantiIying exchanges at the land-atmosphere boundary
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O !recipitation
4 Bulk rain events
Disdrometer - precipitation characteristics
#adar - cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection
#ain gauge - rain and snowIall
Satellite - rainy area identiIication, rain rate estimation, land-cover/land-use, soil
moisture
Sling psychrometer - humidity
4 Snow, hail and ice
4 Dew, mist and Iog
O Evaporation
4 Irom water surIaces
4 Evaporation -Symon's evaporation pan
4 Irom plant surIaces
4 through the boundary layer
O Transpiration
4 atural ecosystems
4 Agronomic ecosystems
O Momentum
O Heat Ilux
4 Energy budgets
Uncertainty analyses
#emote sensing oI hydrologic processes
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O Land based sensors
O Airborne Sensors
O Satellite sensors
Water quality
Main article: Water quality
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O Sample collection
O In-situ methods
O !hysical measurements (includes sediment concentration)
O ollection oI samples to quantiIy Organic ompounds
O ollection oI samples to quantiIy Inorganic ompounds
O Analysis oI aqueous Organic ompounds
O Analysis oI aqueous Inorganic ompounds
O Microbiological sampling and analysis





HYDROLOGY
W# has intensive experience in hydrometrics or the measurement oI water in its diIIerent occurrences
in the hydrologic cycle.

SurIace water
#ainIall measurements
Evaporation measurements
#unoII measurements
Water balance (budget) determination
In #egion 7, W# operates more than 100 rainIall montoring stations, seven oI which have
evaporation gauges. The active river discharge monitoring stations more than 10, Iive oI which are
equipped with a data logger (a diver) which records water levels continuously.


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