1.

1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The reality of the world in the 21st century is one that brings states together as one family closely
bonded into one economic, social and most especially political entity with a rising
interdependent interaction and relations of the survival of one by all. This reality and
transformation of the world into a global village leave states with no choice but to maintain a
position of active partnership in the new world order through various means that could help them
project, protect and pursue their interest in a global economic, social and political world where
the decision and disposition of one state directly and indirectly affects its relation with other
states in the global village with a ripple effect on its own survival. Globalization has made
possible the international material and economic interconnection of states which are critical to
the survival and existence of states among the committee of nations with categories of actors in
the international scene in the nature of their interest. Globalization has become a concept and
subject so strong and relevant in the world of ideas on international relations. According to
Jonathan Strand, globalization involves the tying of firms, production, product markets and
financial markets into integrated transnational system. Globalization simply refers to the system
that integrates different economies and societies more closely. Popular discourse on globalization
often portray the term globalization as little more than a substitute for one or more of the
following concept: the pursuit of classical liberal (or ―free market) policies in the world
economy or the growing dominance of western (or American) forms of political, economic,
and cultural life(seen as westernization) or the proliferation of new information
technologies(technological revolution)as well as the notion that humanity stands at the threshold
of realizing one single unified community in which major sources of social conflict have
vanished (global integration).Suffice to say that globalization is not new because people have
been involved in buying and selling to each other from distant land and majorly through silk road
which today is tantamount to economic globalization. The silk road city is where globalization
started more than 2,000 years ago. Silk was mostly a luxury good, and so were the spices that
were added to the intercontinental trade between Asia and Europe. The discourse of globalization
in most cases exemplify questions on race and nationhood more widely when explored.
Globalization cut across different area and part of human existence. We have the economic
globalization, environmental aspect of globalization, digital aspect of globalization as well as
cultural globalization. Globalization is widely said to have been limited in impact and not
benefiting everyone especially when right-wing movements, organizations, and parties construct
globalization as a form of colonization that challenges the fundamentals of a society and not as
holistic development of states in the global world. International politics is a critical aspect of
globalization that seeks to promote and impose certain ideology of the powerful political class
among the committee of nations in international arena. While the short background to
globalization is critical to the introductory aspect of this work, we must also bring into the
analytical framework-foreign policy that serve as a balancer in the globalize world among the
committee of nations. It is within the framework or purview of foreign policy that nations pursue
their interest in the globalize world. Hermann defined foreign policy as the discrete purposeful
action that results from the political level decision of an individual or group of individuals.
Foreign policy is the decision made and agreed by individual state in the international system as
the greatest instrument at their disposal to pursue their national interests. It is considered to be
the full political activity of states. George Modelski defines foreign policy as the system of
activities evolved by communities for changing the behaviour of other states and for adjusting
their own activities to the international environment. Northgdge define foreign policy as simply
"an interplay between the outside and the inside". The survival and active existence and
participation of a state in the international system is dependent on the strength of her foreign
policy. A formidable Foreign Policy accurately drafted and well projected would help a state in
fulfilling its national interests and acquiring rightful place among comity of nations. As such, the
study of Foreign Policy became an important part of the discourse of globalization. Attainment
of objectives and goals in the international environment is critical to the survival and existence of
state. So, states in the international environment project their foreign policy as that policy that
transcend their boundary in other to achieve their set goals and objectives among the committee
of nations. Policy itself is the principle that influences the proposed cause of actions of states
whether globally or locally. Invariably, a foreign policy of states is what defines the interaction
of states among the committee of nations in the international environment. Having established
the following, it's imperative at this juncture to briefly analyze what connect states to their
foreign policy which bring us to the analysis of national interest. The linkage between national
interest and foreign policy shows that the interest of a nation to a large extent is what influence
the formulation and execution of her foreign policy. Therefore, the action of state actors in the
international environment is the direct projection or promotion of the state national interest.
According to Frankel, national interest is the sum total of all the national values of a state. A
broader definition of national interest defines it as the general and continuing ends for which a
nation acts. In essence, national interest is what gives value, meaning and purpose to states action
in the international environment. It's therefore safe to conclude that achievement of foreign
policy depends largely on the aptness, quality, vastness, disposition, character and competence of
the policy makers, the prevailing political, economic and social circumstances of states in line
with their local objective and peculiarities which characterize the national interest of a state.
Other factors such as military capability, geographical location, population and ethnic or regional
diversities must reflect in the foreign policy with an end in view to achieve an all-around and
holistic national interest. National interest is generally premise on two different level of analysis,
first as an analytical tool and as an instrument of political action. As an analytical tool, it
explains and provides a guide to the objectives considered by states in their foreign policy
option. As an instrument of analytical action, it gives an underlying justification or repudiation to
state's foreign policy action in the international environment. Bringing Nigeria into context in a
globalized world in relation to the analysis of her foreign policy would mean analyzing the
foundational framework of Nigeria's foreign policy up to date to understand why the Nigerian
government does certain things in the interest of the state in a global world. Nigeria gained
independence in 1960 and since create a path for herself among the committee of nations by
projecting, promoting and protecting her national interest through a carefully crafted foreign
policy as an instrument of relation in the international environment. Successive administration
has continued to spread out the state's foreign policy through different quarters and avenue. In
1960 when Nigeria's foreign policy became a subject of discourse, the Prime Minister Sir
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa addressing the parliament on 20th of August 1960 clearly states the
fundamental objectives of Nigeria's foreign policy and prominent among the objectives is the
promotion of the national interest of the federation and of its citizens. This means Nigeria's
foreign policy will clearly be guided by the national interest of the state. We shall in this work
find out how that played out in the relations of Nigeria with states in the international
environment as this work goes further. Suffice to say that the foundational framework of
Nigeria’s foreign policy was laid during Nigeria’s first republic between 1960 and 1966.
At the time when Nigeria gain independence in 1960, the world was divided into two major
blocs. The eastern and western bloc. Hence the argument that Nigeria's foreign policy was pro-
western during the first republic when it was formulated owning to the fact Nigeria was a former
colony of the British government a Western bloc of the divided blocs in the world at the time of
emergence of Nigeria's foreign policy in the international environment. It's imperative to state at
this point that foreign policy has direct and indirect impact on the local and international
environment. As domestic factors usually affect the international environment while external
factors also shape and have repercussion on the domestic scene. Another interesting factor that
shapes and guide Nigeria's foreign policy after independence is tied to the fact Nigeria has been
in the forefront of the liberation struggle of many African countries pre- and post-independence
which directly influence the foreign policy direction of Nigeria since independence. Little
wonder that after independence, Africa became the focus of Nigeria’s external relations and the
attachment to the fundamental principles and objectives of African unity and independence
which is tied to the prominent role Nigeria played in the liberation struggle of many African
states cum peaceful settlement of disputes, non-alignment and regional economic co-operation
and development became a critical aspect of Nigeria's foreign policy in the first republic when
Nigeria project her first foreign policy to the rest of the world. It's safe to assert that Nigeria’s
foreign policy since independence in 1960, has consistently been followed by the principles and
objectives that saw to its rise and influence its formulation especially the promotion of her
national interest and the policy of Afrocentrism vis- a-vis her capability to exercise hegemonic
influence in the region while playing a role in the global world. The further analysis of this work
would endeavour to analyze critically and in depth the foreign policy of Nigeria in stages in
order to understand its relation with the rest of the world in this era of globalization.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Globalization has become a connecting line for nations of the world to survive and coexist. We
are in a world where the independence of states is gradually put to question and test as the
interdependent of states has become so critical to the meaningful and progressive aspiration of
state in the international scene. The principle of isolationism no longer exists as states depend on
one another to attain and sustain development in the interest of their local need and aspirations.
It's clear that states are the major actors of international politics on a global scale-acting in the
interest of the people, agencies and institution of state in putting forward policies to help
articulate and aggregate their interest in a global world. The problem occurring from this is the
question on state's sovereignty as an independent entity in the global world and how that plays
out in the realization and actualization of states foreign policy.

1.3 Objectives of Study

The study seeks to analyze Nigeria's foreign policy in a globalize world.
 To examine the influence of globalization on the foreign policy direction of
Nigeria

 To assess the performance level of Nigeria's foreign policy and the impact of
Nigeria's foreign policy in a global world

 To evaluate how Nigeria's foreign policy direction and how actors of Nigeria's
foreign policy has responded to local demand in a globalized world

1.4 Research Questions

 What influence does globalization has on Nigeria's foreign policy and Nigeria's
foreign policy direction?

 What is the performance level of Nigeria's foreign policy in shaping the world
globally?

 What measures have been put in the place by Nigerian foreign policy actors in
responding to local and global demands and challenges?

1.5 Significance of Study

This work will benefit the Nigerian populace, academia, foreign policy actors, institute of
international affairs and anyone who desire to know more on the recent and past development
that characterize Nigeria's foreign policy in this era of globalization. This work on the analysis of
Nigeria's foreign policy in this era of globalization is aim at bringing to the forefront the
character, value and objectives of Nigeria's foreign policy in a globalized world in order to
understand how Nigeria's has significantly contributed to the development of the new world both
locally and internationally or otherwise.
1.6 Scope and Limitation of Study
This study will be limited by resources as time and money. Time in the sense that there is a time
frame on the delivery of this work although this will not hamper the delivery of a quality work.
And money in the sense that more assessment and analysis of the Nigeria's foreign policy in a
globalize world would mean more research work which will require more finance. A work as this
is a never-ending work in the international environment discourse and can only be build on.
1.7 Research Methodology
This work will adopt Qualitative research methodology.
Qualitative research is a systematic and naturalistic method of inquiry that seeks in-depth
understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather
than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as
meaning-making agents in their everyday lives. Qualitative research as a method of research is
primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reason, opinions
and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypothesis for
potential quantitative research.
The qualitative method include:
 Content analysis

 Case study research

 Secondary source of data gathering.

Content analysis is a research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by
systematically evaluating texts (e.g documents, oral communication, etc.).

A case study is a research strategy and an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon
within its real-life context. A case study is a descriptive and exploratory analysis of a person,
group or event

Secondary source of data refers to data which is collected by someone other than the user.
Sources of secondary data for the purpose of this work are journals, text books, articles,
newspapers, magazines, library materials, government publication and web materials that is
relevant to this research work.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Globalization: Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people,
companies, and governments worldwide.
Policy: A policy is a guideline, rule, regulation, law, principle, or direction. Policy says what is
to be done, who is to do it, how it is to be done and for (or to) whom it is to be done. According
to Devon Dodd and Hebert-Boyd (2000). Policy is a plan of action agreed to by a group of
people with the power to carry it out and enforce it.
Development: Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the
addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.
Sovereignty: Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any
interference from outside sources or bodies.
Isolationism: Isolationism is the doctrine that a nation should stay out of the disputes and affairs
of other nations
International: International simply means something involving more than a single country.
Independence: Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which its
residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually
sovereignty, over the territory.
 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter attempts a review of some of the existing literature relevant to this research study.
This exercise will avail us the opportunity to explore the extent of study on the subject matter of
this research project and also reveal unexplored areas with a view to filling the gap in
knowledge. Therefore, foreign policy and globalization were briefly reviewed in this section.
The literature on Globalization and Foreign Policy has no universal applicable definition because
scholars share different views, different perspective and different understanding of these
concepts. However, globalization is generally seen and understood as a world order that
transcend the local or domestic existence of state.

It is largely understood as world without boundary. The concept of globalization is clearly an

objective of one world without a sovereign head or rulership. The concept tends to bring states
globally under one indissoluble formation for the sustainability, peace, progress and prosperity of
states across border. Globalization is seen as a concept that is carefully consider to bridge the
social, economic, political, cultural and technological gap among states in the international
system. It's seen as an instrument of global equality whereby states share within and among
themselves resources that are needed for growth and development. Globalization is also an
instrument considered to be potent in bringing down the walls of global political, social and
economic inequality among others. It's largely considered to be an instrument of global growth
and development. The concept of globalization can also be explained to be world without
Economic, social, technological, cultural and or political barrier. The ideological underpinning of
globalization is aimed at providing a level playing field for states in the international system in
order to reach a new height and attain their desired level of development as they utilize resources
available to them in a globalized world or in the global village. Globalization may be seen from
different angles. One may speak of political, social, cultural or economic globalization.

Having provided the above fundamental background of globalization, it's imperative to

emphasize that despite the varying descriptions of globalization especially among scholars, there
is near consensus among scholars on the concept of globalization. Scholars although differ
significantly in their views and ideology, philosophy and guiding principles of globalization, as
some maintain radical position and stance on the concept of globalization while some maintain a
liberal stance, but all understood globalization to be a uniting force of states in the international
system. For proper analysis and robust review, we shall consider both school of thought as it
relates to globalization.

According to Nilson 2010, Globalization typically refers to the process by which different
economies and societies become more closely integrated, and concurrent with increasing
worldwide globalization. Nilson is of the school of thought that the integration of world
economy forms the basis of globalization. The social and economic integration as portray by
Nilson as the underlining principle of globalization is not detailed enough because globalization
as we have come to realize has gone beyond economic and social integration of states in the
international system. Although economic integration remains the focal idea of a globalized world
but it’s no longer limited to that. Some consider globalization to be an instrument for increasing
trade openness and foreign direct investment (FDI). This position is synonymous with the
ideological stance of Nilson which largely equate the concept with economic integration.
Globalization is currently a popular and controversial issue, though often remaining a loose and
poorly-defined concept. Sometimes too comprehensively, the term is used to encompass
increases in trade and liberalization policies as well as reductions in transportation costs and
technology transfer (Eddy Lee & Marco Vivarelli 2006). To these set of scholars, globalization is
no more than element of trade and ease of doing business among states in the international
system. The school of thought which sees globalization as nothing but economic integration
argues that globalization aid free-market ideology giving goods and services and capital
unprecedented mobility. This school of thought is largely and predominantly of the liberal
position. The radical school of thought sees globalization as nothing but unequal of exchange of
power, resources and development.

2.1.1 Ideological position on globalization

We begin by emphasizing that these ideological positions are what we refer to as two branches of
interest. The debate between this interest group sprang from different ideological and
methodological view of history, economics and political science among other social sciences. Of
more emphasis is the fact that this debate largely draws its strength from ideological commitment
rather than sound logic and comprehensive empirical evidence of research to support their
position. This goes to show that some (the liberal) are interested in the ideological underpinning
of globalization and its supposed objective while others (the radical) are not. To the pro-
globalization, they argue that globalization gives room to increasing opportunities among states,
individuals and groups in the international environment with the attendant effect of competition
which eventually leads to invention, innovation cum effective and efficient agent of production.
To them, globalization is a necessary tool of global development and a process that states should
willingly enter into. The pro-globalization associate freedom, mobility, integration, exchange of
learning and broadening of horizon on individual, state and group level to the importance and
benefits of globalization thereby justifying its usefulness and necessity. Left to the pro-
globalization, the end justifies the means as whatever the attainment of a global village could
result into was never a matter of consideration for them. One could easily justify the position of
the pro-globalization and liberal school of thought by outlining the benefits of a global village as
we see in our world today. As part of the benefit or advantage of globalization is Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI). FDI foster increasing trade among states in the international environment
which in turn foster economic growth and poverty eradication. With this attendant effect of
globalization in the economic development of states, the pro-globalization school of thought
justifies the more the importance and benefit of globalization. Another justification from this
school of thought is the global social justice system which seeks to foster global peace and
orderliness among states in the international environment. The global social justice movement,
itself a product of globalization, proposes an alternative path, more responsive to public needs
(Global Policy Forum, 2011). In the above analysis, the pro-globalization school of thought
argue that globalization avail everyone increased opportunity with increased competition which
makes agents of production more efficient. In contrast, the anti-globalization (radical) school of
thought argue that the increased competitive measure made available through globalization will
incapacitate certain group of people who are deprived in terms of resources to function
effectively in a competitive world hence the suffering from the economies of other advantage
states in a global world. It believes that once they lack resources, they can't function within the
increased competitive pressure that will result from their connection to the rest of the world. The
anti-globalization school of thought furthers their argument by pointing to the increase in global
unemployment because of global technology transfer and unequal income distribution among
states in the international system as one among other shortfalls of globalization.
The counter productiveness of globalization according to the anti-globalization school had led to
insecurity of protected sectors within a particular region, as well as the marginalization of several
regions of the world economy and with possible increases in within-country income inequality.
To the pro-globalization, poverty reduction among states in the international system remains the
closest parameter for measuring the success of a global world with China as a case study. The
fast growth of China is indeed a significant yardstick for measuring the positive impact of
globalization. Technology transfer among others aided the development and growth witnessed in
China today which was made possible because of globalization. But the anti-globalization school
differs in this regard by not considering only a region of the world to defining the successful
impact of globalization but looking to other regions. To the anti-globalization school, absolute
poverty has increase in most developing countries with relative poverty in major countries of the
world. Finding a balance between these schools of thought remains a worthy task as we progress
in this work. With this purpose in mind, we shall further review some other position of this
divided interest group. The anti-globalization school of thought fined more justification for their
position by looking deeply into the situation of developing countries in a globalized world. The
pro-globalization laid more emphasis on employment impact of increasing trade but according to
Heckscher-Ohlin, employment impact of increasing trade is not necessarily a positive
measurement especially for a developing country in the global world formation. While the
apologists (pro-globalization school) of globalization support the view that current trends clearly
indicate a decreasing global inequality (Salai-Martin, 2002), the critics (anti-globalization) show
that this result mainly depend on the exceptional growth of China, while absolute poverty has
increased in Sub-Sahara Africa and relative poverty (inequality) has increased in the majority of
countries (Milanovic 2002b; Reddy and Pogge, 2002).

The continued argument of anti-globalization was further advance by saying globalization as it is

understood today has not emerged out of inter-civilization dialogues or from multiple temporal
frameworks. Rather, associated with the expansionist drives of hegemonic powers that have
imposed their own approach to time and the vision of the future to geographically, culturally,
developmentally, and temporally different societies (Ivana Milojevic,2006). Having review
different ideological position of scholars on the subject of globalization, it's important at this
point to emphasize that there are agents of globalization that has continued to push the global
village agenda through different programmed, document, policy, treaty and charter. Of such
agent is the UN, WTO, ILO, World Bank, IMF to mention a few. These agents according to the
anti-globalization school make use of different mechanism at their disposal to further the
globalization idea but to the interest of the advantage states in the international system. From the
foregoing, we see varying degrees of ideological stance and position on the subject and concept
of globalization as scholars of different ideological bloc understood and analyze the concept
from different angle and different ideological stance. It's also clear from the foregoing that
globalization as a concept stem largely from the idea of economic integration and a borderless
international environment. Worthy of note is the much damage caused by globalization specially
to developing countries on the basis of unequal exchange of goods and services cum unequal
balance of trade. Comparative advantage of states in the international environment makes too
many states especially in developing countries be tied to the apron string of advanced countries.
Policies of government and mostly of the developing countries suffer in this unequal relationship
because developing countries are tempted to draft policies with a view to qualifying for global
standard and global best practices which sometimes doesn't reflect the interest and aspiration of
the local people of states in the international system. Globalization has equally avail states in the
international system the opportunity to have access to development tools both of human and
material but not without some impediment to local development to grapple with.

The concept of Foreign Policy is an offshoot of the 1648 treaty of Westphalia. After the First and
Second World War, the international system witnessed an increasing growth in the development
of nation states. The end product of this development paves way for an interaction between these
nation states. After this development, several organizations began to spring up at the sub-region,
regional and global level leading to diverse interaction and interrelationship among nation states.
The first international organization to embody nation states interaction and interrelationship is
the League of Nation after the first world war which eventually metamorphose into a more
organized international organization known as the United Nations Organization (U.N.O) which
now adopt UN as a standard of recognition. After the Second World War and the establishment
of UN, many states across the globe begin to attain independent from the era of colonization and
many began their decolonization process. This event then leads to many states becoming
sovereign entities and the basis for interrelationship among states. To further advance their cause
in this interconnectedness, states began to formulate policies to interact and interrelate between
and among them in this new world order. Such policy is what is now referring to as Foreign
Policy. Such policy is aimed at determining and identifying the decisions, strategies, and ends of
interaction of a state with one another. A good foreign policy is a sine qua non for robust and
profitable relations with other states in the international system. A good foreign policy has also
been identified as a major requirement for fulfillment of states national interest among the
comity of nations or in the international environment. As we have often emphasized, there's no
unanimous or general applicable definition of the concept of Foreign Policy as scholars differ in
their understanding and view of the concept. Foreign policy can be equated with a guiding map
that helps a state navigate through the process of interconnectedness and interrelatedness of
states in the international environment. The common ground between the definitions of scholars
on Foreign Policy is that it's the behavior of a state towards another state. According to Herman,
Foreign Policy is the discrete purposeful action that results from the political level decision of an
individual or group of individuals. To Herman, political decision is what fuels foreign policy
either on individual or group basis. According to George Modelski, Foreign Policy is the system
of activities evolved by communities for changing the behavior of other state and for adjusting
their own activities to the international environment. This definition by George helps to buttress
our initial position that behavior of states in the international system is at the root of foreign
policy of states in the international environment because it's basically an attempt at influencing
and changing the behavior of one state by the other. According to Charles and Abdul (1979),
Foreign Policy of a state usually refers to the general principles by which a state governs its
reaction to the international environment. The alignment within the various definitions of
scholars and understanding of the concept lies in the fact that they all see foreign policy to be a
reactional method and behavioural position of states in the international environment. Another
underlying principle according to some set of scholars is that states interaction in the
international environment is embodied in their foreign policy. Gambari (1989), Aluko (1981) and
Agbu (2015) all maintain that it's interaction of states within the international environment.
According to Gambari (1989), Foreign Policy is an interactive between identifiable domestic
forces and the dynamic of international political relations. According to Aluko (1981), Foreign
Policy is an interaction between external and internal forces. According to Agbu (2015), Foreign
policy is the interactions, actions and reactions of states target at the external. We can see
emphatically that some scholars equate foreign policy with interaction between states in the
international system while others equate it with the behaviour of states in the international
environment.

To Joseph Frankel (1963), Foreign Policy is a dynamic process of interaction between the
changing domestic demands and support and the changing external circumstances. So far so
good we have come to see some underlying interest and alignment in the perspective of scholars
about foreign policy. In the abovementioned, we see scholars like Gambri et al largely
maintaining same position about foreign policy being an interaction of states. Adeniran (1979) is
of the same opinion and school of thought with Joseph Frankel. According to Adeniran (1979),
Foreign Policy is by and large the policy pursued by a state in its dealing with other states. This
submission by Adeniran is closely in conformity with the ideological stance of Joseph Frankel.
Solomon O. Akinboye (1999) further posit that Foreign Policy is essentially the instrumentality
by which states influence or seek to influence the external world, and to attain objectives that are
in consonance with their perceived national interest. Akinboye argue again that there has been no
universally satisfactory definition of the concept however he maintains that it is much obvious
from the many definitions of scholars on the meaning of foreign policy as a dynamic process
involving interaction between the domestic and the external environment. This is of course in
tandem with the national interest of the states concerned. In sum, foreign policy is the guiding
principles of state in relation to other states in the international environment and a draft that helps
states pursue their national interest, national goals and objectives among the comity of nations.
Furthermore, it's fundamentally impossible to talk about foreign policy without talking about
national interest. Hence Akinboye (1999) posit that foundation of a state's foreign policy is her
national interest which in turn directs the course of the foreign policy. We can conclude that
national interest is what guides the conduct of a state foreign policy and its achievement in its
external relations in the international environment. Nigeria's foreign policy cannot stand alone
and can't be operated in vacuum without a clear-cut national interest. Thus, in his address to the
conference of Nigeria's foreign policy held in Kuru in 1986, President Babangida aggregated the
conception of Nigeria's national interest in the following words:
 Nigeria's national interest can be identified on the nation’s military, economic, political and
social security. Anything that will enhance the capacity of Nigerians to defend their national
security must be seen as being in their national interest. Anything that promotes Nigeria's
economic growth and development is in the national interest. Anything that will make Nigeria's
politically stable is in the national interest.

Ferdinand O. Ottoh (2005) further posits that the formulation and execution of foreign policy is
determined to a large extent by the national interest of a nation. This further explains that the
foundation for the success of foreign policy is the national interest. To further deepen the
research work in this section, we shall review and point out factors of foreign policy and
instrument of foreign policy.
A. Factors of foreign policy
It's important for us to emphasize these factors are divided into internal and external factors. The
internal factors can be likening to domestic factors while the external factors are the direct
influence beyond the boundary or shores of a state.

1. Internal factors: These factors are;

 Geographic factor

 Population factor

 Economic factor

 Political factor

Other internal factors may include public opinion, bureaucratic intelligence, national resource
and national ideology.

2. External factors: External factors are further explained as those factors influencing state
decision outside the polity of a state. States foreign policy is mostly drafted with a view to inter-
relate with other nations of the world and in this process of relations external factors are involved
in the international relations process. These factors are to be considered or compromised for
countries to relate well in the international political system. States in the international system are
members of international organization and signatory to international treaties and charter. So,
international organization, international laws and public opinions from various quarter of the
international system and other states becomes external factor that mostly and sometimes
influence states foreign policy direction, formulation and projection.
B. Instrument of foreign policy: Instrument of policy is the tools or parameter used or
considered by states in conducting their foreign policy and their relations with other states.
According to Akinboye (1999), these instruments include:
 Diplomacy: Diplomacy is simply a means of inter-state relations by negotiation.

 Propaganda: This is simply a form of manipulation and distortion of facts to

achieve one's aim or agenda through various medium.

 Militarism: This is major weapon for conducting inter-state relations. It involves

the use of force, terrorist attack and military coercion in conducting foreign policy
objectives of states.

 Economic weapon: Economic weapon is another critical factor aside from

diplomacy and militarism. It's simply achieving a foreign policy objective through
economic instrument such as currency control, loan, credits, blockade, boycotts,
embargoes, sanctions, rewards and foreign aids.

 Cultural instrument: Here we mean using cultural activities like sports, dance,
music, and games which is increasingly useful in conducting inter-state relations.
For example, Nigeria in 1996 boycotted the African Nations Cup competition
held in South Africa to protest South Africa's hard-line posture towards the killing
of Saro Wiwa and his other kinsmen.

2.2. Theoretical Framework

The decision-making theory is a theory that clearly explain and gives a comprehensive account
on policy making process. It's a conceptual framework that seeks to analyze decision making
process. According to Richard. C. Snyder, Decision making theory seeks to focus on the
behavior of the human decision makers who shape governmental policy. Decision making has
different models which we shall consider briefly as we comprehensively justify the usefulness
and relevance of this theory to our subject of discourse. These models are: The rational model,
bounded rationality, increment view, organizational procedure view, the political view, the
garbage can model, the individual differences perspective, naturalistic decision making, the
multiple perspective approach.

Study has shown that there are majorly three (3) models used by decision makers while making
decision. These are the political view, the rational model and the naturalistic model. We shall
briefly explain these models and how they relate to our subject of consideration. The political
view sees decision making as a personalized bargaining driven by the agendas of the participant
rather than rational process. Politics is a game of interest and when this model is introduced in
decision making process, it then makes it a battle between coalitions of different interest. It
should be further stated that the goals of coalition are defined by interest rather than what's good
for other group involved in the receiving end of the decision. The rational model emphatically
describes a decision maker who employ different techniques in the decision-making process.
According to Simon (1977) rational decision maker is known to employ technique like
intelligence, design, choice and review in making a decision. Intelligence includes finding an
occasion to making a decision. Design is inventing, developing and analyzing possible courses of
action. Choice involves selecting a particular choice of action from the available. While review
means assessing past choices. Lastly, naturalistic model involves investigating and understanding
decision making in its natural context. The review and explanation of these model help to really
understand how decision are made and also what informs decision made as well as the decision-
making process.

2.2.1 Application of Decision-Making Theory to Globalization and Foreign Policy

Decision making theory remain the most relevant theory to our subject of discourse as foreign
policy making, objective and direction is the result of interplay of decision. Decision making
theory will help us justify the topic of this research work. The three (3) models of decision
making that is, the political model, the rational model and the naturalistic model that we consider
above are also a clear guide to explaining the decision-making process of foreign policy as well
as the factors that shape and determine foreign policy process, formulation and implementation.
The political view helps us to understand the position of policy makers that formulate, how they
influence and implement foreign policy of government. We understand that politics is ubiquitous
and we know also that the ubiquity of politics cut across different areas of life including the
formulation and implementation of foreign policy. As humans we pursue scientific enquiry and
we strive to employ rationality in making decision. The rational model thus explains human
behaviour of continued quest for rationality. The rational model of decision-making theory
studies the behavior of humans and decision makers who shape governmental policies. The
rational decision makers make use of intelligence, design, choice and review in making a
decision. Foreign policy makers also employ these tools in decision making so as to arrive at the
best available option in the formulation of foreign policy. States in the international system who
are caught in the inescapable "net" of globalization through voluntary and natural association
also reserve the right to make decision on how to respond to the demand and challenges of
globalization. Although states globally belong to one international organization or the other, that
embody the concept of globalization but not to the detriment of their sovereignty. Although
states are globally linked together in a global village but the decision on how to respond to the
responsibility, demand and challenges of globalization remain their exclusive right and choice of
decision. How stars relate and interact in the global world is also a function of their foreign
policy objective which implies that foreign policy decision and direction guides the conduct and
affairs of states between and among themselves in this era of globalization. This means that
decision making theory clearly explain the position of states in the global village and how the
position came to be by way of foreign policy direction of states. It's crystal clear that decision
making theory apply very much to the subject of this research work.
 ANALYSIS OF NIGERIA'S EMERGENCY AT THE GLOBAL STAGE
Nigeria's foreign policy emerge into the global stage immediately after independence when
Nigeria became a sovereign state.As soon as Nigeria became recognised and accorded the status
of a state under a legitimate government with its own people,territory,and geographic location in
the international system,she began to interact and interrelate with other state in the international
system.Foreign policy direction and implementation in the global stage usually take different
direction under different regime although with the overall objectives in view because the body
language, doctrinal cum ideological stance of individual state actors usually determine to a large
extent the overall achievement and performance of a state's foreign policy under the
administrative leadership of such state actors. Nigeria's foreign policy is no exception to this rule.
For 60 years post-independence, Nigeria has continued to maintain external relations with states
in the international system.35 out of these years, the military regime championed formulation
and implementation of Nigeria's foreign policy as well as dictating foreign policy direction.
Nigeria began to project her foreign policy through the external affairs ministry from 1960
during the administration of then Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa when Nigeria foreign policy
became a topic of discourse, to Obasanjo administration 1999-2007,Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
2007-2010,Goodluck Jonathan 2010-2015 and Muhammadu Buhari 2015-date.Various
administration including military regime that ruled Nigeria for a period of 35 years post-
independence all claim to pursue national interest as the underlining objective of Nigeria's
foreign policy. According to Anyaele 2005, the protection of our national interest has remained
the permanent focus of Nigeria’s foreign policy, but the strategies for such protection have
varied from one regime/government to another. This goes to show why foreign policy direction
of Nigeria kept changing from time to time. Post-independence, Nigeria foreign policy centered
on the notion of pursuit of national interest which up to this very moment remain vague and
intangible. Foreign policy statement of Nigeria post-independence remains vague and unspecific
as to what exactly Nigeria aims to accomplish in her external relations. Post-Independence,
ethnic and tribal diversity became a major subject of discourse in Nigeria and it greatly influence
foreign policy formulation and implementation since inception. Historically, foreign policy
formulation in Nigeria has always been a subject that seek to reflect the federal nature of the
state. Finding a balance between the three (3) politically and ethnically divided group in the state
has also shape the philosophical foundation of Nigeria's foreign policy. In formulating Nigeria's
foreign policy post-independence, the elite class among the divided group in the state, sought to
balance the internal disunity and unstable federal political affiliation in the state through a
carefully drafted and guided foreign policy that reflect the interest of the diverse group in the
state. Nigeria's foreign policy has gone through several political epoch with outstanding
significance from one epoch to another. For instance, foreign policy pursuit in the first republic
1960-1966 portray Nigeria as the "darling" of Africa with a manifest destiny to secure the
liberation and decolonization of other African countries under the shackles of colonial powers.
This epoch also pronounces Nigeria as Africa's most populous nation, richly endowed, a position
which was followed by her role in the liberation movement of Angola and Mozambique in the
70s. It's imperative to note that, the 1967-1970 civil war in Nigeria had a huge impact on
Nigeria's foreign policy owing to the decline in the Pro-Britain/Western stance of Nigeria's
foreign policy after Nigerian government suffer a perceived non-supportive stance of the British
government during the period of the civil war especially in supply of arms and ammunition and
also the French government support to the secessionist group during the civil war. These two
events greatly influence Nigeria's foreign policy after the civil war and also made the
government of Nigeria rework the country's foreign policy stance. In responding to the aftermath
of the civil war, Nigeria's foreign policy took a new turn in five major ways or areas. First, the
foreign policy now strongly takes a position on the survival of the country as sovereign state.
Second, the foreign policy direction and formulation began to consider a friendly relation with
the neighboring French speaking countries like Gabon and Côte d'Ivorie through which the
French government was sending arms to secessionist Biafra. Thirdly, Nigeria's foreign policy
began to project an end to white minority rule in South Africa which also backed the secessionist
Biafra during the civil war. Fourthly, Nigeria through her foreign policy took a new position in
depending on power bloc for the supply of arms required to maintain internal security after the
British government delay in supply of arms to Nigeria during the civil war which resulted in
Nigeria's relations with the Soviet Union for supply of arms. Fifth and lastly, foreign policy
instrument of Nigeria now includes publicity and propaganda in her external relations. At
independence, Nigeria's foreign policy principle did not pointy reflect the pursuit of national
interest as its core objective. Because the principles of her foreign policy are: African unity and
independence; capability to exercise hegemonic influence in the region: peaceful settlement of
disputes; non alignment and non- intentional interference in the internal affairs of other nations;
and regional economic co-operation and development. These principles did not deeply reflect the
country's national interest as leaders at different period based their foreign policy on their world
perception of what they considered as Nigeria's interest making the coloration of national interest
at the base of Nigeria's foreign policy a mere declaration. Two other factors which shaped
Nigeria's foreign policy post-independence were her exposure to realities of international
environment and her self-acclaimed or proclaimed continental leadership. These factors greatly
influence Nigeria's foreign policy post-independence resulting in a foreign policy stance that
appear moderate and pragmatic as posited by Stremlau (1997). Nigeria foreign policy emerge in
the global stage through different system and mechanism as pursued from time to time by
different state actors.

3.2 NIGERIA'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE GLOBAL STAGE

States pursuit of foreign policy in the international environment is primarily a reflection of the
intricacies of their domestic politics and how they deem fit to pursue their interest among the
committee of nations in the international system. To this end, it's always a herculean task to
separate foreign politics from domestic politics owing to the fact that the international
environment is a ground for international politics. Since independence, Nigeria has continually
sought to established herself in the global stage through different policy direction and
implementation. As the most populous state in Africa, accounting for a quarter of Africa's
population in the south of Sahara, Nigeria's foreign policy through different means continue to
emerge in global stage in pursuit of different goals in line with her foreign policy principles and
objectives. The size of the country, her enormous resources, and her population has significantly
shaped and influenced the emergence of the nation's foreign policy in the global stage. Nigeria's
emergence at the global stage thrives exceedingly on Africa values and interests which was the
underlining factor for Nigeria’s external relations post-independence and later became the basis
for Nigeria's quest for asserting herself on the African continent. Notably, Nigeria's commitment
to Africa and its value in the 1970’s helped to boost Nigeria’s image in not only her African
international relations but indeed the global stage. The pursuit of Africa's value and interest
propel Nigeria’s image on the global stage as a result of the enunciation of Africa as the ‘center
piece’ of Nigeria's foreign policy principle. The Southern Rhodesian struggle and the Angola
policy that influence Nigeria's nationalization policy on the asset of BP-Shell during the
Obasanjo regime in 1979 promote Nigeria on the global stage and grant her a recognition of
African leader in the 70s.According to Joseph Garba, Nigeria's place in the global stage became
very significant in 1977 when Nigeria against all odds secured the African non-permanent UN-
Security Council seat. This attainment in the UN earned Nigeria the leadership of all blacks all
over the world owing to the fact that black people across the globe begin to identify with Nigeria
thereby giving her a place in the global stage. As a result, the second black Festival of Arts &
Culture (FESTAC) took place in Lagos in 1977.It's safe to conclude that Nigeria's foreign
centeredness on Africa and its interest and value helped project Nigeria into the global stage.
Nigeria's emergence in the global stage is also traceable to its substantial contributions to
multilateral efforts, which includes international peacekeeping and membership of Group of 77-a
platform for economic and political development of nation-state in the international system
which Nigeria chaired in 2000.In bilateral relations, Nigeria on different occasion forge
increasingly significant commercial and diplomatic ties with the emerging global powers of
China and India in recent years. Another major catalyst for Nigeria's emergence in the global
stage is her contribution to global peace. After the Cold War, Nigeria once again became a major
contributor to international peacekeeping. Nigeria has been at the forefront of international
peace-keeping efforts. Nigeria is said to be the largest “exporter of peace” in Africa and the
fourth largest worldwide. Nigeria is the fourth largest Troop Contributing Country to UN peace-
support operations. Only countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and India are ahead of Nigeria in
playing this role. No African country beats Nigeria’s record in this endeavor. From the foregoing
analysis, we shall take a closer look into how Nigeria's foreign policy emerge into the global
stage through different means.

3.2.1. Afrocentric policy

The Afrocentric stance of Nigeria's foreign policy historically gain momentum after
independence. In this period, state and non-state actors began to project and formulate Nigeria's
foreign policy in line with Afrocentric objectives and goals. It's imperative at this juncture to
contextually delve into the Afrocentric stance of Nigeria's foreign policy which significantly
characterize her foreign policy direction and formulation post-independence.

Our country is the largest single unit in Africa. We are not going to abdicate the position in
which God Almighty has placed us. The whole black continent is looking up to this country to
liberate it from thraldom (Jaja Wachukwu, Nigeria’s first external affairs minister-1960).

According to Jaja Wachukwu, Nigerian foreign policy that will not take into consideration the
peculiar position of Africa and Africans is unrealistic. The Afrocentric nature of Nigeria's foreign
policy came into limelight when she began to portray herself as the "Big Brother" of Africa with
a manifest destiny, fully committed to the liberation and empowerment of other African states.
Adedeji 1976 then coined the concept 'Africa as center-piece' of Nigeria's foreign policy
following the self-acclaim position of Nigeria as the 'saviour' and 'almighty' of Africa owing to
her enormous resources and population which serve as source of strength and power in foreign
policy determination and pursuit. In readiness for independence in October 1960, Prime minister
Tafawa Balewa declared in a gathering that Nigeria will adopt clear and practical policies
relating to Africa, "It will be our aim to assist any country to find solution to its problem". This
declaration by Jaja Wachukwu and Prime minister Tafawa Balewa is a clear indication of
Nigeria's Afrocentric foreign policy direction post-independence and thereafter as we shall find
out. Shortly after independence, Jaja Wachukwu Nigeria's minister of external affairs declared in
a General Assembly meeting of UN in New York on October 1961 as follows:

Our foreign policy is based on three (3) basic pillars: The concept that Nigeria is an African
nation; it is part and parcel of the continent of Africa, therefore it is so completely involved in
anything that pertains to the continent, that it cannot be neutral and must never be considered to
be a neutralist country. we are independent in everything, but neutral in nothing that affects the
destiny of Africa. The moment Africa is affected, we are involved. We want to make this
absolutely clear; Nigeria finds itself involved in anything affecting the African continent
 anywhere, in any square inch of the African territory-we are involved. And being a member of
the African community and feeling ourselves completely bound to its destiny and accepting our
involvement in everything that pertains to it, obviously all questions pertaining to Africa must be
considered questions pertaining to Nigeria. The peace of Africa is the peace of Nigeria. Its
tribulations are our tribulations and we cannot be indifferent to its future.

The above declaration by Jaja Wachukwu strongly depicts the consciousness of Nigeria's foreign
policy and her self-acclaimed role in the realization of the destiny of the black continent. This
affirmative stance by the Minister, leaves one to wonder whether Africa is the "national interest"
of Nigeria. It is also important we find out what inform this loud and bold declarations. Also, in
June 1966, at a conference in Lagos, General Aguiyi Ironsi then Head of State clearly stated that
"in the whole sphere of external relations, the Government attaches greatest importance to our
African policy". The aforementioned clearly demonstrate Nigeria's commitment to the spirit of
Afrocentrism by state actors. Under the regime of President Shehu Shagari's Nigeria
Afrocentrism involve some conflict resolution in some part of Africa. For instance, the
administration was fully involved in restoring peace in the Somalia-Ethiopia conflict, the
Chadian conflict as well as the Morocco conflict.

3.2.2. Foreign policy on decolonization

According to Irene (2010), Nigeria’s foreign policy witnessed a golden era under the military
government of General Gowon in the 1970s. This was arguably the period when Nigeria use her
resources to demand for the liberation and de-colonization of other African countries under
colonial rule and domination. This also was the oil boom period in Nigeria which made her
wealth increased dramatically and exponentially thereby empowering the Gowon regime to be
more committed to the nationalist and pan-African movement. According to Onyeisi 2011, in
1975, Nigeria granted the sum of 13.5 million naira and military assistance to Angola’s MPLA
and also enlisted diplomatic support to the Angolan government within the O.A.U. The
establishment of Organization of African Unity (O.A.U) in 1963 was a scheme to help other
African countries under colonization to gain freedom and independence. Nigeria again attains a
front-line role in the process of formulation and establishment of O.A.U, a scheme of
decolonization and emancipation. This was followed by the enormous resources Nigeria pushed
into this decolonization agenda. This decolonization agenda of Nigeria's foreign policy was also
backed by her massive donation to the freedom struggle in South Africa and Namibia. For
instance, Nigeria donated a sum of 2 million dollars ($2m) to South Africa's ANC and a total
sum of 500,000 dollars to SWAPO a movement in Namibia. All these clearly show that Nigeria
was at a time more committed to Africa destiny than any other objective on her foreign policy.
Historically, Nigeria has been occupied with trends of the African continent. Stremlau posits
that, Nigeria's self-avowed political interests related almost exclusively to the changing
conditions in Africa. In the broadest sense, Nigerian leaders viewed their country's international
prestige as a function of the extent to which Nigeria was considered a leader of black Africa.
This decolonization objective of Nigeria's foreign policy is directly linked to her newly found
source of wealth few years after independence. With these newly discovered resources and
economic capability, Nigeria deems it to fight for the liberation and decolonization of her
African neighbour who currently are suffering from colonization and subjugation. A clear
example of this is her involvement in the decolonization struggle of Angola, Mozambique,
Namibia, and the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa as well as the actualization and self-
determination of Southern Rhodesia now Zambia. The formation of ECOWAS and its body
ECOMOG through which Nigeria contain crisis and restore peace and orderliness in countries
like Liberia and Sierra Leone during their time of war also goes to affirm the bold declarations
by Jaja Wachukwu and other states actors from the time of independence on the Afrocentric
stance of Nigeria's foreign policy. The outstanding role Nigeria played in the formation and
establishment of different political and economic institution within the African region is also a
clear indication of her commitment to the development and progress of Africa through her
Afrocentric objectives. Murtala/Obasanjo regime began by pursuing a policy that seek to liberate
other African states from colonial shackles. Murtala/Obasanjo regime became proactive with its
policies and action against colonialism in African with a view to committing itself to the
decolonization of Angola and later Zimbabwe. Under Murtala leadership, Nigeria’s role in the
recognition of the popular front for the liberation of Angola (MPLA) gave Nigeria’s foreign
policy the recognition long yearned for by Nigerians. The movement for the liberation and
decolonization of these African states, brought Nigeria to the fore front/center- stage of the de-
colonization struggle and earned her a respect in the globalized world and Africa at large.
Murtala Mohammed was assassinated on February 13,1976 following a failed coup of that year
but that did not cut short the commitment of the regime to the liberation and decolonization
struggle of other African States under colonial shackles as the new head of state General
Olusegun Obasanjo-the second in command to Murtala Mohammed carried on with the policy of
decolonization and emancipation movement in Africa which began with Murtala. Olusegun
Obasanjo was also committed to the pursuit of Nigeria’s interest and the liberation movement in
Africa as well as justice in the international environment. This earned Nigeria a good respect in
the global community and it's largely report that Nigeria's foreign policy pursuit under the
Murtala/Obasanjo regime remains one of the most successful foreign policies in the history of
Nigeria. The Ibrahim Babangida foreign policy stance was quite remarkable as his administration
largely contributed to the decolonization agenda of some African states under the shackles of
colonialism. Significant among the decolonization agenda of the administration's foreign policy
stance was the peace keeping mission in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The military regime of
General Sani Abacha contributed significantly to the decolonization agenda of Nigeria's foreign
policy through its role in making sure the domestic political conflict in Liberia and Sierra Leone
was solved through the support the government gave to the peace keeping effort of ECOMOG.

3.2.3. Economic integration foreign policy

The formation and establishment of institutions such as African Development Bank (ADB),
ECOWAS, and NEPAD which were largely use as a means to address socio-political and
economic issue within the continent and the front-line position of Nigeria in all of these also
affirm the economic integration of Nigeria's foreign policy. Ibrahim Babangida military regime
through its external economic relations established some economic policies in the Nigerian state
with diverse view on the relevance of some of these economic measures like the structural
adjustment programme (SAP). With the foreign policy agenda of President Olusegun and his
world tours came the debt relief from the Paris Club, reestablishment of bilateral ties of Nigeria
with other states, readmittance of Nigeria in the Commonwealth, attraction of foreign
investment, recovery of looted funds as well as retaining Africa as the centerpiece of Nigeria's
foreign policy. The bilateral relations of the Obasanjo administration succeeded in championing
the formation of the New Economic Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). It's crystal
clear that President Olusegun Obasanjo administration (1999-2000), set the Nigerian state and
Africa again on the path of economic progress and political development through its foreign
policy pursuit and execution. During the Goodluck Jonathan regime, Nigeria and South Africa
resolve their bilateral conflict. During this time, Nigeria and the US government foster their
relationship with an appreciative partnership. President Yar'Adua as the leader of the ECOWAS,
ensure the continuity of ECOWAS as a body that promote the political and economic
development of member state. He also ensures the Nigerian state pursue some international
partnership to foster economic growth and to pursue the development agenda of the government.
This was the case when the government was invited to G8 summit where he established a joint
partnership with the government of Germany for the development of Nigeria's power sector.
Economic integration of Nigeria's foreign policy emerges in the global stage to attract
partnership when President Muhammadu Buhari visited the U.S, China, U.A.E, Germany, France
and Saudi Arabia among others for the purposes of strengthening the bilateral and multilateral
economic relations between Nigeria and these states. During his first term, his perceived
integrity stance earned Nigeria an invitation to the G7 and G20 summits respectively. A
significant effect of his foreign and diplomatic visit around the world was the Chinese loan to
finance the 2016 budget deficit as well as embarking on some infrastructural project like the
railway project among others.

3.2.4. Non-Alignment foreign policy

Non-alignment is a foreign policy movement which posit that nations in international
environment will not give their allegiance to any of the power Bloc in the international system
either the East or the West on the basis of political expediency or ideological preference. The
East constitute the Soviet Union or the Socialist and other allies while the West principally is the
U.S, Britain, France and other allies. The ideological war between the East and the West was
more pronounced as cold war which is undertone by the quest for dominance in the international
environment. This quest for dominance was prevalent in the relationship these Bloc have with
African state and especially the colonial state. The Socialist was more pronounced in its anti-
colonial propaganda which was used to lure and attract allegiance from African countries under
colonial rule. This then led to the argument on whether non-alignment was a movement that was
followed through in practical terms. The Socialist in practical terms show massive support to
colonial states through supply of financial aid, supply of arms as well as supporting various
liberation movement across African continent. Various technical aid were also given to the
African countries in support of their anti-colonial movement. The West on the other hand began
to lure and attract its colonial state with several economic support and financial aid. African state
under the control of the West were tied in an inescapable web knowing fully a support to the
socialist will have a devastating effect on their relationship with their erstwhile colonial master.
The argument on the practicality of non-alignment continue to linger. Nigeria's foreign policy on
non-alignment was also pronounced when the state actors made it known that Nigeria as a
country will not be caught in the web of aligning with any power Bloc in the international
system. According to Balewa, Nigeria would be non-aligned in international relations with
regards to the big power blocs. This was heavily question because Nigeria's foreign policy stance
during this ideological war is seen to be pro-western in its approach. For example, the decision to
support United Nations during the Congo war largely demonstrated by Nigeria's pro-western
policy rather than her commitment to Africa. Nigeria continues to pursue non-alignment in
theory but in practical terms have allegiance to the Western Bloc majorly for economic benefit
and support. Tafawa Balewa the prime minister openly declare that Nigeria shall be non-aligned
in her relation with the rest of the world following her foreign policy principle but the declaration
wasn't followed to the letter. The prime minister further declare as follows: Nigeria would be
selecting adequately, the policy for each occasion in Nigerian’s national interest and in that of
world peace and that the country would not associate herself as a matter of routine with any of
the power blocs. But these submissions by the prime minister on different occasion did not
clearly reflect a non-aligned stance until the civil war. Yakubu Gowon regime witnessed the civil
war which dealt a "big blow" to the Nigerian state and her relations with other states in the
international system. The aftermath of the war brought about a refocus on the non-alignment
stance of Nigeria's foreign policy. The 1967-1970 civil war forcefully made Nigeria rework her
foreign policy stance and approach to clearly reflect a non-aligned stance to any power bloc.
Until this time, Nigeria's foreign policy under the Tafawa Balewa was identified as pro-western
and conservative. During the civil war, the Nigerian government did not enjoy support from the
British government majorly in supply of arms and ammunition while the Soviet Union
continually gave support to the federal government and the French giving support to the Biafra
secessionist and also helping with some technical aid. After the civil war, Nigeria government
upon realizing the position of the British government and its position during the war, began to
fully to pursue non-alignment as its foreign policy stance in the global stage.
 GLOBALIZATION AND NIGERIA'S FOREIGN POLICY
Nigeria's foreign policy as we know, is an instrument of external affairs which serve as a channel
of projecting and promoting the country's national interest in a globalized world, where
interdependence and interconnectedness of states has become a requisite for global growth and
sustainable development. Since independence, Nigeria through the guiding principles of her
foreign policy, and the pursuit of her national interests, continue to establish bilateral and
multilateral relations in accordance to state actors’ perception of the international environment.
This perception has influence Nigeria's foreign policy formulation and implementation and her
external relations in the global village. Since independence, Nigeria through her foreign policy
continually champion the struggle for the decolonization of other African state, fight against
Apartheid system in South Africa, promotion of African unity, Integration of sub-region states
and global peace. Nigeria through her commitment to these foreign policy goals, began to affect
states interaction and relations in the global world. According to Professor Ibrahim Gambari, one
time Minister of Foreign Affairs and ex-Secretary-General of United Nations for Political
Affairs, Nigeria’s foreign policy is based on its continued survival, security and well-being, as
well as regional, continental and universal peace and security and the principles of the UN
charter. The latter part of this submission by Gambari, shows that Nigeria foreign policy set out
to have significant impact in the international system under a globalized body as the UN through
her commitment to universal peace and security. Among states in Africa, Nigeria have always
sought to play active role on a global level owing to her position as the most populous black
nation, A position which leave her with the responsibility of the unofficial spokesperson for
Africa and black people in Diaspora. As a result, Nigeria has pursued her foreign policy
objectives through an extensive network of multilateral relations with a view to shaping
conversation and affecting state relations globally while acting as an unofficial spokesperson in
the interest of Africa and black people in Diaspora. The objective of a globalized world in state
relations in international system is seen through state diplomatic relations and involvement in
multilateral organization where the goals of globalization are articulated and aggregated through
state pursuit of foreign policy. States pursuit of their foreign policies in this era of globalization
through multilateral relations in the global arena, is largely determined by several factors such
as: the extent to which the programs and objectives of multilateral organizations have met the
specific objectives and purposes of their foreign policy, the prevailing domestic situation in each
state, the inherent uneven balance between the domestic situation and foreign policy projection
and performance, and lastly the prevailing global political environment. Nigeria’s foreign policy
objectives in the globalized world is projected through her external relations with states in the
international system under multilateral organization such as the UN, Commonwealth and the EU.
With Nigeria's relation with states in the international system through these three organizations,
Practically and automatically involve Nigeria in the globalization goals and objectives of states
in the international system with a view to affecting the global community and leaving an
unforgettable foot print in the global arena. Nigeria’s long-term interest in shaping politics and
policies in the global village, is therefore best served and sustained by reinforcing her ties with
states in the international system through these multilateral organization. Reckoning with the
agenda of globalization, the latter part of Chapter 2, section 19 of the 1999 constitution of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria under the provision of Fundamental Objectives and Directive
Principles of State Policy clearly reflect one of the objectives of Nigeria's foreign policy in line
with globalization agenda. The latter part of this objective state that "respect for international law
and treaty obligations as well as the seeking of settlement of international disputes by
negotiation, mediation, reconciliation and adjudication; and promotion of a just world economic
order" is at the core of state policy and principle(1999 Constitution).In a globalized world where
states interconnectedness and interrelation is at the basis, the policy and principle of isolationism
which isolate one state from the affairs of other states by declining to enter into alliances, foreign
economic commitments and agreements, where a state seek to devote its entire efforts of to its
own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities is
not practicable because no state can exist in isolation. Hence Nigeria's commitment and
agreement to the goals and objectives of globalization through multilateral relations in the
international environment. In the quest for global influence and relevance, state local politics and
policy must be channeled to strengthen and encourage democratic development, good
governance and transparency. We must at this point expound on the concept of globalization so
as to further do a critical analysis of Nigeria's place in the global world as she seeks to pursue her
foreign policy objectives while interacting with states in the global arena. Globalization date
back to the early 15th century when the forces of man through history began to push for greater
integration of human activities. This push for greater integration of human activities, see to the
increase in integration of national economies with the rest of the world in the quest for a more
coherent and unified global economy. The goal of globalization therefore, is to heighten the
interconnections of nation-state as single entity through multilateral relations of states in the
international system. Globalization therefore unify far countries culturally, politically, socially,
and economically. Globalization has become instrumental in providing solution to global
economic, security, political, and environmental challenges. Globalization emerge in the
international environment as a means towards nation-state integration and continuous
intensification of efforts at engaging in business beyond national borders and constructing
production and distribution networks on a global scale. Classification of the global system has
the North-South dichotomy where the North is categorized as the rich, developed, and
industrialized states and the South being the poor, underdeveloped, and non-industrialized states.
The North-South dichotomy among states in the international system on the basis of
globalization, has greatly influence states interactions in the international system where states of
the North largely dominate and influence the decision and politics in the international system
than states of the South. With the North-South dichotomy, states in the international environment
recognizes the existence of a global environment that is deeply rooted in interdependency where
states of the South as Nigeria seek to minimize the adverse effects of globalization while
harnessing its benefits for national development. Nigeria continues to identify with the global
village agenda through her commitment to the key factors of globalization such as political
democratization, development of information, and trade liberation. Having contend on the North-
South dichotomy of the global village and the influence of the North side of the divide in shaping
conversation and influencing policies at the global level than the South side of the divide, it
therefore become crucial to examine Nigeria's foreign policy impact in the international system
in this era of globalization being a country of the South divide and the focus of this study.

4.2 Nigeria Foreign Policy Impact in a Global World

It's crystal clear that the agenda of globalization brings about unequal relationship between states
in the international system on the basis of the disparity in their technological advancement,
military strength, and economic endowment which critically determine states power and
influence in the international system. Nigeria being a regional head in sub-sahara region of the
countries of the South, continue to influence the international system through its foreign policy
pursuit to its advantage and the advantage of other countries of the South and especially those in
the sub-sahara region. Having posit that globalization thrives on three key aspects, that is,
development of information (Technology), Trade liberation, and democracy, Nigeria through its
democratic structure and institution since the return of democracy in 1999, continue to shape
global conversation and policies through different state actors by pursuing foreign policy that
place the country in a state of influence and impact in the global village of the 21st century.
Needless to say, that Nigeria had also been a recipient of the influence of power Blocs in the
international system through different programme and policies. As a democratic state, Nigeria
through its foreign policy principle and objective, have been able to pursue global peace while
addressing conflict that could lead to global unrest.

4.2.1 Impact of Nigeria's foreign policy on promotion of international cooperation

Nigeria began to pursue friendly relations with nations of the world immediately after
independence till date. This friendly attitude of Nigeria makes her never appear as an aggressor
in any international dispute rather a mediator and peace seeking. As a member of different
multilateral international organizations where she plays critical roles, Nigeria through its foreign
policy has contributed significantly to international cooperation through different programme. As
a signatory to different treaties and agreements entered into in good faith, Nigeria has a
responsibility to abide by them and also fast track the response of other state in the international
system and especially those within its region. Significant among other ways through which
Nigeria ensure international cooperation is also hosting of the second Black Festival of Art and
Culture (FESTAC) in 1977, the O.A.U and ECOWAS sporting fiestas were all geared ostensibly
to foster international cooperation and understanding.

4.2.2 Impact of Nigeria’s foreign policy in promotion of African Unity and Solidarity
Nigeria foreign policy was not only geared towards leading Africa, but also to ensure that states
within the region are united to pursue common goal. This agenda to promote the pursuit of
common goal and a united Africa, varies from one state actor to the other. For instance, the
administration of Tafawa Balewa in 1965, was the first Africa government to resent unanimous
O.A.U resolutions. This resentment according to Balewa's government, is a means towards
uniting Africa. For Gowon’s government played a key role in the formation of the Economic
Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS since inception has serve as a body
that unite states within the West Africa sub-region politically and economically. During the
military regime of Gen.Buhari, he was also interested in African Unity and solidarity through his
recognition of the government of the Western Sahara and to get it seated at the O.A.U. summit in
Addis Ababa in 1984.Babangida also showed his interest in Africa when he was the Chairman of
O.A.U and hosted O.A.U Summit in Abuja in 1991.

4.2.3 Impact of Nigeria's foreign policy in global peace

Nigeria's foreign policy made an impact at the global stage under the regime of Obasanjo when
he makes use of the country’s considerable capacity for political persuasion to help forge an anti-
terrorism consensus in Africa which the United States had sought to do. Nigeria also opposed the
American led invasion of Iraq in part due to the sensitivities of the Muslim populations in
northern Nigeria. The intervention of President Muhammadu Buhari in the Gambian election in
2016 is a good case in point. At the peak of the election conflict after result had been declared
where the sitting President-Yahya Jammeh refuse to concede defeat and to make room for the
President elect-Mr. Adama Barrow to assume office. Addressing the Gambian conflict in Mali in
a closed-door meeting with other African leaders, President Buhari made one statement that help
restore peace to Gambia. He was quoted as saying "If the Gambian President wants to challenge
the sub-region, he is welcome”. This statement carries so much weight considering Nigeria's
place in Africa. State actors in international system do not act on their own volition but in the
capacity of the state they represent. Therefore, any statement from them is ascribe to the state
they represent and also accorded state recognition. After the statement issue by President Buhari,
Yahya Jammeh conceded defeat and agree to leave power for the President elect. Nigeria’s role
in intervening in the Gambian conflict, stem from its foreign policy commitment to regional and
global peace in this globalization era by contributing significantly to end violent conflicts at
intra-national and international levels while rebuilding peace where necessary. This is one way
Nigerian foreign have made impact on a global stage. One aspect of globalization is a democratic
world. Nigeria as a democratic state with commitment to democratic rule and democratization
through the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) take it upon itself to stop forceful rule in Gambia and
protect the citizens from the consequences of breakdown of law and order which was already
mounting up in Gambia had African leaders not stepped in. Following Nigeria's commitment to
global peace and security, the reconstitution of the multinational Joint Force of the Lake Chad
Basin Commission to fight insecurity under the leadership of President Buhari is another way
Nigeria's foreign policy has shape conversation in the contemporary era of globalization.
According to Uhomoibhi (2012), Nigeria’s commitment and impact in international
peacekeeping hinge on the liberal international ideals of the Nigerian political elite post-
independence and the commitment to international peace and security as enshrined in Article 51
of the Directive Principles of the Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria.

4.2.4 Impact of Nigeria's foreign policy on global leadership

To make impact at the global level through foreign policy principle, Nigeria needed to strengthen
and lengthen its cord by strategically positioning state actors in strategic leadership position at
the global level that will help accord high level recognition to the Nigerian state and also help
articulate and aggregate Nigeria's foreign policy interest in order to shape global conversation.
Following this understanding of how the global system works, we will make a list of some
choiced Nigerians that were strategically position to help pursue Nigeria's interest at the global
level thereby making impact in the global village through Nigeria's foreign policy. For example,
the election and re-election of Dr Akinwunmi Adeshina as Africa Development Bank President,
the choice of Amina Mohammed as UN Deputy Secretary General, the elections of Professor
Tijani Bande as 2019 President of the UN General Assembly, Ambassador Bankole Adeoye as
AU Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security, Professor Benedict Oramah as
President of AFREXIM Bank, Mohammed Barkindo as Secretary General of the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries, Chief Chile Ebeo-Osuji as a judge of the International Criminal
Court, and Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala as Director General of the World Trade Organization put
the appointment of these individuals in perspective in relation to the three key aspect of
globalization which are: development of information (Technology),Trade liberation, and
Democracy with Nigeria's foreign policy impact on a global level, we can say that Nigeria's
foreign policy principle which is champion by her place in multinational and international
organization where state actors from the Nigerian state plays critical role, Nigeria’s foreign
policy is making impact in the global stage through the appointment of selected individuals from
Nigeria.

4.2.5 Impact of Nigeria's foreign policy on economic diplomacy

Nigeria's foreign policy principle thrives on the principle of multilateralism which has resulted
into Nigeria's membership of various multilateral economic and political organization. Nigeria as
an ardent and active promoter of multilateral diplomacy began to make impact on the global
stage through multilateral diplomacy and "lobbying" as means of effecting change on a global
level. A contemporary and recent example is President Muhammadu Buhari speech on Debt
cancellation in the last UN General Assembly. It’s important at this juncture to emphasize again
that state actors in the international system don't act in isolation. So, it's safe to asset that state
actors are foremost pursuant of states foreign policy in the international system. Nigeria’s foreign
policy on multilateral diplomacy again shape global conversation when President Buhari
advocated Debt cancellation for developing nations of the world. President Buhari stated as
follows:
"On the issue of debt, we have seen that developing countries have been faced with
unsustainable debt burdens even before the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased
the risk of new wave of deepening debt, where vital public financial resources are allocated to
external debt servicing and repayments at the expense of domestic health and financing for
critical developmental needs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to consider expansion and
extension of the Debt Service Suspension Initiative, DSSI, to include all Developing, Least
Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States facing fiscal and liquidity challenges.
In addition, a review of the eligibility criteria for debt suspension, including outright
cancellation, is needed for countries facing the most severe challenges.”

The above statement by President Muhammadu Buhari is a strong reflection of Nigeria's

economic policy on a global level. One interesting thing about this multilateral diplomacy that
gives it global coloration is how it's was also directed to the advantage of other developing
nations of the world. This way, Nigeria’s foreign policy again made impact in a globalized
world. Globalization as we have to come to understand in other words is the intensification of
socio-economic, cultural and political ties and relations among nations of the world. This
submission then affirms the prominence and full manifestations of the relations among nation-
states across national territories as it is today. This is so because, in a globalized world like ours,
socio-political and economic isolation becomes practically impossible; hence the term global
village. In this global village, “brotherliness" of states in the international system become
imperative; Hence President Muhammadu Buhari's advocate for not just Nigeria but other
countries of the South. It’s important to state that while Nigeria's foreign policy has recorded this
level of impact in a global world, is traceable to how well state actors have been able to put to
use the Soft Power Nigeria wield in the international system.

SUMMARY
This research work is a comprehensive and detailed work on the analysis of Globalization and
Nigeria's foreign policy. This research began by explaining in clear terms the impracticability of
the principle of isolationism in a global world where globalization has succeeded in bringing
states together as "one family" closely bonded into one economic, social, and most especially
political entity with rising interdependent, interconnectivity and multilateral relations of state for
the survival of one by all and vice versa. This undeniable reality has succeeded in transforming
the world into a global village where states interrelation is channeled towards the sustainability
of the global village through a joint pursuit of international peace and security, global economic
prosperity, political development, technological advancement, and global social stability. From
this research work, we have been able to establish the fact that globalization is a system that
integrates different economies and societies more closely. Historically, Globalization date back
to over 2000 years ago in the silk road city when men began to expand trade connections first in
Asia and later to Europe. Globalization has made mostly the material, political, and economic
interconnection of state possible in the international system where the survival and existence of
state is a function of individual state pursuit of interest. This goes to show that states
togetherness and interconnectedness in the international system and global village, is for the
articulation, aggregation, and projection of their national interest. To pursue their national
interest among the comity of nations in the international system, foreign policy became a
mechanism and tool used by state to attain their desired national interest and objectives on a
global level. This means that we cannot talk about foreign policy without first talking about
national interest. Foreign policy therefore becomes the decision made and agreed by individual
state in the international system as an instrument at their disposal to pursue their national interest.
Therefore, a formidable foreign policy accurately drafted and well projected would help a state
in fulfilling its national interest and acquiring a rightful place among the comity of nations.
This research also began to look historically and analytical into Nigeria's foreign policy. From
this research work, we found that Nigeria's interaction with the rest of the world started a result
of her independence in 1960 after attaining the status of a sovereign state with a legitimate
government, people, and geographical territory. This sovereign state status, made Nigeria legible
to interact with the rest of the world and to pursue her national interest among the comity of
nations. In 1960 when Nigeria's foreign policy found its place in the global arena, Prime minister
Tafawa Balewa addressing the parliament on 20th August 1960, clearly state that promotion of
national interest shall be a fundamental objective of Nigeria's foreign policy. Which means that
Nigeria's interaction with the rest of the world will clearly be guided by the national interest of
the state. This research work delves into the subject of the principle and objectives of Nigeria's
foreign policy and how those principles and objectives have been followed up by different state
actors at different times. Foremost among Nigeria's foreign policy pursuit is the policy of
Afrocentrism which became very instrumental in the struggle for the freedom of other African
state under colonial rule. This is seen in the prominent role Nigeria played in the liberation
struggle of many African states cum peaceful settlement of dispute and conflicts within the
region. Nigeria's focus on Africa development, span across regional and sub-regional political
and economic-cooperation with Nigeria's role in the establishment of sub-regional and regional
organization for the purposes of economic liberalization and political development across the
continent.

This research also delve into Nigeria's membership of various multilateral organization where
global conversation takes place. Nigeria's membership of the UN, Commonwealth and other
multilateral organization became instrumental to Nigeria's foreign policy implementation in the
global village. Through various multilateral relations, Nigeria as a state became integrated into
the agenda of a global village and consequently began to pursue relevance through different
policy and programme. Nigeria's support and effort in various peacekeeping mission under the
UN is noteworthy. This takes us to the broad analysis of the impact of Nigeria's foreign policy in
this era of globalization. In the course of research, we found that globalization mainly rest on
three key aspect which are: trade liberation(economic), information development (technology),
and democratic development (politics). States in the international system always seek to
influence policies and politics through their foreign policy pursuit and the way and manner
through which they purse their interest economically, politically, or technologically as the main
aspect of globalization. This research has been able to analyze how Nigeria's foreign policy
emerge in the global arena with a view to shaping conversation and making impact in this era of
globalization through different programme and method.

5.2 CONCLUSION
Foreign policy remains a very crucial and critical means of interrelation and interaction of states
among the comity of nations. Foreign policy is regarded as the discreet purposeful action that
results from the political level decision of an individual or group of individuals. This means that
at the root of every foreign policy is a political decision of individuals or group that seek to
achieve a cause either locally or internationally. Foreign policy is used by state actors to affect
the behavior of other state actors and to change or adjust their own activities within the
international system. State’s reaction to the dynamic nature of the international system can only
be guided through their foreign policy principles and objectives. To understand how states react
and interact among themselves within the international, we must understand their foreign policy
objectives and principles. Globalization is an equalizer of states in the international environment
where state interdependence has become a non-negotiable requirement for the sanity of the
international system. Therefore, no state within the international system is superior to the other
as globalization has made every state in the international environment to look up to themselves
for their economic, political or technological development.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
As an aftermath of an in-depth and careful work, recommendations should follow as a show of
an in-depth understanding of the research work having attempted a study on the analysis of
Globalization and Nigeria's foreign policy. The following recommendations provided are
relevant and if duly implemented will contribute a great deal to the nation's foreign policy
relevance in the international system. Nigeria's foreign policy pursuit should be subject to critical
review by those who understand the political dynamics of the international system so as to
ensure its effectiveness and lasting impact in the global village. Technocrat at the Nigeria
Institute of International affairs should continue to work closely with state actors to ensure the
continued strengthening of Nigeria diplomatic ability which in different times serves as an
instrument of effective impact of Nigeria's foreign policy in the international system. State actors
must continue to pursue peace and stability within the Africa region as any threat to peace and
stability in the region will negatively affect Nigeria's pursuit of global relevance through her
foreign policy. The Nigerian state actors must begin and continue to work assiduously to build a
robust technology in the state. Because the role of technological advancement in making impact
and having influence within the international environment cannot be overemphasize. If Nigeria
seek to make more impact in the international environment, state actors must commit themselves
to the technological advancement of the Nigerian state.
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