SNU5341

,uz;lhk; mku;T

khztu; nghUj;jg;ghL

cs;slf;fk;
❖ mwpKfk;

❖ nghUj;jg;ghliljy;

❖ nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahkw; Nghtjhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpid

❖ nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpa tpsf;fk; MrpupaUf;F Vd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ?

❖ rhuhk;rk;

❖ fw;wy; tpisTfs;

❖ crhj;Jiz Ehy;fs;

mwpKfk;
SL
xU Fwpg;gpl;l jdpahs; jd; tho;ehs; KOtjpYk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F cupa
U
Kiwapy; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jpwid cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s cjTjy; MNyhrid $Wjypd;
gpujhd Nehf;fk; vd;gij Kjyhk; mku;tpNy ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gPuf
; s;.

khzt tho;f;ifapy; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; khztid

O

rpwe;j Kiwapy; nghUj;jg;ghlile;j khztd; vdf;fUjyhk;. khztu;fs; nghUj;jg;ghL

miltjw;F cjtpGupjy; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij ePq;fs;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tPu;fs; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. MfNt khztu; nghUj;jg;ghliltjw;F cjtp
Gupaf;$ba mJ njhlu;ghfg; gaDs;s tplaq;fis ,t;tku;tpy; ehk; Kd;itf;fpNwhk;.

,t;tku;tpd; Muk;gj;jpy; nghUj;jg;ghliljy; vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUtpd; kPJ cq;fs; ftdk;

<u;ff
; g;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F nghUj;jg;ghliltijg; gw;wpf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghd;W fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; nghUj;jg;ghliljy;;
Mrpupau;> khztu; Mfpa ,U rhuhuplKk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJ ,jd;%yk; cq;fSf;F
tpsq;ftUk;.

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mLj;jjhf ehk; nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahik gw;wpg; gFg;gha;T nra;J ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.

r%f uPjpahfTk;; fy;tp uPjpahfTk; nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahik tFg;giwapYk;
mNjNghd;W ntspapYk; gpur;rpidfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ cq;fSf;F tpsq;Fk;.

,Wjpahf nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Mrpupau;fSf;F Vd; Kf;fpakhdJ

vd;gijg;gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLfpd;Nwhk;. khztid tpsq;fTk; Mrpupau; vd;w tifapy;
cq;fSf;Fs;NsAk; xU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk; ,q;F ngw;w mwpT cq;fSf;F
cjTk;.

,e;j mku;T> khztu; nghUj;jg;ghliltJ gw;wp Xu; MrpupaUf;Fj; Njitahd mwpitg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTk;. ,jd; cs;slf;fj;ij ed;whff; fw;W mjpypUe;J gy
ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tPu;fs; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwhk;.

Kw;Nrhjid

Vw;gLfpd;wJ?
2. cs;shu;e;j
SL
1. ePq;fs; VNjDnkhU gpur;rpidf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;NghJ cq;fSf;F vd;d vz;zk;

tho;f;ifapy; xU rpf;fy; epiy

csr;Rfepiyapy; vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;?
Vw;gLjy; xU khztdpd;

3. csuPjpahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU khztDf;F me;epiyapypUe;J tpLjiyngw

U
vt;thW cjtpGupe;Js;sPu;fs;?

nghUj;jg;ghliljy;;
kdpj tho;f;if kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfs;tpfs; ,uz;lhFk;. jdpahl;fSf;F
O

,ilapyhd njhlu;Gld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfs;tp vdg;gLk; r%fk; rhu; Nfs;tp mtw;Ws; xU

tifiar; Nru;e;jJ. jdpahl;fSf;F ,ilapy; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ xU
jdpahs; kPJ Vw;gLk; Nfs;tpfs; gytifapd. rpW tajpypUe;Nj mtd; ,e;jf;
Nfs;tpfSf;F Vw;gNt nraw;gl NeupLk;. ngw;Nwhu; rpW tajpypUe;Nj jk;
gps;isfsplkpUe;J rpy elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis vjpu;ghu;g;gu;. gps;isapd; taJ
nry;yr;nry;y taJ te;Njhu;fSk; Mrpupau;fSk; jkJ gps;isfsplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;
vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; gbg;gbahf mjpfupf;fpd;wd. tpNrlkhfg; ngw;Nwhu; jkJ gps;isfs; cau;
rhjidfis nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;W Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jk;khy;
mile;Jnfhs;s Kbahj tho;f;if vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fisj; jkJ gps;isfs; %yk;
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;Fk; ngw;Nwhu;fSk; ek;kj;jpapy; cs;sdu;. tpNrlkhff; fw;Fk;
ghlg;gug;Gfs;> njhopy; njupT Mfpad gw;wpa ngw;Nwhupd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; gps;isapd;
ehl;lq;fs; jpwikfs; Kjypatw;Wld; nghUe;jhkYk; ,Uf;fyhk;. mNjNghd;W tsu;e;Njhu;

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taij milAk; gps;isfs; njhlu;ghfj; jpUkzk; gw;wpAk; ngw;Nwhu; gy

vjpu;ghu;f;iffis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tu;. jpUkzkhdjd; gpd;du; kidtp fztdplKk;
fztd; kidtpaplKk; Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis vjpu;ghu;g;gu;. ,itAk; jdpahs;
kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w r%fk; rhu; rf;jpfshFk;. ,j;jhf;fq;fSf;Fj; jdpahs;
jhf;Fg;gpbf;Fk;> ,irthf;fk; ngWk; jd;ikapy; mtu; nghUj;jg;ghliltjpd;; ntw;wpAk;
Njhy;tpAk; mikAk;.

jdpahs; xUtUf;F jk;Ks;Ns Vw;gLk; kw;WnkhU Njit tifAk; cz;L. capupay;

NjitfSk; cstpay; NjitfSk; ,t;tifiar; Nru;e;jdthFk;. czT> md;G> Xa;T>
,uf;fk;> Vw;fg;gly;> Gjpa mDgtq;fisg; ngWjy; vd;gd ,t;tifiar; Nru;e;j
Njitfs; rpythFk;. ,j;jifa jdpg;gl;l cs;thupahd Njitfis epiwTnra;Jnfhs;s
Kw;gLk;NghJ ntspthupahf Vw;gLk; r%fk; rhu; jhf;fq;fs; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jilahf
mikAk;. mjd; tpisthf cs Nkhjy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. jdJ jdpg;gl;l Njitia

mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. SL
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; mNjNtis> ntspthupahd r%f jhf;fq;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik ntw;wpfukhdnjhU tho;f;ifia elj;Jtjw;F

cs;spUe;J cUthFk; Njitia epiwNtw;Wk; mNj rkaj;jpy; r%f NjitfisAk;

jpUg;jpg;gLj;j nraw;gLfpd;w csr;nrad;Kiwia nghUj;jg;ghliljy; vd;W
miof;fyhk;. ,r;nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpAk; Njhy;tpAk; MSf;fhs; NtWgLk;. mNjNghd;W
U
xNu jdpahs; rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhapDk; ,r;nrad;Kiw xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ntw;wpaspf;ff;
$bajhf ,Ue;jhYk; kw;nwhU re;jg;gj;jpy; Njhy;tpiaj; juyhk;.

jdJ jdpg;gl;l Njitia epiwTnra;Jnfhz;L njhopy; GupAkplj;jpy; jd;kPJ Vw;gLk;

O

ntspj;jhf;fq;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jpU. Fkhupd; kztho;f;if

Njhy;tpaile;jikf;Ff; fhuzk; jdJ jdpg;gl;l Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhz;L
FLk;gj;jpw;Fs; mtu;kPJ Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;f
Kbahkw;NghdjhFk;.

jdf;Fs;Ns Njhd;Wfpd;w NjitfSf;Fk; rf;jpfSf;Fk; ntspthupahfj; Njhd;Wk;

NjitfSf;Fk; rf;jpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; nghUj;jg;ghlilar; nra;Ak;
csr;nrad;Kiwiag; nghWj;J csr;nrsf;fpak; jpUg;jpfukhdjhf mikAk;.
nghUj;jg;ghliljy;> rpwe;j csr;nrsf;fpak; Mfpa ,U khwpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU
cld;ghlhd njhlu;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahik
csr;nrsf;fpaj;Jf;F mr;RWj;jyhfyhk;. xUtuJ jdpj;Jtk;> mtu; thOk; r%fk;
Mfpad csr;nrsf;fpaj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzpahFk;.

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nraw;ghL 01
(i) cq;fs; kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; r%f rf;jpfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
(ii) cq;fsJ nrhe;j Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjpy; ,e;j r%f rf;jpfspd;
Nfs;tpfs; cq;fSf;F jilahf mike;j re;ju;g;gnkhd;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
(iii) ,j;jifa epiyikfspy; ePq;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; csr;nrsf;fpak; cq;fsJ
csMNuhf;fpaj;jpy; vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gijr; RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Ff.

nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpa fw;iffs;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikfspd; fPo; Ma;T$lj;jpy; khztu;fspd; elj;ijfis
mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; nghUj;jg;ghliljy; gw;wpa epiyia mstpl KbAnkdpDk;

mtjhdpj;jy;
mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
SL
fy;tpapaypy; Ma;Tf; fw;iffisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
FiwthdJ vd;gij ePq;fs; mwptPu;fs;.

gps;isfspd; elj;ijfis
Kiwapd;%yk;
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg;
cq;fSf;Fg;
tFg;giwapYk;
gutyhfg;
gps;isfspd;
tpisahl;L
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
nghUj;jg;ghL
ikjhdj;jpYk;
re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; fye;Jnfhs;Sk; NghJk; khztu;fs; ,ay;ghf ele;Jnfhs;Sk;
gw;wp
gy;NtW
U
Kiwia mtjhdpj;J mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbAk;.

,J njhlu;ghf ESP 2201> fy;tp cstpay; vDk; nkhba+ypy; gps;isfsJ elj;ijia

mtjhdpj;jy; gw;wpa gFjpia thrpj;Jg;ghUq;fs;. NkYk; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;bd; %yk;
O

cq;fsJ mtjhdpj;jy; jpwd;fis ePq;fs; tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;sTk; tFg;giwapy;

khztu; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpg; gpur;rpid Njhd;Wk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cq;fs; ftdj;ij
mjpy; <LgLj;jTk; KbAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwhk;.

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nraw;ghL 02
cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy;/ tFg;giwapy;
• cq;fsJ tFg;giwapy; ve;NeuKk; ftiyNahbUf;Fk; xU khztid my;yJ
• ve;NeuKk; Kul;Lj;jdj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lk; khztidj; Nju;e;njLj;Jf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
1. mk;khztidr; rpwpJ fhyj;Jf;F ed;whf mtjhdpj;j cq;fs; mtjhdpg;Gfis Xu;
mtjhdpg;G ml;ltizapy; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
2. ePq;fs; Muha;r;rpf;fhfj; njupTnra;Jnfhz;l khztDf;F nghUj;jg;ghliljy;
rk;ge;jkhf VNjDk; gpur;rpid cz;lh vd Muha;e;J cq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;l xU mwpf;ifiaj; jahupf;fTk;.

nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahkw; Nghtjhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpid

mgptpUj;jpaile;j
nghUj;jg;ghlila
SL
ehLfspy;
Kbahj
Nghd;W
egu;fs;
mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk;
,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,j;jifatu;fs;
ehLfspYk;
ve;jnthU
taJkl;lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Muk;gg; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; fy;tp fw;Fk;
khztu;fisg; Nghd;Nw ,ilepiy kl;lj;jpy; fw;fpd;w khztu;fSk; gy;fiyf;foff;fy;tp
gapYk; khztu;fSk; kw;Wk; tsu;e;NjhUk; ,g;gpupitr; Nru;e;Njhuhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpahy; fy;tp Kwptiljy;> Mirfs;> Njitfs; Mfpatw;iw
U
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s Kbahik> Nghl;bfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Kbahik>
ngw;Nwhu;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; vjpu;g;Gf;fs; fhuzkhfj; Njitahd md;igg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahik> r%fj; jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; trjpaPdq;fs; Vw;gLjy;
Kjypa fhuzpfs; khztu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; kd Kuz;ghLfisAk; tpuf;jpiaAk;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fshFk;. ciof;Fk; cyNfhL njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;
O

nfhs;tjpYs;s trjpaPdq;fs;> njhopypy; jpUg;jpapd;ik> jpUkzk;> taJ

Kjpu;rr
; pailjy;> Xa;T ngWjy; Kjypa re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf
Kfq;nfhLg;gjpYs;s rpukq;fs; Kjypa fhuzpfshy; tsu;e;Njhu; kj;jpapy; tpuf;jp
Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd gy gpur;rpidfisAila rpWtu;> ,isQu;> tsu;e;Njhu; Mfpa
gy egu;fis ePq;fs; re;jpj;jpUf;fyhk;.

kd Kuz;ghLfSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J tpuf;jpiaj; jhq;fpf;nfhz;L xU ePz;lfhyj;Jf;F

thoNtz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lhy; mjd; fhuzkhf me;egu; mbf;fb Neha;tha;g;gl ,lKz;L.
clYk; cs;sKk; ,U njhFjpfs; vdf;fUjg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,U njhFjpfSk; xd;whfr;
nraw;gLk;NghJ csg;gpur;rpid fhuzkhf clYk; Neha;tha;g;glyhk;. Vida gy
ehLfspw; Nghd;W ,yq;ifapYk; rpWtu;> ,isQu;> tsu;e;Njhu; MfpNahUila cs
nrsf;fpaj;ijg; Nghd;Nw cly; nrsf;fpaKk; ghjpf;fg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhapUf;fpd;w

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VJf;fisg; ngUk;ghYk; ,dq;fhz KbAk;. r%fj;jpw;Fg; gad; juj;jf;f tpjj;jpy;

nraw;glf;$ba gps;isfs;> ,isQu;fs;> tsu;e;Njhu; MfpNahu; Nehahsu;fshf khWjy;
r%fj;Jf;F el;lky;yth?

Neha;tha;g;gLk; kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd jq;Fkpl trjpfs;> rpfpr;ir> czT Mfpatw;iw

toq;Ftjw;fhf murhq;fk; tUle;NjhWk; ngUe; njhifahd gzj;ijr; nrytpl
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL Neha; tha;g;gLfpd;wtu;fspd; FLk;gq;fSf;F
,j;jifatu;fisf; fz;fhzpj;Jg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; rpukkhFk;.

vg;gbahapDk; xU r%fg; gpur;rpidahf KbtilAk; ,e;epiyikfisg; ngUk;ghYk;

jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,g; gpur;rpidfSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jpwidr;
rpWtaJ KjNy fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;. jdpahsplk; nghUj;jg;ghlilAk; jpwikiar;
rpWtaJ KjNy Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s cjt KbAkhapd; ,e;jr; r%fg;gpur;rpid ghupa

SL
gpur;rpidahf khwhJ ,J njhlu;ghff; FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> nghJr;r%fk; Mfpad
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;aKbAk;.

nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahkw;Nghjy; xU fy;tpg; gpur;rpidah?

nghUj;jg;ghliltjpy; ngWk; Njhy;tp vt;thW xU r%fg;gpur;rpidahf mikfpd;wnjd
ehk; Muha;e;J ghu;j;Njhk;. jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s Kw;gLk;NghJ vOk;
U
gpur;rpidfSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jpwd; tpNrlkhfg; gps;isfsplk; ,y;yhik
vt;thW xU fy;tpg; gpur;rpidahf mikfpd;wJ vd ,g;NghJ Muha;e;J ghu;g;Nghk;. ekJ
ehl;bd; ghlrhiyfspy; Vw;glf;$ba rpy re;ju;g;gq;fis cjhuzq;fshf vLj;J
tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; cq;fis <LgLj;j ehk; fUJfpd;Nwhk;.
O

Re;ju; tPl;bd; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpid fhuzkhfg; gy Ntisfspy; NghJkhd

cztpd;wpg; ghlrhiyf;F tUfpwhd; mtdhy; ghlj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jKbtjpy;iy.
jhd; Kfq;nfhLj;Js;s gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s top njupahj Re;jUf;Fg;
ghlrhiyf; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; gad;jUk; tifapy; gq;Fgw;w KbahJ.

fl;bsk; taJila RNu~; jhd; md;Gitj;jpUf;Fk; uhzp NtnwhU khztd;kPJ ikay;

nfhz;bUg;gijj; njupe;Jnfhz;lNghJ mijj;jhq;fpf;nfhs;s KbahJ
fLq;Nfhgj;Jf;Fs;shfp tpuf;jpaile;J ghlrhiyf;F tUfpwhd;. tFg;gpy;
mku;e;jpUf;fpwhd;. ePq;fs; ed;whfj; jpl;lkpl;L Kiwahff; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;jpypUe;J RNu~;
gad;ngWfpwhd; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPu;fsh?

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jdJ fw;wy; eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhfr; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;j 10 Mk; juj;jpy; fy;tp

gapd;w rhe;jpdp jhahupd; fLikahd Ntz;LNfhspd; fhuzkhf tpisahl;Lj;Jiwg;
gapw;rpfis Kw;WKOjhf epWj;jNtz;bNaw;gl;lJ. Gj;jfq;fisg; gbf;f vLf;Fk; vy;yhr;
re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; mts; MirNahL tpUk;gpa> mNjrkak; jpwikia ntspf;fhl;ba
tpisahl;Lf;fNs mtsJ epidTf;F te;jJ. ,jw;F Kd;du; ,j;jifanjhU
gpur;rpidf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fhj rhe;jpdpf;F gbf;fj; Njitg;gl;l vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;
kdr;Nrhu;T Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyikapy; fw;wypy; <LgLk; rhe;jpdpapd; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk;
gw;wp cq;fsJ fUj;J ahJ?

khztdpd; csr;#oy; fy;tpiaf; fLikahfg; ghjpf;Fk; xU fhuzpahFk;. ,jdhy;

Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; gy gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLk;. khztu;fspd;
,ay;ghd MirfSf;Fk; #oypypUe;J Njhd;Wk; Nfs;tpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Nkhjy;
Vw;gLk;NghJ mtu;fSf;F cs;sj;jpy; gpur;rpid Njhd;Wk;. rpy khztu;fs;

SL
,g;gpur;rpidfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;fs;. kw;Wk; rpyu; ,jj;jifa gpur;rpidfis
ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;. mj;jifa khztu;fs; rpy rkaq;fspy; mjpfk;
ftiyg;gLtu;> nraypoe;J Nghthu;fs;> jdpj;jpUf;fTk; ,lKz;L. fw;wypy; FiwT
Vw;gLtJk; ,ay;ghFk;. Mrpupau; jdJ fw;gpj;jiy ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;wpdhYk;
mk;khztu;fs; mjpypUe;J G+uz gyidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;skhl;lhu;fs;.
Fiwthf nghUj;jg;ghlile;j rpy khztu;fs; Kul;Lf; Fzj;ijg; ngWtu;. mtu;fs;
Nfhgkiljy;> nghwhikg;gLjy;> FNuhjk;> gopthq;fy; Kjypa elj;ijfis
U
ntspf;fhl;lTk; ,lKz;L. tFg;gpy; Vida khztu;fspd; ftdj;ijf; fiyf;fTk;>
fw;wypy; cs;s cw;rhfj;ijf; Fiwf;fTk; ,k;khztu;fspd; nray;fs; fhuzkhFk;.
,j;jifa khztu;fspd; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fspdhy; tFg;giwf; fl;Lg;ghl;ilr;
rpwe;jKiwapy; Ngzpf;fhg;gjpy; jilfs; Vw;gl KbAk;. khztu;fSf;F kj;jpapy; Ra
O

fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;j Mrpupau; vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; gyd; juhJ Nghfyhk;.

,jd;gb nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahik gw;wpa gpur;rpid xU r%fg;gpur;rpidahf khwp

,Wjpapy; xU fy;tpg; gpur;rpidahf Mtjw;Fk; ,lk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W ehk; tpsf;fyhk;.

cq;fsJ tFg;giw mDgtq;fis epidj;Jg;ghu;j;J ,k;KbTfs; rupah vd NkYk;

rpe;jpj;Jg;ghUq;fs;.

nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpa tpsf;fk; MrpupaUf;F Vd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ?

Mrpupau; xU tifapy; r%fNritahsuhthu;. kWgf;fj;jpy; fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwiar;
nraw;gLj;Jgtu; Mrpupau; Mthu;. MfNt nghUj;jg;ghL nrad;Kiw Mrpupau;
mwpe;jpUf;fNtz;ba> MuhaNtz;ba> mtjhdpf;fNtz;ba xU mk;rkhFk;.

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Xu; Mrpupau; vd;w tifapy; ePq;fs; tFg;giwapy; gy gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f

Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jaf;fkpd;wp ,Uf;fTk; mg;gpur;rpidia
ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhs;sTk; ,j;Jiw gw;wpa mwpTk; mDgtKk; cq;fSf;Fg;
gaDs;sjhf mikAk;.

ePq;fs; xU r%fg;gpuhzp. ePq;fs; thOk; r%fk; nfhLf;Fk; gy;NtW mOj;jq;fs;

cq;fspy; csg;gpur;rpidfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f ,lKz;L. mg;gpur;rpidfSf;F ntw;wpfukhf
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jpwid ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cq;fsJ khztu;fs;
cq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wtu;. ePq;fs; tFg;giwapy; ftiyNahbUj;jy; my;yJ NfhghNtrj;Jld;
,Uj;jy; khztu;fSf;F xU rpwe;j fhl;rpahf mikahJ. ePq;fs; Kjpu;rr ; paile;j
MSik cilatu; vd;gJ khztu;fSf;F tpsq;fNtz;Lk;. cq;fs; nghUj;jg;ghl;L
jpwd;fis ePq;fs; tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhy; kl;LNk cq;fshy; ,jid nra;a KbAk;.
cq;fsJ csMNuhf;fpak; rpwe;jjhf khWk; NghJ fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd;

SL
tpisjpwd; re;Njfj;Jf;F ,lkpd;wp mjpfupf;Fk;.

fw;f topfhl;Ljy; cq;fsJ gpujhd flikahFk;. mjw;fhf Maj;jk; nra;Ak; NghJ

ePq;fs; khztu;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;;; mth;fsJ elj;ijg; gw;wpa KOikahd
tpsf;fk; cq;fSf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fsJ nghUj;jg;ghL
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpsf;fk; ,t;tplaj;jpYk; ngupJk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
gw;wp ePq;fs;
U
tFg;giwapy; jdpikapy; ,Uf;Fk; khztu;fs;> ftiyNahbUf;Fk; khztu;fs;
Kul;Lj;jdKs;stu;fs;> nraw;glhky; ,Ug;gtu;fs; MfpNahiu ePq;fs; ed;whf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
O

nghUj;jg;ghliljy; gw;wp ePq;fs; ,Jtiu ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mwpTk; tpsf;fKk; khztu;fs;

gw;wpr; rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg; ngupJk; JizahFk;. fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;Kiwapy; cq;fs; cjtp $Ljyhf ahUf;Fj; Njit vd;gij ePq;fs;
mwpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gps;isfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTk;
tpsf;fKk; gaDilajhf mikAk;.

nghUj;jg;ghliltjw;F rpy khztu;fSf;F Mrpupau;fsJ cjtp mtrpakhFk;.

nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpj; njspthd tpsf;fkpd;wp Mrpupau;fspdhy; khztu;fSf;F; rpwg;ghf
cjtp nra;aKbahJ.

tFg;giwapd; rhjhuz r%fr; #oiy fw;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd #oyhf khw;wp

mikj;jy; Mrpupaupd; kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa gzpahFk;. mjw;Fk; ,t;twpT Njitg;gLk;. rpy

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khztu;fsplk; gy;NtW tpuf;jpepiy Njhd;w ghlrhiyNah my;yJ MrpupaNuh fhuzkhf

,Uf;fyhk;. ahNuDk; xU khztd; me;epiyikf;Fs;shf ePq;fs; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ePq;fNs mijg;gw;wp czu;e;jpUe;jhy; cq;fspy; khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s ,e;j mku;tpy; ePq;fs; ngw;w mwpT gad;jUk; vd epidf;fpNwhk;.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iwf; fw;wjd;%yk; nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wp rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ij ePq;fs;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUg;gPu;fs; vd epidf;fpNwhk;. fPNo jug;gl;l nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;L ePq;fs;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mwpitAk; tpsf;fj;ijAk; NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

nraw;ghL 03
(i) nghUj;jg;ghL vd;Dk; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Ff.
(ii) nghUj;jg;ghliljYf;Fk; cs MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; vj;jifa njhlu;G

(iii)
vd;gij
SL
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;W tpsf;Ff.
khztu; nghUj;jg;ghliljy;> fw;wypy; vj;jifa nry;thf;if Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
tpsf;fg; nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;fis tFg;giwr;
re;ju;g;gq;fspD}lhff; fz;Lgpbj;J mr;re;ju;g;gq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 03 ,d;fo P ; ePq;fs; toq;fpa tpilfs; rupah vd;gijj; Njbg;ghu;g;gjw;F
,g;ghlj;jpd; rhuhk;rk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
U
rhuhk;rk;
jd;kPJ Rkj;jg;gLk; xU gpur;rpidf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jpwid Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;sy; nghUj;jg;ghliljy; vdf; fUjg;gLtjhf ,t;tku;tpy; ehk; tpsq;fpf;
O

nfhz;Nlhk;.

nghUj;jg;ghliljy; r%fj;jpy; thOk; vy;yhj; jdpahl;fSf;Fk; ,Uf;fNtz;ba xU

rf;jpahFk;.

mJ xUthpy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba jpwdhFk;. ,e;jr; rf;jpia me;je;j egu;fs;

cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s KbahJ Nghjy; r%fj;Jf;F xU gpur;rpidahf ,Ug;gNjhL mjdhy;
fy;tpapYk; gpur;rpid Njhd;Wk;.

nghUj;jg;ghliljy;> csr; nrsf;fpak; Mfpa ,U khwpfSf;FkpilapYk; rhjfkhd

njhlu;Ng fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ehk; ghu;j;Njhk;.

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r%fj;jpy; thOk; gy;NtW egu;fsplk; ,r;rf;jp ntt;NtW msTfspy; fhzg;gLk; fw;Fk;

khztu;fSf;F ,ilapy;$l nghUj;jg;ghlilAk; jpwd; ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspNyNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij ePq;fs; ,Jtiuapy; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;bUg;gPuf
; s;.

nghUj;jg;ghlilahj khztu;fs; gy gpur;rpid elj;ijfis ntspf;fhl;Ltu;. mtu;fs;

csg; gpur;rpidfSf;F kj;jpapy; tho;fpd;wdu;. mjdhNyNa mtu;fs; tpNrlkhd
elj;ijfis ntspg;gLj;Jtu;. me;elj;ijfs; fw;gjpy; ghjfkhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j
,lKz;L. nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahkw;Nghd khztu;fs; gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy;NtW
fw;wy; gpur;rpidfisAila khztu;fshf khWfpd;wdu; vd;gJ cq;fsJk; mDgtkhFk;
vd epidf;fpNwhk;. nghUj;jg;ghL milAk;; nrad;Kiw gw;wp Mrpupau; mwpe;jpUj;jy; kpfg;
gaDs;sjhf mikAk; vd;gij ePq;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tPu;fs; vd epidf;fpNwhk;.

Rakjpg;gPL

fw;wy; tpisTfs;
SL
nghUj;jg;ghL miljy; nrad;Kiw gw;wp tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy; Xu; MrpupaUf;F vt;thW
gaDs;sjhf mikAk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

,t;tku;tpidf; fw;WKbj;j cq;fSf;F>

1. nghUj;jg;ghliljy; vDk; vz;zf;fUitr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fTk;
U
2.
nghUj;jg;ghliljYf;Fk; cs MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig
tpsf;fTk;
3. nghUj;jg;ghL gw;wpa fw;iffspy; <LglTk;
4. nghUj;jg;ghlila Kbahik vDk; gpur;rpid vt;thW xU r%f> fy;tp;rhu;
O

gpur;rpidahf khWfpwJ vd;gij EZf;fkhf ghPl;rpf;fTk;;.

5. nghUj;jg;ghliljy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy; Xu; MrpupaUf;F vt;thW gaDs;sjhf
mikAk; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;
KbAkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwhk;.

crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;
Murgatroyd Stephen J, Counseling and Helping - British psychological society 1985
Sisterson.D, Counseling in primary schools. Journal of Education, British psychological society,
1987.

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Editors: Digdon wondy, Dand Charles, Edward and woolge Rany - Hand book of Counseling in
Britain -Published in anoualia, with the British Association for Counseling, - TAVIS tock/Roulade
& Publication/ 1983 Reprinted 1993

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