FALGUNI MISS

PHYSICS SUMMARY
05. REFRACTION THROUGH A LENS 22 – 23.

(A) LENS & REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH LENS.

➢ Scope:
o Types of lenses (converging and diverging).
o Convex and concave action of a lens as a set of prism.
o Technical terms - center of curvature, radius of curvature principal axis, foci,
focal plane and focal length.

➢ Lens:
o Definition: A lens is a transparent refracting medium bounded by one or two
spherical surfaces.
o Kinds of lenses: Lenses are of two types:
▪ Converging or Convex lens
▪ Diverging or Concave lens
➢ Action of lens as a set of prism:
o Refraction through a convex lens:
▪ The central part has parallel sides
hence the ray passes undeviated.
▪ The prism forms a convex lens and
converges the parallel light beam.
o Refraction through a concave lens:
▪ The central part has parallel sides
hence the ray passes undeviated.
▪ The prism forms a concave lens and
diverges the parallel light beam.

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➢ Technical terms related to a lens:

o Centre of curvature: The center of the sphere, which forms the lens surface, is
called the center of curvature of that surface of the lens.
o Radius of curvature: The radius of the sphere, which forms lens surface, is called
the radius of curvature of that surface of the lens.
o Principal axis: The line joining the centers of curvature of the two surfaces of the
lens is called the principal axis.
o Optical center: It is a point on the principal axis of the lens such that an incident ray of
light emerges parallel to its direction of incidence after passing through this point.
▪ If the lens is thick: The light ray while passing through the optical centre
is slightly displaced parallel to its original direction as follows:

▪ If the lens is thin: The light ray passing through the optical centre passes
undeviated as follows:

▪ Definition of optical centre of thin lens: The optical centre of a thin lens
is the point on the principal axis of a lens, such that an incident ray of
light, passes undeviated through it.

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o Principal foci:
▪ Two principal foci are situated at equal distances from the optical center
one on either side of the lens.
▪ They are called first focus F1 and second focus F2.
▪ First focal point:
• For a convex lens: The first focal point is a
point F1 on the principal axis of the lens such
that the rays of light starting from it or
passing through it, after refraction through
the lens, become parallel to the principal
axis of the lens.
• For a concave lens: The first focal point is a
point F1 on the principal axis of the lens such
that the incident ray of light appears to
meet at it, after refraction from the lens and
becomes parallel to the principal axis of the
lens.
▪ Second focal point:
• For a convex lens: The second focal
point is a point F2 on the principal axis
of the lens such that the ray of light
incident parallel to the principal axis,
after refraction, passes through it.
• For a concave lens: Second focal point
is a point F2 on the principal axis of the
lens such that the ray of light incident
parallel to the principal axis, appears to
to diverge from this point, after refraction.

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o The focal length of the lens:
▪ There are two focal lengths of a lens.
• First focal length (f1): It is the distance from the optical centre of
the lens to its first focal point F1.
• Second focal length(f2): It is the distance from the optical centre
of the lens to its second focal point F2.

▪ The factors on which the focal length of a lens depends:

• The refractive index of material of lens – Directly proportional:
o The refractive index is relative to the surrounding medium.
o Ex: If a lens is placed in water (denser) instead of air (rarer)
the focal length increases.
• The radii of curvature of lens – Inversely proportional:
o A thick lens has less focal length.
o A thin lens has greater focal length for the same material.
▪ If a part of the lens is covered:
• Its focal length remains unchanged and
• The intensity of light entering the lens decreases due to which the
intensity of the image formed by it also decreases.

o The focal plane of the lens:

▪ First focal plane: A plane passing through the first focal point and is
normal to the principal axis of the lens is called the first focal plane.
▪ Second focal plane: A plane passing through the second focal point and
is normal to the principal axis of the lens is called the second focal plane.
o

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➢ Difference between concave and convex lens in their:
o Appearance and.
o Action on the incident light.
Convex lens Concave lens
1. It is thick in the middle and thin at the 1. It is thin in the middle and thick at the
periphery. periphery.
2. It converges the incident rays towards 2. It diverges the incident ray away from
the principal axis. the principal axis.
3. It has a real focus. 3. It has a virtual focus.

(B) FORMATION OF IMAGE BY A LENS.

➢ Scope:
o Detailed study of ray diagrams, formation of images, principal rays or construction rays.
o Location of images for various positions of a small linear object on the principal
axis and characteristics of images.

➢ Principal rays in the construction of a ray diagram:

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➢ Characteristics and location of images for a convex lens:

o Case (i): When the object is at infinity (i.e., a very distant object)
f = 2 cm u = at infinity ht. of O = ---
2f = 4 cm v = at F2 ht. of I = ?

Nature of image: Real, Inverted and highly diminished.

Position of image: At F2.
Magnification: Cannot be calculated as object is at infinity.
Application: Convex lens is used either as a camera lens or a burning glass.

o Case (ii): When the object is beyond 2F1.

f = 2cm u = beyond 2F1 ht. of O = 2cms
2f = 4 cm v = between F2 and 2F2 ht. of I = ?

Nature of image: Real, Inverted and diminished.

Position of image: Between F2 and 2F2.
𝑣 ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼
Magnification: – 𝑢 = ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂
Application: Convex lens used as camera lens when the object, not very far, is to
be photographed.

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 FALGUNI MISS
o Case (iii): When the object is at 2F1.
f = 2cm u = At 2F1 ht. of O = 2cms
2f = 4 cm v = At 2F2 ht. of I = 2cms

Nature of image: Real, Inverted and of the same size as the object.
Position of image: At 2F2.
𝑣 ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼 2
Magnification: – = = =1
𝑢 ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 2
Application: This case is used in a terrestrial telescope for erecting the image
formed by the objective lens.

o Case (iv): When the object is between F1 and 2F1.

f = 2cm u = between F1 and 2F1 ht. of O = 2cms
2f = 4 cm v = beyond 2F2 ht. of I = ?

Nature of image: Real, Inverted and magnified.

Position of image: Beyond 2F2.
𝑣 ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼
Magnification: – 𝑢 = ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂
Application: This type of image formation is used in cinema and slide projectors.

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o Case (v): When the object is at F1.
f = 2 cm u = At F1 ht. of O = 2cms
2f = 4 cm v = At infinity ht. of I = --

Nature of image: Real, Inverted and highly magnified.

Position of image: At infinity.
Magnification: Cannot be calculated.
Application: The above arrangement is used in the collimator of a spectrometer
to obtain a parallel beam of light by placing the source of light at the focus of
convex lens.

o Case (vi): When the object is between the lens and the focus (i.e., between O
and F1):
f = 2cm u = between F1 and optical centre ht. of O = 2cms
2f = 4 cm v = beyond F1, on same side behind the object ht. of I = ?

Nature of image: Virtual, erect and magnified.

Position of image: Beyond F1, on same side behind the object.
𝑣 ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼
Magnification: + =
𝑢 ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂
Application: This type of image formation is used while using a convex lens as a
reading lens, magnifying glass or a simple microscope, in which a magnified
virtual image of a tiny object is formed which is distinctly seen by the eye
because the eye lens converges the rays to form a real image on the retina.

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➢ Characteristics and location of images for a concave lens:
o Case (i): When the object is at infinity.
f = 2cm u = At infinity ht. of O = ---
2f = 4 cm v = At F2 ht. of I = ?

Nature of image: Virtual, erect and diminished.

Position of image: At F2.
Magnification: Cannot be calculated as object at infinity.
Application: Used in Galilean telescope.
o Case (ii): When the object is between infinity and the optical centre of the concave lens.
f = 2cm u = between infinity to optical centre (anywhere) ht. of O = 2cms.
2f = 4 cm v = between F2 and optical centre ht. of I = ?

Nature of image: Virtual, erect and diminished.

Position of image: Between F2 and optical centre.
𝑣 ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼
Magnification: + =
𝑢 ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑂
Application: Used in spectacles by short sighted person.

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➢ Difference between the image formed by a convex and a concave lens:
Image by a convex lens Image by a concave lens
1. The image can be real as well as virtual. 1. The image is always virtual for all the
Real- if the object is beyond the focus, positions of the object in front of
Virtual - if the object is before the focus. the lens.
2. The image can be magnified, of same 2. The image is always diminished.
size as well as diminished.
Magnified – when object is before 2F.
Same size – when object is at 2F.
Diminished – when object is beyond 2F.
3. The image can be inverted or erect. 3. The image is always erect.
Inverted – when object is beyond focus,
Erect – when object is within focal distance.

(C) SIGN CONVENTION AND LENS FORMULA.

➢ Scope:
o Sign convention and direct numerical problems using the lens formula.
o Derivation of formula and scale or graphical drawing of ray diagrams not required.

➢ Sign Convention of Measurement of Distances:

We follow the cartesian sign convention to measure the distance in a lens.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
➢ Lens Formula: 𝒗 – 𝒖 = 𝒇
o Definition: The Lens formula is the equation relating to the distance of object
(u), distance of image (v) and focal length (f) of a lens .
o Lens formula is same for both - convex and concave lens.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
o It is : –𝒖 = 𝒇
𝒗

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 FALGUNI MISS
o According to sign convention:
▪ For a convex lens:
• u is always negative.
• f is always positive.
• v is positive for the real image.
• v is negative for the virtual image.
▪ For a concave lens:
• u, v and f all are negative.
• The numerical value of u is always greater than v.

➢ Linear Magnification:
o Definition: The linear magnification is the ratio of length of image (I)
perpendicular to the principal axis, to the length of object (O).
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝐼) 𝑣
o Linear magnification, m = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 (𝑂) = 𝑢

➢ Power of Lens:
o Definition: The power of a lens is a measure of deviation produced by it in the
path of rays refracted through it.
o Unit of power of lens is dioptre (D).
o Power of lens in dioptre is the reciprocal of focal length in metre.
1
o Power of lens (in D) = 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒) .

FORMULAE:
𝟏
1. Power of lens (in D) = 𝐟𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 (𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
2. = -
𝒇 𝒗 𝒖
3. Real image, m =–
4. Virtual image, m =+
𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 (𝐈)
5. Magnification = 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 (𝐎)
6.
Concave Convex Convex
always virtual virtual real
–u –u –u
–v –v +v
–f +f +f

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(D) MAGNIFYING GLASS AND APPLICATION OF LENSES.

➢ Scope:
o Power of a lens (concave and convex).
o Simple direct numerical problems.
o Magnifying glass or simple microscope.
o Location of image and its magnification from ray diagram only (formulae and
numerical problems not included).
o Application of lenses.

➢ Magnifying Glass or Simple Microscope:

o Definition: A magnifying glass is a convex lens of short focal length fitted in a
steel (or plastic) frame provided with a handle.
o Principle: The principle of a simple microscope (or magnifying glass or reading
glass) is when an object is placed between the optical centre and the focus of a
convex lens, the image obtained is erect, virtual and magnified and formed on
the same side of the object, but behind the object.
o Ray diagram for location of image in magnifying glass:

o Magnifying power:
▪ Definition: When the object is placed at the least distance of distinct vision (D) = 25
𝐷
cm; then the Magnifying power, 𝑚 = 1 + 𝑓 , where f is the focal length of the lens.
▪ Uses:
• A simple microscope or magnifying glass is used to see small
letters and figures.
• It is used by watchmakers to see small parts of the watch.
• In optical instruments such as a travelling microscope,
spectrometer, etc., a reading glass is provided above the Vernier
scale to enable one to read the scale accurately.

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➢ Distinction between concave and convex lens:

Concave lens
The lens is thin in the middle and thick
at the edges.
On keeping the lens near a printed
page the letters appears diminished.
On seeing distant object through the
lens, its upright image is seen.
Convex lens
The lens is thick at the middle and thin
at the edges.
On keeping the lens near a printed
page the letters appears magnified.
On seeing distant object through the
lens, its inverted image is seen.

➢ Application of lens:
o Convex lens is used:
▪ As an objective lens in telescope, camera, slide projector, to form a real
and inverted image of the object.
▪ As a magnifying glass.
▪ In a spectroscope to obtain a pure spectrum.
▪ A person suffering from long sightedness or Hypermetropia or
hyperopia wears spectacles having the convex lenses.
▪ Our eye lens is also a convex lens and forms the inverted image of the
object on the retina.
o Concave lens is used:
▪ As eye lens in a Galilean telescope to obtain an erect final image of the
object.
▪ A person suffering from short sightedness or myopia wears spectacles
having concave lenses.
o Both lenses are used:
▪ A concave lens is used along with a convex lens to overcome the defects
of chromatic aberration or spherical aberration formed by convex lens.
▪ A concave lens is used along with a convex lens in bifocal lens spectacles of a
person suffering from hyperopia and myopia.
• The lower part is convex lens which is used to see nearby objects, while
the upper part is the concave lens which is used to see the distant
objects.

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