WHY SUPER CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY

✓ To Reduce emission for each Kwh of electricity generated : Superior Environmental

1% rise in efficiency reduce the CO2 emission by 2-3%

✓ The Most Economical way to enhance efficiency

✓ To Achieve Fuel cost saving : Economical

✓ Operating Flexibility

✓ Reduces the Boiler size / MW

✓ To Reduce Start-Up Time

 UNDERSTANDING SUB CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY

✓ Water when heated to sub critical pressure, Temperature increases until it starts
boiling

✓ This temperature remain constant till all the water converted to steam

✓ When all liquid converted to steam than again temperature starts rising.

✓ Sub critical boiler typically have a mean ( Boiler Drum) to separate Steam And Water

✓ The mass of this boiler drum, which limits the rate at which the sub critical boiler
responds to the load changes

✓ Too great a firing rate will result in high thermal stresses in the boiler drum
 UNDERSTANDING SUPER CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY

✓ When Water is heated at constant pressure above the critical pressure, its
temperature will never be constant

✓ No distinction between the Liquid and Gas, the mass density of the two phases
remain same

✓ No Stage where the water exist as two phases and require separation : No Drum

✓ The actual location of the transition from liquid to steam in a once through super
critical boiler is free to move with different condition : Sliding Pressure Operation

✓ For changing boiler loads and pressure, the process is able to optimize the amount
of liquid and gas regions for effective heat transfer.
Circulation Vs Once Through
 540°C, 255 Ksc

568°C, 47
Ksc 492°C, 260 Ksc

FUR ROOF
457°C, 49 Ksc
I/L HDR ECO HGR O/L
HDR
HRH LINE

MS LINE

411°C, 411°C,
277Ksc 275 Ksc

SEPARATOR

S
T FINAL SH
FINAL
O RH LTRH
R
DIV PANELS SH PLATEN SH
A
G
E
T
A VERTICAL WW
N
G K
ECO JUNCTION

305°C, 49 Ksc
HDR
LPT LPT IPT
C
O HPT
N ECONOMISER
D
E
N
S
E
R
ECO I/L

FEED WATER
BWRP
290°C, 302 KSC

FUR LOWER HDR

FRS
 Steam

Partial Steam Generation

Complete or Once-through
Steam Generation

Heat Input
Water

Heat Input

Water
Water
Boiling process in Tubular Geometries
 Vertical Tube Furnace

➢ To provide sufficient flow per tube, constant pressure furnaces employ

vertically oriented tubes.

➢ Tubes are appropriately sized and arranged in multiple passes in the lower
furnace where the burners are located and the heat input is high.

➢ By passing the flow twice through the lower furnace periphery (two passes),
the mass flow per tube can be kept high enough to ensure sufficient cooling.

➢ In addition, the fluid is mixed between passes to reduce the upset fluid
temperature.
 Spiral Tube Furnace

➢ The spiral design, on the other hand, utilizes fewer tubes to obtain the
desired flow per tube by wrapping them around the furnace to create the
enclosure.

➢ This also has the benefit of passing all tubes through all heat zones to
maintain a nearly even fluid temperature at the outlet of the lower portion
of the furnace.

➢ Because the tubes are “wrapped” around the furnace to form the enclosure,
fabrication and erection are considerably more complicated and costly.
 SPIRAL WATER WALL

ADVANTAGE

✓ Benefits from averaging of heat absorption variation : Less tube leakages

✓ Simplified inlet header arrangement
✓ Use of smooth bore tubing
✓ No individual tube orifice
✓ Reduced Number of evaporator wall tubes & Ensures minimum water flow
✓ Minimizes Peak Tube Metal Temperature
✓ Minimizes Tube to Tube Metal Temperature difference

DISADVANTAGE

✓ Complex wind-box opening

✓ Complex water wall support system
✓ tube leakage identification : a tough task
✓ Adherence of Ash on the shelf of tube fin