D Grade Material EM_merged

ENRICHMENT MATERIAL
FOR C GRADE STUDENTS

CLASS X
(English Medium)
Prepared by
Sayyed Samad S A (Phy.Sci)

ZPSS Kistaram, Sathupally(M)
Khammam Dist
9505281568
10th Class
English Medium
Prepared by
ZPSS Kistaram
Sathupally(M), Khammam Dist
01. Reflection of light at curved surfaces
 AS5 Questions
1. Explain the nature of the image formed with the help of ray diagram, when an object
is placed at different points before a concave mirror.
1. When object is at infinity: When object is at infinity, the image is
formed at focal point of the mirror.
Characteristics of the Image: 1) Real image
2) Point sized image
3) Inverted Image
2. When object is beyond the C : When the object is beyond the C,
the image is formed between F and C.
2) Smaller image
3) Inverted Image
3. When the object is at C: When the object is at C, the image is also
formed at C.
2) Same sized image
3) Inverted Image
4. When the object is between C and F: When the object is between C and
F, the image is formed beyond the C.
2) Enlarged image
3) Inverted Image
5. When the object is at F: When the object is at F, the image is formed at

infinity.
2) Very large sized image
3) Inverted Image
6. When the object is between F and Pole: When the object is between F
and P, the image forms behind the mirror.
Characteristics of the Image: 1) Virtual image
2) Enlarged image
3) Erect Image
2. Draw the ray diagrams with convex mirror and write the characteristics of the image.
a) When an object is placed at infinity, object is formed at focal point.
b) When the object is placed between infinity and the pole of the mirror,
the image is formed between pole and focal point.
Characteristics of the Image:
1. Diminished image
2. Virtual image
3. Erect image
Questions related to AS3
3. Write an experimental method in measuring the distances of object and image using concave
mirror. And write the table for observations.
Aim: Observing the types of images and measuring the object distance and image distance from the
mirror.
Materials required: A candle, paper, Concave mirror, V-stand, measuring tape or meter scale, screen,
etc.
Procedure:
1) Place the concave mirror on V-stand, a candle and meter scale as shown in figure.
2) Keep the candle at different lengths from the mirror and by moving the paper along the axis, find
the position where we get sharp image on the screen.
3) Note down the observations in table – 1
4) Since we know the focal point and centre of curvature, we can re–classify the above observations as
shown in the table-1.
1) Table – 1
Sl no Distance of candle Distance of screen from Enlarged/ Inverted/
from mirror(u) mirror(v) Diminished Erect
01 60 cm 60 cm Same size Inverted
02 50 cm 70 cm Enlarged Inverted
03 40 cm 80 cm Enlarged Inverted
04 30 cm Infinity Very big Inverted
05 20 cm 25 cm( In the mirror) Enlarged Erect
06 10 cm 15 cm ( in the mirror) Enlarged Erect
07 > 60 cm 50 cm Diminished Inverted
a) Then note down the observations in table – 2
Table – 2
Position of the Position of the Enlarged/ Inverted/ Erect Real/Virtual
candle(Object) Image Diminished
Between mirror and F Behind the Enlarged Erect Virtual

mirror
At the focal point At infinity - - -
Between F and C Beyond C Enlarged Inverted Real

At centre of curvature At C Same size Inverted Real
Beond C Between F and C Diminished Inverted Real
4. How do you find the focal length of a concave mirror?

Aim: To find the focal length of a concave mirror.
Apparatus required: Concave mirror, a sheet of paper and meter scale.
Procedure:
1. Hold a concave mirror perpendicular to the direction of sunlight.
2. Take a small paper and slowly move it in front of the mirror and
find out the point where you get smallest and brightest spot.
3. This is the image of the sun.
4. The rays coming from sun parallel to the concave mirror are
converging at a point.
5. This point is called focus or focal point of the concave mirror.
6. Measure the distance of this spot from the pole of the mirror.
7. This distance is the focal length of the given concave mirror.
Questions related to AS6:

5. Write the uses of concave and convex mirrors in our daily life.
Uses of concave mirrors:
 Concave mirrors are used as a shaving mirrors and make up mirrors.
 These mirrors are used by dentists, eye specialists etc
 These mirrors are used in car (vehicles) head lights.
 Concave mirrors are used in solar cookers.
Uses of convex mirrors:
 Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles.
 Big convex mirrors are used in shopping malls for security purpose
6. Why do prefer a convex mirror as a rear view mirror in the vehicles?
We use convex mirror as a rear view mirror in vehicles because:
1. Convex mirror always forms virtual, erect and diminished image irrespective of distance of the
object.
2. A convex mirror enables a driver to view large area of the traffic behind him.
3. Convex mirror forms very small image than the object.
Questions related to AS1 :

7. Distinguish between real and virtual images?
Real Image Virtual Image

1. Real image is obtained when the rays Virtual Image forms when rays of light do not
of light after reflection actually actually meet but appear to meet when
converges at a point. produced backwards.
2. It can be obtained on the screen and It can’t obtained on the screen.
can be seen with eye.
3. It is always inverted It is always erect.
8. To form the image on the object itself, how should we place the object in front of a concave mirror?
Explain with a ray diagram?
9. An object is placed at a distance of 20cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15cm. Find the
position and nature of the image.
10. A spherical mirror produces an image of magnification -1 on a screen placed at a distance of 50cm
from the mirror.
a. Write the type if mirror.
b. Find the distance of the image from the object.
c. What is the focal length of the mirror?
d. Draw the ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.
11. The radius of curvature of concave mirror is 50cm. where should an object be placed from the
mirror so as to form its image at infinity? Justify your answer.
12. i) A concave mirror produces three times enlarged image of an object placed at 10cm in front of it.
Calculate the focal length of the mirror.
ii) Show the information of the image with the help of a ray diagram when object is placed 6cm away
from the pole of a convex mirror.
Bits:
1. The size of the image formed by a convex mirror is always --------
Ans. Smaller than object
2. In spherical mirrors ratio between radius of curvature and focal length is -------- Ans. 2 : 1
3. Rear view mirrors in vehicles are --------- Ans. Convex mirrors
4. Radius of curvature R =------------------ Ans. 2f
5. The Shape of TV antenna is ----------- Ans. Concave
6. The image which is obtained on the screen is called --------- Ans. Real image
7. All the distances related to spherical mirrors will be measured from --------- Ans. Pole of the mirror
8. The distance between pole and focal point is --------Ans. Radius
9. The minimum distance from real object to a real image in a concave mirror is------ Ans. 0
ℎ𝑖 𝑣
10. Magnification m = ------- Ans. 𝑚 = =−
ℎ𝑜 𝑢
11. If an object is placed at C on the principal axis in front of a concave mirror, the position of the image
is -------------- Ans. At C
12. We get a diminished image with a concave mirror when the object is placed ---------
Ans. between pole and focal point
13. The mirror used by the Dentist-------- Ans. Concave mirror
4. Refraction of light at curved surfaces

 Questions related to AS5
1. Explain the image formation by a convex lens for various positions of the object. And
also draw the ray diagrams.
01). Ans. Object at infinity: When object is at infinity, Image is
formed at focal point.
 Real image
 Inverted image
 Point size image.
2). Object placed beyond the centre of curvature on the principal axis(Object is placed beyond the C2 ):
When Object is placed beyond the C2, the image is formed between C1 and F1.
 Real image
 Inverted image
 Small size image.
3). Object placed at the centre of curvature: When Object is placed at C2, the image is formed at C1.
 Real image.
 Inverted image.
 Same size image.
4). Object placed between the centre of curvature and focal point (Object placed between C2 and F2): When
Object is placed between C2 and F2, the image is formed beyond the C1.
 Real image.
 Inverted image.
 Magnified image.
5). Object located at the focal point: When Object is placed on F1, the image is formed at Infinity.
When the image is formed at an infinite distance away we cannot discuss the size and nature of the image.
6). Object placed between focal point and optic centre: When Object is placed between F2 and O, the image
is formed on the same side of the lens where the object is placed.
 Virtual image.
 Erect image.
 Magnified image.
2. If the image formed by a lens for all positions of the object placed in front of it is
always virtual, erect and diminished, state the type if the lens. Draw a ray diagram in
support of your answer.
Ans. Irrespective of the position of object, on the principal axis, you will get an erect, virtual image,
diminished in size in between the focal point and optic centre for concave lens.
3. Draw the diagram of the experiment showing that “the focal length of a convex lens is
increased when it is kept in water”

4. How do you find the focal length of a lens experimentally?
Aim: To find focal length of given lens.
Apparatus: Convex lens, meter scales, v stand, screen, candle and
etc,.
Procedure:
o Place the convex lens on a v stand.
o Light a candle and take it far away from the lens along the principal axis.
o Adjust the screen in the other side of the lens to get a clear image on it.
o Measure the distance between the v stand and the screen and note in a table.
o Now place the candle at a distance of 60cm from the lens, such that the flame of the candle lies along
the principal axis of the lens.
o Adjust the screen to get a clear image and measure the values of object distance ‘u’ and image distance
‘v’ and note them in a table.
o Repeat the above step for various distances like 50cm, 40cm, 30cm, etc,
o Note the corresponding ‘v’ values and note them in the table.
Table
𝒖𝒗
Sl no Object distance(u) Image distance (v) Focal length 𝒇 =
𝒖+𝒗
1 60cm
2 50cm
3 40cm
4 30cm
5 20cm
6 10cm
o Calculate the focal length for each case f = --------- cm we find that the focal length remains constant
for a given lens.
Result: Focal length of the given lens = x cm (constant).
5. How do you verify experimentally that the focal length of a convex lens is increased
when it is kept in water?
Aim: To prove that the focal length of a convex lens is increased when it is kept in water.
Apparatus: Convex lens of known focal length, Circular lens holder, tall cylindrical glass tumbler,
Black stone and Water.
Procedure:
1. Take a cylindrical glass tumbler whose height is much greater
than the focal length of the lens and fill it with water.
2. Keep a black stone at the bottom of the vessel.
3. Now dip the lens into water using circular lens holder such that
it is at a distance which is less than or equal to focal length of
the lens in air.
4. Now see through the lens to have a view of the black stone.
5. Now increase the height of the lens till you are not able to see
the stone’s image.
6. When the lens is dipped to a height which is greater than the focal length of lens in air, we
are able to see the image. Showing that focal length of the lens has increased water.
Conclusion: From this we conclude that the focal length of a convex lens is increased when it is
kept in water.

6. Write the uses of convex lens and concave lens.
Uses of Convex lens:
 Convex lens is used in microscopes and magnifying glasses to subject all the light to a specific point.
 Convex lens is used as a camera lens in cameras as they focus light for a clean picture.
 Convex lens is used in the correction of hypermetropia.
Uses of Concave lens:
 They're used in binoculars and telescopes.
 They are used as peepholes in doors.
 They're found in flashlights, cameras, and other electronic devices.
 They are used in the correction od Myopia

7. A student focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen by placing the flame at
various distances from the convex lens. He noted his observations.
Sl No 1 2 3 4 5
Object distance (u) cm 60 40 30 24 15
Image distance (v) cm 20 24 30 40 70
Observe the above table and answer the following
a) From the above table find the focal length of lens.
b) Which set of observations is incorrect and why?
c) In which case the size of object and image will be same? Give reason for your answer.
Ans. a) Focal length of the lens is 15 cm
b) 5th set of the observations is incorrect, because If focal length is 15 cm then image distance must
be 30 cm.
c) In 3rd case the size of object and image will be same, because object distance and image distance
are same

8. The image of an object formed by a lens is of magnification -1 If the distance between the object and its image
is 60m, what is the focal length of the lens? If the object is moved 20cm towards the lens, where would the
image be formed? State reason and also draw a ray diagram in support of your answer.
9. A concave lens of focal length 15cm forms an image 10cm from the lens. How far is the object placed from the
lens?
10. The focal length of a converging lens is 20cm. An object of 2cm height is at a distance of 60cm from the lens.
Where will the image be formed and what kind of image is it? And also find the height of the image.
Bits:
1. Focal length of a lens depends on ----------( Surrounding medium)
2. Image formed by a concave lens is always ----------- ( smaller than object, erect, virtual image)
3. The unit of power of lens is------------ (Di opter)
1 1 1
4. Lens formula ------------( 𝑓
= 𝑣 − 𝑢)
5. The lens which can form real and virtual images is ……………….. (Convex lens).
6. The ray passing through the ……………….. of the lens is not deviated.(optic centre)
7. The rays from the distant object, falling on the convex lens pass through ……………….. (focal point)
8. Focal length of convex lens is 20 cm, at what position of object, virtual, erect image is formed?( less
than 20 cm)
9. A person is standing on the bank of a river. A fish inside water will see the person to be
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
10. Lens maker’s formula--------------- 𝒇
= ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) (𝑹𝟏 − 𝑹𝟐)
5.Human Eye and Colourful world

1. Draw the diagram of human eye and label the parts.
Ans.
2. Draw a ray diagram to show an eye having myopia. Draw another ray-diagram to show
how myopia can be corrected by using a lens.
Ans. An eye having Myopia: Correction of myopia using a concave lens
3. Explain with the help of a labelled ray diagram, the defect of hypermetropia and how it
is corrected.
An eye having Hypermetropia Correction of hypermetropia using a convex lens
4. Draw a labelled diagram of i) artificial rainbow formation ii) rainbow formation.
i) artificial rainbow formation ii)rainbow formation.

5. Explain the formation of artificial rainbow
 Take a metal tray and fill with water.
 Place a mirror in water such that it makes an angle to the water
surface.
 Now focus white light on the mirror through the water.
 Keep a white card board sheet above the water surface.
 We may observe the colours VIBGYOR on the board.
 The splitting of white light into different colours (VIBGYOR) is called dispersion.

6. Why does the sky appear blue from the earth's surface?
 Ans. We know that our atmosphere contains different types of molecules and atoms.
 The reason for blue sky is due to the molecules N2 and O2.
 The sizes of these molecules are comparable to the wavelength of blue light.
 These molecules act as scattering centres for scattering of blue light.
 Hence the sky is appear blue from the earth’s surface.
7. Write the reasons for appearance the red colour of sun during sunrise and at sunset?
 Ans. The light rays from the sun travel more distance
in atmosphere to reach our eye in morning and
evening times.
 During sunrise and sunset except red light all colours
scatter more and vanish before they reach us.
 Since scattering of red light is very less, it reaches us.
As a result sun appears red in colour during sunrise
and sunset.
8. Why does the sky sometimes appear white?
 Ans. Our atmosphere contains atoms and molecules of different sizes.
 According to their sizes, they are able to scatter different wavelengths of light.
 For example, the size of the water molecule is greater than the size of the N2 or O2.
 It acts as a scattering centre for light other frequencies which are lower than the frequency of
blue light.
 On a hot day due to rise in the temperature, water vapour enters atmosphere which leads to
abundant presence of water molecules in atmosphere.
 These water molecules scatter the colours of other frequencies (other than blue).
 All such colours of other frequencies reach our eye and white colour is appeared to us.
 Questions related to AS1:

9. State the function of Ciliary muscles in human eye.
 Ans. Ciliary muscles are helpful in changing focal length of eye lens.
 When the eye is focused on a distant object, these are relaxed. So the focal length of eye lens
increases to its maximum value, then we can see the object clearly.
 When the eye is focused on a nearer object the muscles are strained so the focal length of eye-lens
decreases, then we can see the object clearly.
10. What is myopia? How can it be corrected?
 Ans. Some people cannot see objects at long distances but can see nearby objects clearly. This type of
defect in vision is called ‘Myopia’. It is also called ‘near sightedness’.
 For these people the maximum focal length is less than 2.5 cm.
 In such cases the rays coming from distant objects,
after refraction through the eye lens, form an image
before the retina.
 The point of maximum distance at which the eye lens
can form an image on the retina is called ‘far point’
(M).
 The person who is suffering from myopia, can’t see
the objects which are beyond the far point (M),
but able to see the objects between M and L.
Correction of Myopia:
Myopia is corrected by using suitable concave lens.
11. What is Hypermetropia? How it is corrected?

 Hypermetropia: Hypermetropia is also known as “far sightedness”.
 A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but cannot see objects at near
distances, because the minimum focal length of eye lens for the person of hypermetropia is greater
than 2.27 cm.
 In such cases, the rays coming from a nearby
object, after refraction at eye lens, forms an
image beyond the retina.
 The point of minimum distance at which the eye
lens can form an image on the retina is called
near point (H)
 The people with defect of hypermetropia cannot see objects placed between near point (H) and
point of least distance of distinct vision (L).
Correction of Hypermetropia:
Hypermetropia is corrected by using suitable
convex lens.
12. What is presbyopia? How is its corrected?

 Ans. Presbyopia is a common defect of vision, which generally occurs at old age.
 A person suffering from this type of defect of vision cannot see nearby objects clearly and
distinctively.
 A presbyopic eye has its near point greater than 25 cm and it gradually increases as the eye
becomes older.
Presbyopia is caused by the:
1. Weakening of the ciliary muscles 2. Reduction in the flexibility of the eye lens
 A person with presbyopia cannot read letters without spectacles.
 It may also happen that a person suffers from both myopia and hypermetropia.
 This type of defect can be corrected by using bi-focal lenses.
 A bifocal lens consists of both convex lens (to correct hypermetropia) and concave lens (to
correct myopia).
Bits:
1. The least distance of distinct vision for a normal eye is---------- (25 cm)
2. The distance between retina and eye lens is ………….. (2.5 cm)
3. The maximum value of focal length of eye lens is …………… (2.5 cm)
4. -----------are helpful in changing focal length of eye lens.( Ciliary muscles)
5. If power of lens is 1D then its focal length is …………….. (100 cm.)
6. Myopia and can be corrected by-------------- (Concave lens)
7. Hypermetropia can be corrected by--------------- (Convex lens)
8. Bi-focal lens are required to correct--------- (Presbyopia)
9. The splitting of white light into different colours on passing through a prism is called …………………
(Dispersion of light)
10. The image formed on the retina of the human eye is ---------- (Inverted and real)
9. Electric Current
1. Draw a circuit diagram to verify ohm's law.

2. State Ohm’s Law. Suggest an experiment to verify it and explain the procedure.
Ans. Ohm’s Law : Ohm’s law states that, the potential difference between the ends of a conductor is
directly proportional to the electric current passing through it at constant temperature.
𝑉
Aim: To show that the ratio 𝐼
is a constant for a conductor.
Materials required: 5 dry cells of 1.5V each, conducting wires, an ammeter, a volt meter, thin iron spoke of
length 10cm,etc..
Procedure:
 Connect a circuit as shown in the figure.
 Solder the conducting wires to the ends of the iron spoke.
 Close the key. Note the readings of current (I) from
ammeter and potential difference (V) from volt meter in
table.
 Now connect two cells in series instead of one cell in the circuit.
 Note the respective readings of the ammeter and volt meter and record the values in table.
 Repeat the same for three cells, four cells and five cells respectively.
 Record the valves of potential difference (V) and current (I) corresponding to each case in the table.
Sl Potential Current (I) 𝑽/𝑰

no difference(V)
1
2
3
4
5
𝑉
 Find 𝐼
for each set of values. Draw a graph between V and I taking the current (I) along Y –axis and
potential difference (V) along X-axis with appropriate scale.
Observations:
𝑉
 We observe that the ratio 𝐼
is a constant.
 We will get a straight line graph passing through the origin.
Result:
 VαI
 The potential difference between the ends of a conductor is directly
proportional to the electric current passing through it at constant
temperature.
3. How do you verify that resistance of a conductor is proportional to the length of the
conductor for constant cross-section area and temperature?
 Ans. Collect manganin wires of different lengths with the same cross-sectional areas.
 Make a circuit as shown in figure.
 Connect one of the manganin wires between the ends P
and Q.
 Measure the value of the current using the ammeter.
 Repeat the same for other lengths of the wires.
 Note the values of currents.
 We notice that the current decreases with increase in the length of the wire.
∴ 𝑅 ∝ 𝑙 (at constant temperature and cross-section area) …………… (1)
 Do the same with manganin wires with equal lengths but different cross-section area.
 We notice that the resistance was more when the cross-section area was less.
1
∴𝑅 ∝ ………………. (2)
𝐴
Thus we verify 𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴.
4. A house has 3 tube lights, two fans and a Television. Each tube light draws 40 W. The fan draws 80
W and the Television draws 60 W. On the average, all the tube lights are kept on for five hours, two
fans for 12 hours and the television for five hours every day. Find the cost of electric energy used in
30 days at the rate of Rs. 3.00 per KWh.
Answer:
Given 3 tube lights, two fans and a television.
Power consumed by 1 tube light = 40 W
∴ Power consumed by 3 tube lights = 3 × 40W = 120W
3 tube lights are kept on for five hours. So, consumption of power by 3 tube lights
= 5 × 120 W = 600 W ……………. (1)
Power consumed by 1 fan = 80 W
∴ Power consumed by 2 fans = 2x80W=160W
2 fans are kept on for 12 hours. So, consumption of power by 2 fans
= 12 × 160 W = 1920 W ……………. (2)
Power drawn by TV = 60 W
TV is kept on for 5 hours = 5 x 60 W = 300 W ………………. (3)
∴ Consumption of power in one day = (1) + (2) + (3)
= 600W+ 1920 W + 300 W = 2820 W = 2.820 KW
∴ Total consumption of power in 30 days at Rs. 3 per KW
= 2.820 × 30 × 3 = Rs. 253.80/-

5. Based on Ohm’s law, materials are classified into how many categories? Explain.
Ans. Based on Ohm’s law, materials are classified into two categories.
They are: a) Ohmic materials. b) Non Ohmic materials.
a) Ohmic Materials: Those which obey Ohm’s law are called ohmic materials.
Example: All metallic conductors.
b) Non Ohmic Materials: Those which do not obey Ohm’s law are called non ohmic materials.
Examples: Semiconductors, Electrolytes, LEDs etc,.
6. What is Resistance? Which factors affecting the resistance? Explain.
Ans. Resistance: The resistance of a conductor is defined as the obstruction to the motion of the electrons
in a conductor.
Factors affecting the resistance are:
1. Temperature 2. Nature of material 3. Length of the conductor 4. Cross section area of the conductor.
1. Temperature and Resistance: The value of resistance of a conductor increases with temperature,
for constant potential difference between the ends of the conductor.
2. Nature of material and resistance: The resistance of a conductor depends on the material of the
conductor. Some metals have less resistance where as some have more.
For example: The resistance of Copper and Silver is less than the resistance of Silicon and Nichrome
3. Length of the conductor: The resistance of the conductor is directly proportional to its length for a
constant potential difference. 𝑅 ∝𝑙
4. Cross section area of the conductor: The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to its
1
cross section area. 𝑅 ∝𝐴
7. Explain overloading of house hold circuit.
 Ans. Generally observe the values noted on digital meters fixed at our home.
 We will notice the following values on the meter, Potential difference = 240 V Current
= 5 to 20 A.
 This means the line wires that are entering the meter have potential difference of 240 V.
 The minimum and maximum limit of current that can be drawn from the main is 5A to
20A.
 When the current drawn from the mains is more than 20 A overheating occurs and may
cause a fire. This is called overloading.
For example: If we switch on devices, such as heater shown in the figure, the current
drawn from the main exceeds the maximum limit 20A.

8. Resistivity of various materials
Material Silicon Copper Nichrome Gold Tungsten Iron
ρ at 20°C (Ω-m) 6.40 × 10−8 1.68 × 10−8 1.10 × 10−6 2.44×10−8 5.60×10−8 1.00×10−7
a. In above material which is the good conductor? Why?
b. Which of the above material used as heating elements?
c. For making ICs which material is used?
d. The filament of an electric bulb is made by which material? Why?
Ans. a) Copper is a good conductor, because the resistivity of copper is very less.
b) Nichrome is used as heating element, because it is larger resistivity value than metals.
c) Silicon
d) The filament of an electric bulb is usually made of tungsten, because of its higher resistivity
values and melting point (3422°C).

9. Silver is better conductor of electricity than copper. Why do we use copper wire for
conduction of electricity?
1. Ans. Copper have low resistivity. When electricity is passed through copper wires, the power
loses in the form of heat are very small.
2. Cost of copper versus that of silver metal, copper is less expensive.
3. Copper has flexibility and resistance to breakage.
4. Copper is cheaply available than silver.
10. Why should we connect the electrical appliances in parallel to household circuit?
What happens when they are connected in series?
Ans. We should connect the electrical appliances in parallel to household circuit because,
a. Each appliance gets the full voltage.
b. The parallel circuit divide the current through the appliance.
c. Each appliance gets proper current depending on its resistance.
d. If one appliance is switched on/off other are not affected.
If appliances are connected in series the following disadvantages are arise:
i) Same current will flow through all the appliances, which is not desired.
ii) Total resistance becomes large and the current gets reduced.
iii) We cannot use independent on/off switches with individual appliances.
iv) All appliances have to be used simultaneously even if we don’t need them.
11. Why do we use fuses I household circuits?
 Ans. To prevent damages due to overload we connect an electric fuse to the household circuits.
 Fuse is a thin wire of low melting point.
 When the current in the fuse exceeds, the fuse wire heats up and melt.
 The circuit become open and prevent the flow of current into the household circuit.
 Hence all the electric devices are saved from damage that could be caused by overload.
Bits:
1. The kilowatt hour is the unit of ………………….. (electrical energy)
2. A thick wire has ………………….. resistance than a thin wire.(less)
3. An unknown circuit draws a current of 2 A from a 12 V battery. Its equivalent resistance is ………………….. (6 Ω)
4. The SI unit of potential difference is ………………….. (volt)
5. The SI unit of current is ………………….. (ampere)
6. Three resistors of values 2Ω, 4Ω, 6Ω are connected in series. The equivalent resistance of combination of
resistors is …………………… (12 Ω)
7. Three resistors of values 2Ω, 4Ω, 6Ω are connected in parallel. The equivalent resistance of combination of
11
resistors is ……………………( 𝛺)
12
8. The power delivered by a battery of emf, 10 V is 10 W. Then the current delivered by the battery is------- (1
ampere)
9. A uniform wire of resistance 50 Ω. is cut into five equal parts. These parts are now connected in parallel. Then
the equivalent resistance of the combination is------- (2Ω)
10. The device which is used to measure resistance, voltage and current is ------------ (Multi meter)
10. Electromagnetism
1. Draw the diagram which explains the Oersted experiment.
2. Draw a diagram showing the magnetic field lines formed due to a solenoid. Also label
the parts.
Ans. A solenoid is a long coil containing a large number of close turns of insulated copper wire
3. Draw a labeled diagram of i) an electric motor. ii) AC Generator

Ans.
i) Electric motor ii) AC Generator

4. Explain with the help of an activity, that current carrying wire produces magnetic
field. (Or) Explain Oersted experiment
Oersted experiment
1. Take a thermocole sheet and fix two thin wooden sticks of height 1cm which have small slit at the
top of their ends.
2. Arrange a copper wire of 24 gauge so that it passes
through these slits and make a circuit.
3. The circuit consists of a 3 (or 9) volt battery, key and
copper wire which are connected in series.
4. Now, keep a magnetic compass below the wire.
5. If you press the tap key, current flows in the copper
wire.
6. Immediately the magnetic needle gets deflected.
7. This indicates that the magnetic field is increased when current flows through the conductor.
5. ‘Magnetic field lines are closed lines’ Prove with an activity.
 Ans. Take a wooden plank and make a hole.
 Place this plank on the table. Now place a retort stand on the plank as shown in figure.
 Pass 24 gauge copper wire through hole of the plank and rubber knob of the retort stand in such
a way that the wire be arranged in a vertical position and not touch
the stand.
 Connect the two ends of the wire to a battery via switch.
 Place 6 to 10 compass needles in a circular path around the hole so
that its centre coincides with the hole.
 Use 3 volt battery in the circuit. Switch on.
 Current flows through the wire.
 The directions of the compasses are directed as tangents to the
circle.
 The shape of the magnetic field line around wire is a circular line.
 So we conclude that magnetic field lines are closed lines.
6. What experiment do you suggest to understand Faraday’s law? What items are
required?
Aim: To understand Faraday’s law of induction.
Materials required: A coil of copper wire, a bar magnet, Galvanometer, etc
Procedure:
 Connect the terminal of a coil to a sensitive galvanometer as shown in the figure.
 Normally, we would not expect any deflections of needle in the
galvanometer because there is to be no electromotive force in this
circuit.
 Now if we push a bar magnet towards the coil, with its north pole
facing the coil, we observe the needle in the galvanometer
deflects, showing that a current is set up in the coil.
 The galvanometer does not deflect if the magnet is at rest.
 If the magnet is moved away from the coil, the needle in the galvanometer again deflects, but in the
opposite direction, which means that a current is set up in the coil in the opposite direction.
 If we use the end of south-pole of a magnet instead of north-pole in the above activity, the
deflections are exactly reversed.
This experiment proves “whenever there is a continuous change of magnetic flux linked with a closed coil,
current is generated in the coil”.

7. Write applications of Faraday's law of induction in daily life?
Ans. 1) Transformers are works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
2) Electrical generators works on the principle as electro-magnetic induction.
3) Security check at airports, rail way stations.
4) Tape recorders use to record voices or listen songs works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction.
5) ATM cards and swiping machines are also the application of law of electro-magnetic induction.

8. Write Lenz’s law.
Ans. Lenz’s law states that “the induced current will appear in such a direction that it opposes the changes
in the flux in the coil.”
9. Explain the working of an electric motor with a neat diagram

Ans. In the electric motors the electrical energy is converted into the mechanical energy.
Principle Of Electric Motor: Electric motor works on the principle that when a rectangular coil is placed
in a magnetic field and current is passed through it. A force acts on the coil which rotates it continuously.
Working Of Electric Motor:

● Magnetic field is produced around the coil by passing the current into the
rectangular coil.
● The magnetic field of the magnet interacts with the magnetic field of the coil
and causes the coil to rotate.
● When the ABCD is in the horizontal direction the current from the battery
enters the coil through brushes B1 and leaves through brushes B2.
● Therefore the direction of current is from A to B and C to D.
Force on side AB is in a downward direction and on side CD is in an upward direction. Thus the coil rotates
in an anticlockwise direction.
● The reversing of current in the coil is repeated after every half rotation due to which the coil continues to
rotate as long as current from the batter is passed through it.
10. Explain the working of AC electric generator with a neat diagram.
Electric Generator: It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is based on
electromagnetic induction principle.
Working of electric Generator:
 When the coil ABCD is rotated clockwise.
 By applying Fleming’s right-hand rule, the induced currents are
set up in these arms along the directions AB and CD.
 Thus an induced current flows in the direction ABCD.
 This means that the current in the external circuit flows from B2 to
B1.
 After half a rotation, arm CD starts moving up and AB moving
down.
 As a result, the directions of the induced currents in both the arms
change, giving rise to the net induced current in the direction
DCBA.
 The current in the external circuit now flows from B1 to B2.
 Thus after every half rotation the polarity of the current in the respective arms changes.
 Such a current, which changes direction after equal intervals of time, is called an alternating current
(abbreviated as AC).
 This device is called an AC generator.
Bits:
1. The SI unit of magnetic field induction is …………………. (weber/m2 (or) Tesla)
2. Magnetic flux is the product of magnetic field induction and ………………… (area)
3. The charge is moving along the direction of magnetic field. Then force acting on it is ……. (Zero)
4. A current carrying wire of length L is placed perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B. Then the
force acting on the wire with current I is …………….. (F = ILB)
5. Faraday’s law of induction is the consequence of …… (Law of conservation of energy)
6. -------------- converts electrical energy into mechanical energy (electric motor)
7. --------------converts mechanical energy into electrical energy (generator)
8. The most suitable material for making the core of an electromagnet is---------(soft iron)
9. Frequency of DC current -------------(0)
10. ATM Cards are working on the principle -----------(Faraday’s law of Induction)
03. ACIDS BASES AND SALTS

1. Draw a diagram to show the reaction of acids with metals
Ans.
2. Draw the neat labelled diagram of Reaction of acids with carbonates and metal
hydrogen carbonates
Ans.
3. Draw a neat diagram which shows acids contains H± ions.
4. Draw the neat labelled diagram of water of crystallisation of copper sulphate.

Ans.
5. Write an activity to show the reaction of acids with metals.

Aim: To show the reaction of acids with metals.
Required Materials: Test tube, Delivery tube, Glass trough, Candle, Soap water, Dil HCl, Zinc
granules etc,..
Procedure:
1) Set the apparatus as shown in figure.
2) Take about 10ml of dil HCl in a test tube
and add a few Zinc granules to it.
3) We will observe the formation of gas
bubbles in the surface of Zinc granules.
4) Pass the gas being evolved through the
soap water.
5) Gas filled bubbles are formed in the soap
solution which rise into the air.
6) Bring a burning candle near the gas filled bubbles.
7) The gas present in a soap bubble burns with a ‘pop’ sound.
Observations: 1.On addition of HCl to the Zinc granules a hissing gas is evolved immediately.
2. Burning candle is put off with pop sound.
Result: Only Hydrogen gas burns making a ‘pop’ sound. So we will notice that Hydrogen gas is
evolved in this experiment. 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑍𝑛 → 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 + 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 → 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 + 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛

Conclusion: From the above experiment we can conclude that when acid reacts with metal, 𝐻2 gas is
evolved.
6. Write an activity to show the reaction of acids with carbonates.
Aim: To show the reaction of acids with carbonates.
Required Materials: Two test tubes, Sodium carbonate, Two holes rubber cork, Thistle funnel, Stand,
Dilute hydrochloric acid, Delivery tube, Calcium carbonate etc,.
Procedure:
1) Take a test with 0.5 gm of sodium carbonate.
2) Close the test tube with two holed rubber cork.
3) Insert a thistle funnel through one hole and insert a
delivery tube through the other hole.
4) Pour 2ml of dilute HCl to the test tube. Immediately a gas
is released from the test tube.
5) Pass the gas produced through lime water (calcium
hydroxide solution) as shown in Fig.
Observations:
a. After adding 𝐻𝐶𝑙 to 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 a gas is released.
b. And this gas change the lime water to milky white. Hence the
gas is 𝐶𝑂2
Chemical reaction: 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 + 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 → 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 + 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Result: can conclude that the reaction of metal carbonates with acids give a corresponding salt, carbon
dioxide and water.
7. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen but are not categorized as
acids. Describe an activity to prove it.
Aim: Compounds such as alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen but are not categorized as acids.
Material Required: Glucose, Alcohol, Dil. HCl,Dil-H2SO4,Beaker,Connecting wires,230 voltage AC
supply, Bulb, Graphite rods etc,.
Procedure:
1. Prepare glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid
solutions.
2. Connect two different coloured electrical wires to graphite rods
separately as shown in figure.
3. Connect free ends of the wire to 230 volts AC plug.
4. Complete the circuit as shown in the figure by connecting a bulb to
one of the wires.
5. Now pour some dilute HCl in the beaker and switch on the current.
Observation: The bulb starts glowing.
Repetition: Repeat activity with dilute sulphuric acid, glucose and alcohol solutions separately.
Observation:
1. We will notice that the bulb glows only in acid solutions.
2. But the bulb does not glow in glucose and alcohol solutions.
Result:
1. Glowing of bulb indicates that there is flow of electric current through the solution.
2. Acid solutions have ions and the movement of these ions in solution helps for flow of electric current
through the solution.
Conclusion:
1. The positive ion (cation) present in 𝐻𝐶𝑙 solution is H+.
2. This suggests that acids produce hydrogen ions H+ in solution, which are, responsible for their acidic
properties.
3. In glucose and alcohol solution the bulb did not glow indicating the absence of H+ ions in these
solutions.
8. Acids produce ions only in aqueous solution. Justify your answer with an activity.
Activity:
 Take about 1.0g of solid NaCl in a clean and dry test tube.
 Add some concentrated sulphuric acid to the test
tube.
 Immediately HCl gas is released from the test
tube.
 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
 Test the gas evolved successively with dry and
wet blue litmus paper.
 There is no change in colour of dry litmus, but
wet blue litmus paper changed its colour to red.
 Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not change the colour of the dry litmus paper because it does not
contain hydrogen ( 𝐻 + ) ions or Hydronium ( 𝐻3 𝑂+) ions.
 Aqueous Hydrogen chloride gas change the colour of the litmus paper because it contains hydrogen (
𝐻 + ) ions or Hydronium ( 𝐻3 𝑂+) ions.
Conclusion:
We can conclude that dry 𝐻𝐶𝑙 gas (Hydrogen chloride) is not an acid, but 𝐻𝐶𝑙 aqueous solution is an
acid.
9. What is meant by “water of crystallization” of a substance? Describe an activity to
show the water of crystallization.
Ans. Water of Crystallization: Water of crystallization is the fixed number of water molecules present
in one formula unit of a salt in its crystalline form. Ex: CuSO4 • 5H2O.
It means that five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate.
Activity to show the water of crystallization:
1. Take a few crystals of copper sulphate in a dry test tube and heat the test tube.
2. We observe water droplets on the walls of the test tube and salt turns white.
3. Add 2 – 3 drops of water on the sample of copper sulphate obtained after
heating.
4. We observe, the blue colour of copper sulphate crystals is restored.
Reason:
1. In the above activity copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain
the water of crystallization, when these crystals are heated, water present in
crystals is evaporated and the salt turns white.
2. When the crystals are moistened with water, the blue colour reappears.
10. What is a neutralization reaction? Give two examples.
Ans: The reaction of an acid with a base to give a salt and water is known as a neutralization reaction.
In general, a neutralization reaction can be written as: 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 → 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Examples: 1. 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂
2. 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝐻2 𝑂

11. Write the preparation and uses of Bleaching powder.
Ans. Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime [𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 ].
𝐶𝑎 (𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Uses of Bleaching Powder:
1. It is used for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry for bleaching wood pulp in paper
industry and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry.
2. Used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries.
3. Used for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
4. Used as a reagent in the preparation of chloroform
12. Write the uses of Baking soda.
Ans. Uses of Baking soda:
 Baking soda is used for faster cooking. It acts as mild antiseptic.
 In preparation of baking powder. In making cold drinks.
 As a laboratory reagent.
 It is also used as soda acid in fire extinguishers.
 As an antacid to decrease the acidity of stomach. Due to its basic alkaline nature it neutralizes the
extra acid present in the stomach.
13. What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and spongy?
 Ans: Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and mild edible acid such as tartaric acid.
 When baking powder is heated or mixed in water the following reaction takes places.
 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻 + ⟶ 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑁𝑎− (Sodium salt of acid)
 𝐶𝑂2 Produced during the reaction causes bread or cake to rise making them soft and spongy.
14. Give important uses of washing soda.
Ans. Uses of washing soda:
a) Washing soda is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
b) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
c) It is used in the manufacture of borax.
d) Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
15. How is Plaster of paris prepared? Write its uses.
Ans. On careful heating of gypsum (𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 2 𝐻2 𝑂) at 373 K it loses water molecules partially to become
Calcium sulphate hemihydrate (𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 · ½ 𝐻2 𝑂). This is called plaster of paris.
1 1
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 2 𝐻2 𝑂 ⟶ 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝐻2 𝑂 + 1 𝐻2 𝑂
2 2
Uses of Plaster of paris:
 Doctors use as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right position.
 Plaster of paris is used for making toys, materials for decoration and for making surfaces smooth,
cheap ornaments, cosmetics, blackboard, chalk, and casts for statues.
 Used for protection as fire-proofing material.
 Used in sealing air gaps in apparatus in labs.

16. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1,
11, 7, and 9, respectively, classify the solutions as give below.
Solution A B C D E
pH value 4 1 11 7 9
a) Neutral b) Strongly alkaline c) strongly acidic d) weakly acidic e) weakly alkaline
Ans. a) Neutral -- D (𝑃𝐻 = 7)
b) Strongly alkaline – C (𝑝𝐻 = 11)
c) Strongly acidic -- B (𝑝𝐻 = 1)
d) Weak acid -- A (𝑝𝐻 = 4)
e) Weak alkaline -- E (𝑝𝐻 = 9)
17. Observe the given table
Solution A B C D E F
pH value 4 6.5 7 7.8 9 11.6
a) Which is the strong acid?
b) What is the concentration of 𝐻 + in solution E?
c) Which is the weak base? Why?
d) Which is the neutral solution?
18. pH values of some solution are given below
Solution A B C D
pH value 7.0 14.0 4.0 2.0
In above solutions…
a. Lemon juice ------------ c) Distilled water --------------
b. Sodium Hydroxide solution----------- d) Tomato juice -----------------------

19. Explain pH scale.
Ans. pH scale:
 A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called pH scale.
 pH value of a solution is simply a number which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution.
 The pH of neutral solutions is 7. Values less than 7 on the pH scale represent an acidic solution.
 pH value of a solution above ‘7’ represents a basic solution.
 The strength of acid or base depends on the concentration of 𝐻3 𝑂+ ions or 𝑂𝐻 − produced in
solution.
20. Why tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5?
 Ans. Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the body.
 It does not dissolve in water but corroded when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5.
 It happens due to the bacteria which produce acids by degradation of sugar and food particles
remaining in the mouth.
 The best way to prevent this is to clean the mouth after eating food.
 Using tooth pastes, which are generally basic neutralize the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
21. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water
and not water to the acid?
 Ans. The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is an exothermic process.
 Care must be taken while mixing concentrated nitric acid or sulphuric acid with water.
 The acid must always be added slowly to water with constant stirring.
 If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out and cause
burns.
 The glass container may also break due to excessive local heating.
 Hence it is recommended that the acid should be added to water but not water to the acid, while diluting the
acid.

22. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, where as rain water does?
Ans: 1) Distilled water is a pure form of water and is devoid of any ionic species. Therefore it does not
conduct electricity.
2) Rain water, being an impure form of water, contains many ionic species such as acid and
therefore, it conducts electricity.
23. Plaster of Paris should be stored in moisture – proof container. Explain why?
Ans: Plaster of paris is a white powder. It is easily absorbs water and forms hard gypsum. So it should be
stored in a moisture proof container.
Bits:
1. The colour of methyl orange indicator in acidic medium is ---------- (red)
2. The colour of phenolphthalein indicator in basic solution is---------(pink)
3. Colour of methyl orange in alkali conditions------------ (yellow)
4. If a base dissolves in water, by what name is it better known.----(alkali)
5. What gas is produced when magnesium is made to react with hydrochloric acid?-----( Hydrogen )
6. Which one of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion? (antacid)
7. No of water molecules in Washing soda is --------------- (10)
8. When the pH in the mouth is below -------- then tooth decay is starts. (5.5)
9. If pH value is 0, then the solution is -------- (acidic nature)
10. Doctors use ------------- for supporting fractured bones in the right position.(plater of paris)
6. Structure of Atom
1. Draw the shapes of s, p, d orbitals
Ans.

2. How are quantum numbers helpful to understand the atomic structure?
Ans. The set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in an atom are called
quantum numbers. There are four quantum numbers, namely, principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin
quantum numbers.
1. Principal Quantum Number:
 Principal quantum number is introduced by Niels Bohr and denoted by the symbol ‘n’.
 The principal quantum number is related to the size and energy of the main shell.
 ‘𝑛’ has positive integer values of 1, 2, 3,… As ‘𝑛’ increases, the shells become larger and the
electrons in those shells are farther from the nucleus
 For each ‘𝑛’ value there is one main shell.
Shell K L M N
𝑛 1 2 3 4
2. The angular - momentum quantum number (𝒍)
 Arnold Sommerfeld proposed the angular - momentum quantum number, and denoted with
𝒍.
 ‘𝑙’ has integer values from 0 𝑡𝑜 (𝑛 − 1) for each value of ‘𝑛’.
 Each ‘𝑙’ value represents one sub-shell.
 Each value of ‘𝑙’ is related to the shape of a particular sub-shell in the space around the
nucleus.
 The value of ‘𝑙’ for a particular sub-shell is generally designated by the letters s, p, d . . . as
follows:
𝑙 0 1 2 3
Name of the sub-shell s p d f
3. The magnetic quantum number (𝒎𝒍 ):
 The total number of orbitals in a subshell and the orientation of these orbitals are determined by the
magnetic quantum number.
 It is proposed by Lande and denoted by the symbol ‘𝑚𝑙 ’.
 The value of the magnetic quantum number is dependent on the value of the angular momentum
quantum number( 𝑙 ).
 For a given value of 𝑙, the value of 𝑚𝑙 ranges between the interval −𝑙 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑙.
 For example, if n = 4 and l = 3 in an atom, the possible values of the magnetic quantum number are
-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, and +3.
 The total number of orbitals in a given subshell is given by the formula (2l + 1). For example, if 𝑙 =
2 the ‘3d’ subshell contains 5 orbitals( m values are, -2,-1,0,1,2; total=5)
4. Spin Quantum Number (𝒎𝒔 ):
 The electron spin quantum number is independent of the values of 𝑛, 𝑙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑙.
 The value of this number gives insight into the direction in which the electron is spinning, and is
denoted by the symbol 𝑚𝑠 .
 This quantum number refers to the two possible orientations of the spin of an electron, one
1 1
clockwise and the other anticlockwise spin. These are represented by (+ ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑(− )
2 2
 The positive value of 𝑚𝑠 implies an upward spin on the electron which is also called ‘spin up’ and is
denoted by the symbol ↑.
 If 𝑚𝑠 has a negative value, the electron in question is said to have a downward spin, or a ‘spin down’,
which is given by the symbol ↓.
3. Explain Pauli’s exclusion principle with one example.
 Pauli Exclusion Principle: According to Pauli Exclusion Principle no two electrons of the
same atom can have all four quantum numbers the same. This means, an orbital can hold only
two electrons and they must have opposite spins.
 Electronic configuration of Helium is 𝐻𝑒 ∶ 1𝑠 2
 If 𝒏, 𝒍, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒍 are same for two electrons then 𝒎𝒔 must be different. In the helium atom the
spins must be paired.
Quantum number 𝒏 𝒍 𝒎 𝒔
1st electron 1 0 0 1
+
2
2nd electron 1 0 0 1
−
2
4. Explain Aufbau principle with one example.
Aufbau principle: The lowest-energy orbitals are filled first.
In terms of quantum numbers:
1. Electrons are assigned to orbitals in order of increasing value of (𝑛 + 𝑙).
2. For sub-shells with the same value of(𝑛 + 𝑙), electrons are assigned first to the sub-shell with
lower ‘n’.
Example:
 In hydrogen the first electron enters the lowest energy orbital. 𝐻 = 1𝑠1
 In potassium the last electron enters into 4𝑠 instead of 3𝑑. Because (𝑛 + 𝑙) value of 4𝑠 is
less than (𝑛 + 𝑙) value of 3d. 𝐾 = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 4𝑠1
 In scandium the last electron enters into 3𝑑 instead of 4𝑝. The reason for this is that
although the (𝑛 + 𝑙) values of 4𝑝 and 3𝑑 are equal, the value of 𝑛 is minimum for the
3𝑑 orbital, so the electron enters into the 3d orbital. 𝑆𝑐 = 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 4𝑠 2 3𝑑1
Orbital 𝒏 𝒍 (𝑛 + 𝑙)
4𝑝 4 1 4+1=5
3𝑑 3 2 3+2=5
5. Explain Hund’s Rule with one example.
Hund’s rule: The orbitals of equal energy (degenerate) are occupied with one electron each before
pairing of electrons starts.
Example:
The configuration of Carbon (C) atom (Z=6) is 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝2 . The first four electrons go into the 1s and
2s orbitals. The next two electrons go into separate 2p orbitals, with both electrons having the same
spin.
The unpaired electrons in the 2p orbitals are shown with parallel spins.
6. Following orbital diagram shows the electron configuration of nitrogen atom. Which
rule does not support this? N (Z = 7)
 This electron configuration does not support Hund’s rule.

 According to Hund’s rule, the orbitals of equal energy are occupied with one electron each before
pairing of electrons starts.
 Here, pairing of electrons in 2px orbital was taken place without filling of an electron in 2pz orbital.
 Hence the correct electron configuration is as follows.1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝2 (𝑜𝑟) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑥1 2𝑝𝑦1 2𝑝𝑧1
7. Which rule is violated in the electronic configuration 𝟏𝒔𝟎 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟒 ?
 Aufbau principle is violated in this electronic configuration because according to Aufbau
principle, electron enters orbital of lowest energy.
 Among 1s, 2s and 2p, 1s has least energy.
 So 1s orbital must be filled before the electron should enter 2s.
 Correct electronic configuration is 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟐
8. Write the four quantum numbers for the differentiating electron of sodium (Na)
atom.
Ans. The electronic configuration of sodium (Na) is 1s² 2s² 2p 6 3s¹. So the differentiating electron enters 3s.
Therefore the four quantum numbers are
Quantum number 𝑛 𝑙 𝑚𝑙 𝑚𝑠
Value 3 0 0 +1/2
9. Write the differences between orbit and orbital.

Orbit Orbital
1. An orbit is a fixed path on which An orbital is the probable area of finding the
electrons revolve around the nucleus. maximum density of electrons in an atom.
2. An orbit is a planar representation, i.e., An orbital is a three dimensional representation.
a two dimensional representation.
3. An orbit is non-directional in nature While an orbital can describe the shape of an
which means the shape of an atom atom thus is directional in nature.
cannot be described by an orbit.
4. An orbit can ccommodate 2n2 electrons An orbital can accommodate the maximum of
where n represents the number of the two electrons only in its sub-levels. The s orbital
orbit or the shell. For example, K shell has only one sub-level, so it can contain only 2
represents the 1st orbit, L shell electrons. But the p orbital has 3 sub-levels and
represents the 2nd one. thus it can contain up to 6 electrons.
5. It does not satisfy Heisenberg’s It satisfies the Heisenberg’s principle of
uncertainty principle. uncertainty.
Bits:
1. If n = 1, then angular momentum quantum number (𝑙) = ………………… ( 0 )
2. If a sub-shell is denoted as 2p, then its magnetic quantum number values are-------- (-1, 0, 1)
3. Maximum number of electrons that an M-shell contain is………………… (18)
4. The value of ‘𝑚𝑠’ for an electron spinning in clockwise direction is ………………… and for anti-
1 1
clockwise direction is ………………… (+ 2 , − 2 )
5. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the L-shell of an atom is --- (8)
6. The quantum number which explains about size and energy of the orbit or shell is------- (𝑛)
7. The value of Plank’s constant is----------
8. Angular momentum quantum number is introduced by------------ (Sommerfeld)
9. Energy packets are called------------- (Quanta)
10. If l = 1 for an atom, then the number of orbitals in its sub-shell is--------- (3)
7. Classification of Elements - The Periodic Table

1. Explain Dobereiner’s law of Triads.
Ans. Döbereiner stated that when elements with similar properties are taken three at a time and arranged in
the ascending order of their atomic weights, the atomic weight of the middle element is the average of the
atomic weights of the first and third elements. This statement is called the Dobereiner’s law of triads
Examples:
.1 Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) [ 𝐿𝑖 (7), 𝑁𝑎 (23), 𝐾 (39) ]
2. Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba) [ 𝐶𝑎 (40), 𝑆𝑟 (87.5), 𝐵𝑎 (137) ]
3. Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I) [ 𝐶𝑙 (35.5), 𝐵𝑟 (80), 𝐼 (127) ]
4. Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te) [ 𝑆 (32), 𝑆𝑒 (78), 𝑇𝑒 (125) ]
2. Write Mendeleeff’s periodic law
Ans. Mendeleeff’s periodic law: The law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are
periodic functions of their atomic weights.
3. Define the modern periodic law.
Modern periodic law:
“The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of the electronic configurations
of their atoms”.
4. Define the modern periodic law. Discuss the construction of the long form of the periodic
table.
Modern periodic law: ”The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of the electronic
configurations of their atoms.”
The salient features of the Modern periodic table from left to right are given below:
1. The periodic table has 18 vertical columns which are called groups. and seven horizontal rows which are called
periods.
2. The elements of group 1,2, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 are known as the main group or representative elements.
3. The elements of group 3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10 ,11 and 12 are known as transition elements
4. Element 18 are called noble gases or inert gases.
5. The first period contains only 2 elements and is the shortest period.
6. The second (Lithium to Neon) and third period (Sodium to Argon) contain 8 elements – Hydrogen and
Helium and are called short periods.
7. The fourth (Potassium to Krypton) and fifth period (Rubidium to Xenon) contains 18 elements. These are long
periods.
8. The sixth period (Cesium to Radon) contains 32 elements and it is the longest period.
9. The seventh period is an incomplete period.
10. In group 3 of the sixth period there is a set of elements with atomic number 57 to 71. They are known as
lanthanides.
11. In group 3 of seventh period the elements with atomic number 89 – 103 are known as actinides.
12. In the periodic table Lanthanides and Actinides are shown in the bottom of the periodic table.
5. Explain how the elements are classified into s, p, d and f-block elements in the periodic
table and give the advantage of this kind of classification.
Ans. Depending on the type of orbital in which the differentiating electron enters, the elements are classified into s, p,
d and f - block elements.
s - block elements :
 The elements of group IA and IIA belongs to s-block.
 Their differentiating electron enters into s-orbital.
 Except hydrogen, all the s-block elements are metals.
 Their general electronic configuration is 𝑛𝑠1 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑠 2
p- block elements :
 The elements of group IIIA to VIIIA belongs to p-block.
 This differentiating electron enters into p-orbital.
 Their general electronic configuration is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝1 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝6 .
 The only p-block element in which the differentiating electron does not enter into p-orbital is He.
 p-block contains metals, non-metals and metalloids.
d- block elements :
 The elements of group IB to VIIIB belongs to d-orbital.
 Their differentiating electron enters into (n – 1) d orbital.
 All the d-block elements are metals.
 Their general electronic configuration is (𝑛 – 1)𝑑1−10 𝑛𝑠1 𝑜𝑟 2 ) The d-block elements are placed in between the
s and p-block elements.
f- block elements :
 The Lanthanides and Actinides which are placed below the periodic table are known as f-block elements.
 Their differentiating electron enters into the (n – 2) f orbital.
Advantages of this kind of classification:
 By knowing the block of the element, it is very easy to study the general behaviour and important properties
of the elements.
Ex : If the element belongs to s-block, it means it must have 1 or 2 electrons in outer-most shell.
Hence it must have low value of IE, strongly metallic and electropositive character and form cations easily.
 It is easy to recognise the valence subshell of the atom.
6. Elements in a group generally possess similar properties, but elements along a period
have different properties. How do you explain this statement?
 Physical and chemical properties of elements are related to their electronic configurations,
particularly the outer shell configurations.
 Therefore, all the elements in a group should have similar chemical properties.
 Similarly, across the table from left to right in any period, elements get an increase in the atomic
number by one unit between any two successive elements.
 Therefore, the electronic configuration of valence shell of any two elements in a period is not same.
Due to this reason, elements along a period possess different chemical properties.
7. What is ionization potential? Explain the factors which affect ionization potential.
Ionization Energy: The energy required to remove an electron from the outer most orbit or shell of a neutral
gaseous atom is called ionization energy.
Ionization energy of an element depends on its:
1. Atomic radii: With increase in the atomic radius, the attraction between the nucleus and the outermost
electron decreases. Due to this, less energy is required to remove the electron. Hence, with increase in the
atomic radii, the ionization potential decreases.
2. Nuclear charge: With increase in the nuclear charge, the attraction between the nucleus and the outermost
electron increases. Due to this, more energy is required to remove the electron. Hence, with increase in the
effective nuclear charge, the ionization potential increases.
3. Shielding effect: With increase in the shielding effect, the attraction between the nucleus and the outermost
electron decreases. Due to this, less energy is required to remove the electron. Hence, with increase in the
atomic radii, the ionization potential decreases.
4. Penetrating effect: Penetrating effect represents the ability with which the orbital attracts an electron.
With increase in the penetrating effect, the ionization energy increases.
5. Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals: Half-filled and completely filled orbitals have
extra stability. This extra stability increases the ionization energy.
8. What is a periodic property? How do the following properties change in a group and
period? Explain.
a) Atomic radius b) Ionization energy c) Electron affinity d) Electronegativity
Ans. Periodic property: The property in which there shall be a regular gradation is called periodic property.
a) Atomic radius:
In Period: Atomic radius of elements decreases across a period from left to right because the nuclear charge
increases due to increase in atomic number.
In Group: Atomic radius increases from top to bottom in a group due to addition of new shell.
b) Ionization energy:
In Period: When we move from left to right it does not follow a regular trend but generally increases due to increase
in atomic number.
In Group: In a group from top to bottom, the ionization energy decreases due to increase in atomic size. –
c) Electron affinity:
In Period: Electron affinity values increase from left to right in a period.
In Group: Electron affinity values decrease from top to bottom in a group.
d) Electronegativity:
In Period: Electronegativity increases from left to right in a period.
In Group: Electronegativity decreases from top to bottom in a group.
9. Given below is the electronic configuration of elements A, B, C, D.
𝑨 = 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 ; 𝑩 = 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟔 𝟑𝒔𝟐 ; 𝑪 = 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟔 𝟑𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒑𝟑 ; 𝑫 = 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟔
1. Which are the elements coming within the same period?
2. Which are the ones coming within the same group?
3. Which are the noble gas elements?
4. To which group and period does the element ‘C ‘belong?

 Ans. Explanation:
 𝑨 = 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 ; 𝒏 = 𝟐 Hence, Period = 2nd; Valence electrons are2 , hence Group = II A
𝑩 = 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟔 𝟑𝒔𝟐 ; 𝒏 = 𝟑 Hence, Period = 3rd; Valence electrons are2 , hence Group = IIA
 𝑪 = 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟔 𝟑𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒑𝟑 ; 𝒏 = 𝟑 Hence, Period = 3rd; Valence electrons are 5, hence Group =VA (8 - 5 = 3)
 𝑫 = 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟔 ; 𝒏 = 𝟐 Hence, Period = 2nd; Valence electrons are 8, hence Group = VIIIA (8-8 = 0)
1. Elements in same period are - A and D (2ND Period); B and C ( 3rd Period)
2. Elements in same period are - A and B ( ll A )
3. Noble gas element is D (VIII A group element)
4. Element C belongs to 3rd period and VA group.

10. Element X belongs to third period, second group, then
a) How many valence electrons are there? b) What is the valency? c) Metal ? or Non metal ?
Ans .Magnesium (Mg) is a 3rd period 2nd group element.
a) Valence electrons are 2 b) Valency is 2 c) Metal
11. Write down the characteristics of the elements having atomic number 17.
1) Electronic configuration ___________ 2) Period number _____________
3) Group number _____________ 4) Element family ____________
5) No. of valence electrons ___________ 6) Valency _____________
7) Metal or non-metal ____________
Ans. 1) Electronic configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p6 3s² 3p5 2) Period number: 3
3) Group number: VII A or 17 4) Element family: Halogen family
5) No. of valence electrons: 7 6) Valency: 1
7) Metal or non-metal: Non-metal

12.
Group→ 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period↓
3 X B C D E
4 Y
5 Z
Using the given part of the periodic table, answer the following questions.
1. Name the element having smallest atomic size.
2. Write electronic configuration of element E.
3. Identify the elements which have similar physical and chemical properties as the element Y.
4. Write all elements in their increasing order Electronegativity.
13. The position of three elements A, B and C in the modern
periodic table is as follows:
(a) Write formula of compound formed between:
(i) B and A (ii) B and C
(b) Is any of the three elements a metal? Give reason to justify your
answer.
Bits:
01. No of elements in 2nd period in Modern periodic table --------------(2)
02. Lithium, ……………… and potassium constitute a Dobereiner’s triad. (Sodium)
03. Lanthanides are belonging -------- period. (6th)
04. Valency of Inert gas elements ----------- (0)
05. Modern periodic law was proposed by ----- ) Mosley)
06. Eka Aluminum is ----------------- (Gallium)
07. All the elements of ------ block are metals (d – block)
08. Highest electronegativity element is ) ------------Fluorine)
09. Units of atomic radius is -------------(pico meters)
10. Which group elements are called halogens --------( 17 group (or) VII A group)
8.Chemical Bonding
1. Draw the following diagrams
a) Triple bond in Nitrogen Molecule (according to VBT)
b) 𝑩𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 Molecule
c) 𝑩𝑭𝟑 Molecule
d) 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆(𝑯𝟐 𝑶)
జ. a)
b) c)
d)
2. Draw simple diagrams to show how electrons are arranged in the following covalent
molecule:
a) Calcium Oxide(CaO) b)Water(H2O) c) Chlorine (Cl2)
3. Write the Lewis structures for the following elements.
a) Berilium b) Calcium c) Lithium

4. Explain Ionic bond with an example.
Ans. A Chemical bond formed between two oppositely charged ions (cation and anion) is called an Ionic
bond. Eg: Formation of Sodium chloride (NaCl): Sodium chloride is formed from the elements sodium and
chlorine.
It can be explained as follows:
2𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Cation formation: When sodium (Na) atom loses one electron to get octet electron configuration it
forms a cation (𝑁𝑎+ ).
𝑁𝑎 → 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝑒 −
2,8,1 2,8
Anion formation: Chlorine has shortage of one electron to get octet in its valence shell. So it gains the
electron from Na atom to form anion (𝐶𝑙 − )
𝐶𝑙 + 𝑒 − → 𝐶𝑙 −
2,8, 7 2,8,8
Formation of the compound NaCl from its ions:
Transfer of electrons between ‘Na’ and ‘Cl’ atoms, results in the formation of ‘Na+’ and ‘Cl – ’ ions.
These oppositely charged ions get attracted towards each other due to electrostatic forces and form the
compound sodium chloride (NaCl).
𝑁𝑎+ + 𝐶𝑙 − → 𝑁𝑎+ 𝐶𝑙 − → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
5. Explain Which Factors affecting the formation of cation and anion.
The tendency of losing electrons to form cations (or) gaining electron to form anions depends on the
following factors:
i. Atomic size ii. Ionization potential iii. Electron affinity iv. Electronegativity
The atoms of elements with low ionization energy, low electron affinity high atomic size and low
electronegativity form cations.
The atoms of elements with high ionization potential, high electron affinity, small atomic size and high
electronegativity form anions.
6. According to VBT Explain the formation 𝑯𝟐 of molecule
Ans. In the formation of 𝑯𝟐 molecule, the 1s orbital of one ‘H’ atom containing an unpaired electron
overlaps the ‘1s’ orbital of the other ‘H’ atom containing unpaired electron of opposite spin giving H-H bond
and 𝑯𝟐 molecule.
7. Explain the formation of Double Bond with an example according to VBT (or)
Explain the formation of Oxygen molecule according to VBT
Double Bond: A double bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs when two atoms share two pairs of
electrons.
Formation of Oxygen molecule: Electronic configuration of Oxygen atom: 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑥2 2𝑝𝑦1 2𝑝𝑧1
01) 2𝑝𝑧 + 2𝑝𝑧 → 𝜎 (2𝑝𝑧 − 2𝑝𝑧 )

02) 2𝑝𝑦 + 2𝑝𝑦 → 𝜋 ( 2𝑝𝑦 − 2𝑝𝑦 )
01) If the ‘2𝑝𝑧 ‘orbital of one ‘O’ atom overlaps the ‘2𝑝𝑧 ’ orbital of other ‘O’ atom along the internuclear
axis, a sigma 2𝑝𝑧 - 2𝑝𝑧 bond (σ𝑝𝑧 - 𝑝𝑧 ) is formed.
02) 2𝑝𝑦 orbital of one ‘O’ atom overlaps the 2𝑝𝑦 orbital of other ‘O’ atom laterally, perpendicular to the
inter-nuclear axis giving a π 𝑝𝑦 - 𝑝𝑦 bond.
03) O2 molecule has a double bond between two oxygen atoms.
8. Explain the formation of Triple bond according to VBT (or) Explain the formation of
Nitrogen molecule.
జ. Formation of Nitrogen molecule: Electronic configuration of Nitrogen atom: 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑥1 2𝑝𝑦1 2𝑝𝑧1
01. 𝟐𝒑𝒛 + 𝟐𝒑𝒛 → 𝝈 ( 𝟐𝒑𝒛 − 𝟐𝒑𝒛 )
02. 𝟐𝒑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒑𝒚 → 𝝅 (𝟐𝒑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒑𝒚 )
03. 𝟐𝒑𝒛 + 𝟐𝒑𝒛 → 𝝅 (𝟐𝒑𝒛 − 𝟐𝒑𝒛 )

01. The 2𝑝𝑧 orbital of one ‘N’ atom overlaps the ‘2𝑝𝑧 ’ orbital of the other ‘N’ atom giving
σ 𝑝𝑧 - 𝑝𝑧 bond along the inter-nuclear axis.
02. The 2𝑝𝑦 and 2𝑝𝑥 orbitals of one ‘N’ atom overlap the 2𝑝𝑦 and 2𝑝𝑥 orbital of other ‘N’ atom
laterally, respectively -perpendicular to inter-nuclear axis giving π 𝑝𝑦 -𝑝𝑦 and π 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝𝑥 bonds.
03. Therefore, N2 molecule has a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms.
9. What is Hybridisation? Explain the formation of following molecules according to

hybridisation. a) 𝑩𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 b) 𝑩𝑭𝟑
Hybridisation: Hybridisation is a phenomenon of intermixing of atomic orbitals of almost equal energy

which are present in the outer shells of the atom and their reshuffling or redistribution into the same
number of orbitals but with equal properties like energy and shape.
Formation of Beryllium Chloride molecule (𝑩𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟐 ):
 BeCl2 molecule has one Be atom and two Chlorine atoms.
 Electronic configuration of Be is 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝0
 Electronic configuration of beryllium in exited state: 1𝑠 2 2𝑠1 2𝑝1
 The 2s and 2pz orbitals undergo sp hybridization to form two sp hybrid orbitals oriented at 180°
with each other.
 2p orbitals of two chlorine atoms overlap with
the sp hybrid orbitals to form two sp-p σ
bonds.
 Cl – Be – Cl bond angle is 180°.
 The geometry of the molecule is linear.
Formation of BF3 molecule:

 5B has electronic configuration: 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑥1
 Boron (B) first undergoes excitation to get electronic
configuration: 1𝑠 2 2𝑠1 2𝑝𝑥1 2𝑝𝑦1
 As it forms three identical B-F bonds in BF3, it is
suggested that excited ‘B’ atom undergoes
hybridisation.
 There is an intermixing of 2s, 2px, 2py orbitals and their redistribution into three identical
orbitals called sp2 hybrid orbitals.
 For three sp2 orbitals to get separated to have minimum repulsion the angle between any two
orbitals is 1200 at the central atom and each sp2 orbital gets one electron.
 Now three Fluorine atoms overlap their 2pz orbitals containing unpaired electrons the three
sp2 orbitals of ‘B’ that contain unpaired electrons to form three σ(sp2 –p) bonds.
10. According to Electronic theory of valence Explain the formation of
i) Oxygen molecule ii) Nitrogen molecule
1) Formation of O2 molecule:
 The electronic configuration of 8 O is 2, 6.
 Oxygen atom has six electrons in its valence
shell.
 It requires two more electrons to get octet in its
valence shell.
 Therefore oxygen atoms come close and each oxygen atom contributes two electrons for bonding.
 Thus, there exist two covalent bonds between two oxygen atoms in O2 molecule as there are two
pairs of electrons shared between them.
 We can say that a double bond is formed between two oxygen atoms in O2 molecule. Both the
oxygen atoms have octet in the valence shell
2) Formation of Nitrogen (N2 ) molecule:
 The electronic configuration of ‘N’ atom is 2,5 and to have octet in the valence shell it requires three
more electrons.
 When two nitrogen atoms approach each other,
each atom contributes 3 electrons for bonding.
 There are six electrons shared between two
nitrogen atoms in the form of three pairs.
 Therefore, there is a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms in N2 molecule.
11. Why do only valence electrons involve in bond formation? Why not electron of inner shells?
Explain.
Ans. The core electrons are those present closer to the nucleus. Their attractive interactions with the
nucleus are stronger; therefore, they are bound tightly to the nucleus. This lowers their energy and
contributes to stability, making them indifferent to bonding reactions.
Bits:
1. Electrons in the outermost orbit are called …………………… . (valence electrons)

2. Except …………………… gas all other noble gases have octet in their valence shell.(Helium)
3. Covalency of elements explains about no. of …………………… formed by the atom.(covalent bonds)
4. Valence bond theory was proposed by …………………… .(Linus pauling)
5. In …………………… bonding the valence electrons are shared among all the atoms of the metallic
elements.(covalent)
6. When chemical bond is formed ----------------- (energy decreases)
7. Coordination number of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 is----------- (6)
8. By transfer of electron ------- bond is formed (Ionic bond)
9. Bond angles are explained by-------- theory (VSEPRT)
10. Bond angle in Ammonia ----------(1070.481 )
11. Principles of Metallurgy

a) Froth floatation b) Magnetic separation
Ans.
Froth floatation Magnetic separation

a) Blast furnace b) Reverberatory furnace.
3. Draw the diagram for the experiment of “presence of air and water are essential for
corrosion.”

4. Explain the process of froth floatation (or)
Which method is useful for concentration of sulphide ore?
Explain
Ans. Froth floatation:
 This method is mainly useful for sulphide ores which have no
wetting property whereas the impurities get wetted.
 The ore with impurities is finely powdered and kept in water
taken in a flotation cell.
 Air under pressure is blown to produce froth in water.
 Froth so produced, takes the ore particles to the surface whereas impurities settle at the
bottom.
 Froth is separated and washed to get ore particles.
5. Suggest an experiment to prove that the presence of air and water are essential for
corrosion. Explain the procedure.
 Aim: To prove that the presence of air and water are essential for corrosion.
 Apparatus: 3 Boiled test tubes, 3corks, boiled distilled water, anhydrous calcium chloride, clean iron
nails, etc.
 Procedure:
a) Take three test tubes and place clean iron nails in each of
them.
b) Label these test tubes A,B and C. pour some water n test
tube A and cork it.
c) Pour boiled distilled water in test tube B and add about 1 ml
of oil and cork it The oil will flow on water and prevent the
air from dissolving in the water.
d) Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test tube C and cork
it. Anhydrous calcium chloride will absorb the moisture
from the air
e) Leave all these test tubes for a few days and then observe them.
 Observations:
a) We will observe that iron nails in test tube A get rusted, But the iron nails in test tubes B and C
are not rusted.
b) In test tube A the nails are exposed to both air and water.
c) In the test tube B the nails are exposed to only water and the nails in test tube C are exposed to
dry air only.
Result: From this activity we conclude that bothe air and water are necessary for corrosion of iron

6. What is Thermite process? Mention its applications in daily life.
 Ans. When highly reactive metals such as Sodium, Calcium, Aluminium etc, are used as reducing
agents they displace metals of lower reactivity from the compound.
 These are exothermic reactions.
 The amount of heat evolved is so large that the metal produced in molten state.
 The reaction of iron oxide with aluminium is used to join railing of railway tracks or cracked
machine parts. This reaction is known as the Termite reaction.
 2𝐴𝑙 + 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 → 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 + 2𝐹𝑒 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
Application of thermite reaction in daily life:
1. To join railings of railway tracks. 2.To join cracked machine parts.

ORE FORMULA METAL
Bauxite 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝐴𝑙
Copper Iron Pyrites 𝐶𝑢𝐹𝑒𝑆2 𝐶𝑢
Magnesite 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3 𝑀𝑔
Epsom salt 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 7𝐻2 𝑂 𝑀𝑔
Harn Silver 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 𝐴𝑔
Haematite 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 𝐹𝑒
Magnetite 𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 𝐹𝑒
7. Observe the above table and Answer the following
1. What metals can we get from the ores mentioned in the above table?
2. Write the oxide ores in the above table?
3. Which metal we found in nature in free state?
4. Write most reactive metals in above table?
Ans. 1.𝐴𝑙, 𝐶𝑢, 𝑀𝑔, 𝐴𝑔, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑒 2. Bauxite, Magnesite, Haematite and Magnetite
3. 𝐴𝑔 4. 𝑀𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑙
8. The results of reactions of metals A, B, C, D, and E with different solutions are given in
the table below. Observe the table and write answers.
Metal 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒁𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒈𝑵𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑨𝒍(𝑺𝑶𝟒 )𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
A No Reaction No Reaction No Reaction A layer is formed No Reaction
B An ash coloured A light brown No Reaction A layer is formed No Reaction
substance layer is formed
settled on the on the metal
metal
C No Reaction No Reaction No Reaction No Reaction No Reaction
D No Reaction - No Reaction A layer is formed No Reaction
on the metal
E A light brown Fresh layer is Fresh layer is No Reaction
layer is formed formed formed
 Which is the highly reactive metal? Why?
 Which is the least reactive metal? Why?
 Which metals form brown layer?
 Arrange the metals A, B, C, D, E in the order of their reactivity.

9. Explain Polling purification method?
Ans. The molten metal is stirred with logs of green wood.
The impurities are removed either as gases or they get oxidized and form slag over the surface of the
molten metal.
Blister copper is purified by this method.
The reducing gases, evolved from the wood, prevent the oxidation of copper.
10. What is corrosion? Give examples for corrosion.
Ans. Corrosion is the deterioration of a metal as a result of chemical reactions between it and the
surrounding environment. Metals are attacked by substances in surroundings like moisture and
acids.
Example for corrosion: The rusting of iron (Iron oxide), tarnishing of silver(Silver sulphide)
development of green coating on copper ( Copper carbonate) and bronze are some of the examples
of corrosion
11. Write methods of Prevention of Corrosion?
 Ans. Prevention of corrosion is of prime importance.
 It not only saves money but also helps in preventing accidents such as a bridge collapse of failure of
a key component due to corrosion.
 One of the simplest methods of preventing corrosion is to prevent the surface of the metallic object
to come in contact with atmosphere.
 This can be done by covering the surface with paint or by some chemicals.
 Another simple method is to cover the surface by other metals( like Sn, Zn etc) that are inert or react
themselves with atmosphere to save the object.
 This is generally done by electroplating.
 An electrochemical method is to provide a sacrificial electrode of another metal (like Mg, Zn etc)
which corrodes itself but saves the object.
12. Write the reactions inside a blast furnace.
Ans. The reactions inside a blast furnace:
𝑖)2𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂
𝑖𝑖) 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 3𝐶𝑂2 → 2𝐹𝑒 + 3𝐶𝑂2
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
𝑖𝑣) 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂3
13. What is the differences between roasting and calcination Give one example for each.
Roasting Calcination
1) Roasting is a pyro chemical process in Calcination is a pyro chemical process in
which the ore is heated in the presence of which the ore is heated in the absence of
air below its melting point. air.
2) The product is metal oxide obtained from The product is metal oxide, obtained by
sulphide ore. decomposition of ore.
3) 2 𝑍𝑛𝑠 + 3 𝑂2 → 2 𝑍𝑛𝑂 + 2 𝑆𝑂2 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
Bits:
01. The impurity present in the ore is called ………………….(Gangue)
02. Formula of Gypsum-------- (Pb)
03. The oil used in the froth flotation process is----- (pine oil)
04. Froth flotation is method used for the purification of ………………. ore.(Sulphide ore)
05. The purpose of smelting an ore is to ……………….. it.(Reduce)
06. Corrosion of iron occurs in the presence of ------------ (Air and Water)
07. Galena is an ore of ……………….(Lead)
08. The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is …………………(Aluminium)
09. The metal that occurs in the native form is ………………(Au)
10. The furnace used for roasting and calcination is ------ (Reverberatory furnace)
12. Carbon and Its Compounds

1. Draw the diagram of micelle
Ans.

2. What are Esters? Explain Esterification reaction.
Ans. The hydrocarbons with functional group. −𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑅 are called esters.
The general formula is 𝑅 − 𝐶𝑂𝑂 − 𝑅1. R and 𝑅1 are alkyl groups or phenyl groups.
Activity:
 Take 1 ml of ethanol (absolute alcohol) and 1ml of glacial
acetic acid along with a few drops of concentrated sulphuric
acid in a test tube.
 Warm it in a water-bath or a beaker containing water for at
least five minutes as shown in Fig.
 Pour the warm contents into a beaker containing 20-50 ml
of water and observe the odour of the resulting mixture
 The resulting mixture is a sweet odoured substance.
 This substance is nothing but ethyl acetate, an ester.
 The reaction is called esterification reaction.
 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 ⇄ 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Acetic acid Ethanol Ethyl acetate

3. What are the uses of graphite?
Following are the uses of graphite:
1. Used in making a pencil.
2. Used as a dry lubricant.
3. For making electrodes.
4. For polishing iron articles.
5. As a moderator in the nuclear furnace.
4. How are Buckminster fullerenes formed? Write their properties and uses.
Ans. Fullerenes are formed when vaporized carbon condenses in an atmosphere of an inert gas.
Buckminsterfullerene (C60) contains nearly spherical C60 molecules with the shape of a soccer ball
Fullerene, C60 molecule contains 12 pentagonal and 20 hexagonal faces on its soccer ball shape, and each
carbon atom has sp2 hybridized orbitals.
Uses of Bucky balls:
1) Bucky balls are used as good lubricants and additives.
2) It is used as a specific antibiotic to kill highly resistant bacteria.
3) Cancer cells such as melanoma are used in the preparation of anti-aging drugs.
4) It is used as an antioxidant for skin protection.
5) It is used as a good conductor of electricity.
5. How Nanotubes are formed? Write properties and uses of Nanotubes.
Ans. Nanotubes consist of hexagonal arrays of covalently bonded carbon atoms, similar to the sheets in
graphite. Unlike the flat graphite sheets, in nanotubes the sheets are rolled into cylinders. Due to this
reason they are called nanotubes.
Uses of Nanotubes:
 Nanotubes are used in making bullet proof jackets.
 Nanotubes are used in the manufacture of Air crafts, Space crafts bodies.
 Nanotubes like graphite, are electrical conductors and can be used as molecular wires.
 In integrated circuits nanotubes are used instead of copper to connect the components together.
 Scientists inserted biomolecules into nanotubes to inject them into a single cell
6. Write the preparation, properties and uses of ethanol.
Ans. Ethanol is prepared on large scale from ethene by the addition of water vapour to it in the presence
of catalysts like P2 O5 , Tungsten oxide at high pressure and temperature.
Physical Properties: Ethanol is a colourless liquid with characteristic sweet odour. Pure ethanol boils at
78.3 o C. Pure ethanol is called absolute (100 %) alcohol.
Chemical Properties :
1) Ethanol reacts with metallic sodium to liberate hydrogen and form sodium ethoxide
2) Ethanol reacts with conc. H2 SO4 at about 170o C (443 K) to give ethene. It is a dehydration
reaction. H2 SO4 is a dehydrating agent and removes H2 O.
Uses:
 Ethanol is commonly called alcohol and is active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks.
 It is a good solvent it is also used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups and many tonics.
7. Explain allotropy with suitable examples.

1. The property of an element to exist in two or more physical forms having more or less similar
chemical properties but different physical properties is called allotropy.
2. The different forms of the element are called allotropes and are formed due to the difference in the
arrangement of atoms.
3. Allotropes of carbon.
Allotropes of carbon are classified into two types. They are: 1) Amorphous forms, 2) Crystalline forms.
Amorphous forms of carbon:
Coal, coke, wood, charcoal, animal charcoal, lampblack, gas carbon, petroleum coke, sugar
charcoal.
Crystalline forms of carbon :
Diamond, Graphite, Buckminsterfullerene, Nanotubes and Graphene
8. Write differences between graphite and diamond.
Diamond Graphite
01. Diamond has a crystalline structure. Graphite has a layered structure.

Graphite has a planner geometry in which each
02. Diamond is formed by tetrahedral units in
carbon atom is sp2 hybridized by forming three
which each carbon atom is sp3 hybridized.
sigma and one π−bond.
03. Diamond is an insulator of electricity. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
04. Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring

The graphite is soft and has a greasy touch.
substance.
05. Diamond is used in jewellery making,
Graphite is used in stationary and lubricants.
construction and surgery.
9. Discuss the versatile nature of the Carbon
Ans. VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON : Carbon forms a very large number of compounds. The
number of carbon compounds is more than three million. It is more than the number of compounds formed
by all other elements.
Special properties of carbon:
1. Catenation 2. Tendency to form Multiple Bonds 3. Isomerism
1. Catenation:
The property of self linking of carbon atoms through covalent

bonds in order to form long straight or branched chains and rings
of different sizes is called catenation. The property of catenation is
due to-
i. Small size
ii. Unique electronic configuration
iii. A great strength of carbon-carbon bonds
2. Tendency to form Multiple: Bonds: Due to its tetra valance, carbon

can also form single, double, and triple covalent bonds by sharing one,
two, or three pairs of electrons respectively between two carbon atoms as
well as with other atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, etc.
3. Isomerism: If a given molecular formula represents two or more
structures having different properties, the phenomenon is called isomerism, and the different
structures are called isomers.
For example, Structures of 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂: 1.Di methyl ether (𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐶𝐻3 ) 2. Ethyl Alcohol (𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻)
10. Compare Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes.
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
Hydrocarbons containing only Hydrocarbons containing atleast Hydrocarbons containing atleast
single bonds between carbon one double bond between carbon one triple bond between carbon
atoms are called Alkanes. (C–C) atoms are called Alkenes. (C=C) atoms are called Alkynes. (C ≡ C)
All alkanes are saturated Alkenes are the examples for Alkynes are the examples for
hydrocarbons. unsaturated hydrocarbons. unsaturated hydrocarbons.
They contain (𝐶 − 𝐶) single They contain at least one (𝐶 = 𝐶) They contain at least one (𝐶 ≡ 𝐶)
bonds double bond triple bond
General Formula of Alkanes General Formula of Alkenes General Formula of Alkynes
𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+2 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛−2
Examples Examples: Ethene Examples: Ethyne
Methane(𝐶𝐻4 ),Ethane (𝐶2 𝐻6 ) (𝐶2 𝐻4 ), Propene(𝐶3 𝐻6 ) (𝐶2 𝐻2 ), Propyne (𝐶3 𝐻4 )
11. What is Homologous Series ? Write its characteristics.
Ans. Homologous Series: A group / series of hydrocarbons having same general formula, with two
successive compounds possessing difference of - CH2 and with similar structures and similar properties
(i.e., same functional group) are called a homologous series.
For example, 1) 𝐶𝐻4 , 𝐶2 𝐻6 , 𝐶3 𝐻8 , … … …. 2) 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻, 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻, 𝐶3 𝐻7 𝑂𝐻, … … ….
Homologous series of organic compounds have following characteristic features.
1) They have one general formula.
Eg: alkanes (Cn H2n+2); alkynes (Cn H2n-2); alcohols (Cn H2n+1)OH etc.
2) Successive compounds in the series possess a difference of (-CH2) unit.
3) They possess similar chemical properties due to the same functional group
Eg: alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids have functional groups C–OH, C–CHO and C-COOH
respectively.
4) They show a regular gradation in their physical properties (see the table-1).
For example: we may take alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids etc. as
homologous series. The individual members of a homologous series are called homologs.
12. What are substitution actions? Explain.
Ans. A reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms in a given compound is replaced by other atom or
group of atoms is called a substitution reaction.
Example: For example, methane (CH4) reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight. Hydrogen atoms of
CH4 are replaced by chlorine atoms
13. What is micelle? Write Cleansing action of soap.

Ans. A spherical aggregate of soap molecules in water is called micelle.
Cleansing action of soap
Micelle Hydrophobic end Hydrophilic end
 When a dirty cloth is inserted in the solution then the hydrocarbon part sticks to the dirt or oil.
 With a little agitation the dirt particles get entrapped by the soap micelles and get dispersed in water
due to which the soap water gets dirty and the cloth gets cleaned
Bits:
1. Carbon compounds containing double and triple bonds are called ………………….
2. A compound which is basic constituent of many cough syrups ………………………

3. Very dilute solution of ethanoic acid is ………………..
4. A sweet odour substance formed by the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is ………………
5. When sodium metal is dropped in ethanol …………………. gas will be released.
6. The functional group present in methanol is …………………….
7. IUPAC name of alkene containing 3 carbon atoms is ………………….
8. The first member of homologous series among alkynes is ……………………
9. The product that is formed by dehydration of ethanol in cone, sulphuric acid is ………………….
10. Number of single covalent bonds in ammonia are ………………..
11. Type of reactions shown by alkanes is ……………….
Answers: 1. Unsaturated compounds 2. Ethanol 3.vinegar 4. Ester 5.H2 6 – OH (Alcohol)
7.propene 8.ethyne (C2H2) 9.ethene (C2H4) 10.3 11.substitutional
02. Chemical Equations

1. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should we balance a chemical equation?

Ans. A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of different elements on the reactant side (left side) are same
as those on product side (right side) is called a balanced chemical equation.
We should balance the equation because:
1. According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of the products formed in chemical reaction must
be equal to the mass of reactants consumed.
2. The number of atoms of each element before and after reaction must be same.
3. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
4. So we should balance a chemical equation.
2. Why should we balance a chemical equation?
We should balance the equation because:
1. According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of the products formed in chemical reaction must
be equal to the mass of reactants consumed.
2. The number of atoms of each element before and after reaction must be same.
3. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
4. So we should balance a chemical equation.
3. Balance the following chemical equations.
1) 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ⟶ 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 2) 𝑯𝒈(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟐 + 𝑲𝑰 ⟶ 𝑯𝒈𝑰𝟐 + 𝑲𝑵𝑶𝟑 3) 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟑 ⟶ 𝑲𝑪𝒍 + 𝑶𝟐
Ans. 1) 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ⟶ 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
2) 𝐻𝑔(𝑁𝑂3 )2 + 2𝐾𝐼 ⟶ 𝐻𝑔𝐼2 + 2𝐾𝑁𝑂3
3) 2𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 ⟶ 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 3𝑂2
4. Mention the physical states of the reactants and products of the following chemical
reactions and balance the equations
01) 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 ⟶ 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓 𝑶𝑯 + 𝑪𝑶𝟐 02) 𝑵𝑯𝟑 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 ⟶ 𝑵𝟐 𝑯𝟒 + 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍 03) 𝑵𝒂 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 ⟶ 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 + 𝑯𝟐
Ans. 01) 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 (s) ⟶ 2𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) + 2𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)↑
02) 4𝑁𝐻3 (𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) ⟶ 𝑁2 𝐻4 (𝑙) + 2𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙(𝑠)
03) 2𝑁𝑎(𝑠) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ⟶ 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑙) + 𝐻2 (𝑔) ↑

5. Explain the reaction between Sodium sulphate and Barium chloride.
a) Take about 100ml of water in a beaker.
b) Dissolve a small quantity of sodium sulphate in it.
c) Take about 100 ml of water in another beaker.
d) Dissolve a small quantity of Barium chloride in it.
e) Add the two solutions.
f) We will get a white precipitate of Barium sulphate.
g) 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 ⟶ 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ↓ +2 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
6. What happens if dilute HCl is added to zinc granules? Explain the process with an
experiment.
 Take few zinc granules in a conical flask.
 Add about 5ml of dilute hydrochloric acid to the conical flask.
 Immediately one gas is released.
 Keep a burning match stick near the mouth of conical flask.
 The light of burning match stick put off with ‘pop’ sound.
 Thus indicates the H2 gas has released in this reaction.
 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⟶ 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
 When we touch the bottom of the conical flask with our finger,
we feel hot.
 So, this reaction produces heat, It is a Exothermic reaction.

7. You have brushed the wall with an aqueous suspension of 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 . After two days the
wall turned to white colour. What are the steps involved in white washing of the walls?
Ans. A solution of slaked lime is prepared by adding water to quick lime. When 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 is applied to the
wall it reacts with carbon dioxide in air to form a thin layer of calcium carbonate giving a shiny finish to the
walls. 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⟶ 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑄(𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦)
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐶𝑂2 ⟶ 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Bits:
1. Standard Temperature and Pressure means……………… (273 K, 1 bar)
2. Every gas at STP occupies ------- litres of volume (22.4)
3. A chemical equation should be balanced because the law ----- should be verified (Conservation of
mass)
4. The reaction that release heat energy to the outside surroundings is called -----(exothermic reaction)
5. The reaction in which heat energy is absorbed into the reaction is known as ------
(endothermic reaction)
6. Colour of Silver Bromide is………….. (pale yellow)
7. Avogadro’s Number is ……………… (6.023 × 1022 )
8. In Chemical reaction precipitate is indicates with…………… ( )
Prepared by
Sayyed Samad SA (Phy.Sci)

ZPSS Kistaram
Sathupally(M), Khammam Dist
9505281568

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ENRICHMENT MATERIAL

FOR C GRADE STUDENTS

Sayyed Samad S A (Phy.Sci)

5. When the object is at F: When the object is at F, the image is formed at

Between mirror and F Behind the Enlarged Erect Virtual

Between F and C Beyond C Enlarged Inverted Real

Beond C Between F and C Diminished Inverted Real

4. How do you find the focal length of a concave mirror?

Questions related to AS6:

Questions related to AS1 :

Real Image Virtual Image

4. Refraction of light at curved surfaces

Questions related to AS3

Questions related to AS6:

 Questions related to AS4

 Questions related to AS1

5.Human Eye and Colourful world

Ans. An eye having Myopia: Correction of myopia using a concave lens

An eye having Hypermetropia Correction of hypermetropia using a convex lens

4. Draw a labelled diagram of i) artificial rainbow formation ii) rainbow formation.

i) artificial rainbow formation ii)rainbow formation.

Questions related to AS3

Questions related to AS6:

 Questions related to AS1:

11. What is Hypermetropia? How it is corrected?

12. What is presbyopia? How is its corrected?

1. Draw a circuit diagram to verify ohm's law.

Questions related to AS3:

Sl Potential Current (I) 𝑽/𝑰

Questions related to AS1

Questions related to AS4

Questions related to AS2

3. Draw a labeled diagram of i) an electric motor. ii) AC Generator

i) Electric motor ii) AC Generator

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9. Explain the working of an electric motor with a neat diagram

Working Of Electric Motor:

03. ACIDS BASES AND SALTS

4. Draw the neat labelled diagram of water of crystallisation of copper sulphate.

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5. Write an activity to show the reaction of acids with metals.

𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 + 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 → 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡 + 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛

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 This electron configuration does not support Hund’s rule.

9. Write the differences between orbit and orbital.

7. Classification of Elements - The Periodic Table

2. Which are the ones coming within the same group?

3. Which are the noble gas elements?

4. To which group and period does the element ‘C ‘belong?

4. Element C belongs to 3rd period and VA group.

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01) 2𝑝𝑧 + 2𝑝𝑧 → 𝜎 (2𝑝𝑧 − 2𝑝𝑧 )

01. 𝟐𝒑𝒛 + 𝟐𝒑𝒛 → 𝝈 ( 𝟐𝒑𝒛 − 𝟐𝒑𝒛 )

02. 𝟐𝒑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒑𝒚 → 𝝅 (𝟐𝒑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒑𝒚 )

03. 𝟐𝒑𝒛 + 𝟐𝒑𝒛 → 𝝅 (𝟐𝒑𝒛 − 𝟐𝒑𝒛 )

9. What is Hybridisation? Explain the formation of following molecules according to