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 Unit 4
Electronic Instrumentation
Electronic Instruments: Principles and block
diagram of digital multimeter, Function Generator,
Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) Power scope,
AC/DC power supply, Auto transformer, Analog
ammeter and voltmeter.

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 Outline
1. Digital Multi-meter
2. Function Generator
3. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
4. Power Scope (PX8000)
5. DC Power Supply
6. Auto Transformer
7. Analog Ammeter & Voltmeter

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 Introduction
• The instrument which uses electronic circuit to
sense and measure any quantity or parameter is
called as electronic instrument. Some of the
instruments also used as source.
• Advantages
– Quantities are converted in electrical signal
– Electrical signal can be Amplified, Filtered, Sampled
– Signal can be converted in digital form
– Can be transmitted, stored, displayed
– High sensitivity, accuracy, precision

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 Digital Multimeter

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 Working of DMM
• The working of digital multimeter can be explained with the
process of a parameter measurement.
• AC /DC voltage measurement-Connect an unknown AC/DC
voltage across the input probes.
• For AC voltage measurement Keep rotary switch in
position-2. The voltage is attenuated, if it is above the
selected range and then rectified to convert it into
proportional DC voltage. It is then fed to A-D converter to get
the digital display in Volts.
• In case od DC voltage measurement keep the rotary switch
on position 5 . The voltage is attenuated, if it is above the
selected range. It is then fed to A-D converter to get the
digital display in

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• AC/DC current measurement- connect the probe in
series to measure current.
• Connect an unknown AC current to input probes. Keep
the switch in position-3. Current is indirectly measured by
converting it into proportional voltage The current is
converted into voltage proportionally with the help of I-V
converter and then rectified. Now the voltage in terms of
AC current is fed to A-D converter to get digital display in
Amperes.
• To measure DC current Connect an unknown DC current
to input probes. Keep the switch in position-4. The
current is converted into voltage proportionally with the
help of I-V converter. Now the voltage in terms of DC
current is fed to A-D converter to get the digital display in
Amperes.

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• Resistance measurement-
• Connect the input probe across unknown resistance and
keep the rotary switch on position 1
• The proportional current flows through the resistor, from
constant current source. According to Ohm’s law voltage
is produced across it. This voltage is directly proportional
to its resistance. This voltage is buffered and fed to A-D
converter, to get digital display in Ohms.
• Advantages and disadvantages of DMM
Advantages of Digital Multi-meter:
 It offers automatic output display
 It ensures accuracy
 It has auto polarity functions
Disadvantages of Digital Multi-meter:
 It does not do well with measurement fluctuations.
 It is more expensive than the analog type.
 It can be difficult to find one for your specific needs.

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 Comparison Between Analog & Digital Multimeter

Analog Multimeter Digital Multimeter

No external power supply required External power supply required
Better visual indication Have digital display
Less effect of noise More effect of noise
Less accuracy More accuracy
No interface with other equipment Interfaced with other equipment
Simple in construction Complicated construction
Large in size Compact in size
Low cost More cost
Low precession High precession
Mounting limitation No mounting limitation
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Function Generator

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 Working
• Frequency is controlled by varying the magnitude of
the current that drives the integrator
• It uses two current sources. Current source 1 for +ve
rise and current source 2 for –ve
• The voltage comparator multivibrator changes state
at a predetermined maximum level of the integrator
output voltage
• It changes from source 1 to source 2
• Output of integrator is triangular wave
• Output of multi-vibrator is square wave
• Output of wave shaping circuit is sine wave
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• Advantages of Function Generator:
• Different waveform upto MHz frequency can be
generated
• It can be used to generate square, sine, triangular and
sawtooth waveforms
• Calibration is internal

• Disadvantages of Function Generator:

• They are usually not suitable for applications that need
low distortion or stable frequency signals

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Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)

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 Working
• Unknown Input signal is given to amplifier circuit. Amplifier is
used for scaling the input signal waveform
• A digitizer, digitises the input signal and stores in memory in
digital form using electronic digital memory which has shift
resistors array so that signals can be recall and displayed on
conventional CRT
• In this state it is capable of being analysed to produce a variety of
different information like frequency, amplitude, time, peak
voltage etc.
• Then waveform is constructed using CRT horizontal and vertical
plates and the other circuit involved.
• For visualizing the final wave, the oscilloscopes use the technique
of inter-polarization. The inter-polarization is the process of
creating the new data points with the help of known variable data
points. Linear interpolation and sinusoidal interpolation are the
two processes of connecting the points together
• To view the display on the CRT the data from memory is again
constructed in analog form
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• Advantages of Digital Storage Oscilloscope:
•  The cost of the digital storage oscilloscope is less.
•  We have store the 15 wave form in internal memory.
•  The stored wave form can be used for display for any large
period by providing power only to the memory.
•  It stores the signal in digital form so prevents degradation.
•  Easy to Use
•  Peak detection
•  Also slow traces like the temperature change in a day would be
recorded.

• DISADVANTAGES OF STORAGE CATHODE RAY TUBE:

•  It can store the image only for a definite time. After that time
period the image will be lost.
•  The trace produced is not as sharp as is produced by
conventional C.R.Tubes.
•  The writing speed is less compared to conventional C.R.
Tubes.

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 Power Scope

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 Working
• The input is attenuated by factor of 20
• Input ground terminals are isolated using isolator.
• The vertical input range is from 50mV/div to
500V/div
• The trace is switched in two channels at the rate
of 100 KHz
• AC mode bandwidth is 2 Hz to 15 MHz
• It have wide range of measurement capability,
compact design, light weight and high safety

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 Power Supply

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 Working
• The step-down transformer reduces the mains supply
voltage
• Rectifier circuit converts bi-directional current to
uni-directional current
• Filter circuit reduces ripples and makes it smooth DC
• Voltage regulator keeps the load voltage constant
against the changes due to supply voltage or load
current
• Two types of regulators may be used,
– Linear : Series, Shunt
– Switching: Buck, Boost
• Regulator also rejects ripples and converts smooth DC
to pure DC
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 DC Power supply
Two types of regulators may be used,
1. Linear : Series, Shunt
2. Switching: Buck, Boost

There are some protection circuits employed,

1. Current Limit Protection
2. Short Circuit Protection
3. High Voltage Protection

The specifications of DC power supply are,

1. Output Voltage Range
2. Maximum Current Range
3. Line and Load Regulation
4. Ripple Rejection.

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 Auto Transformer

Load Voltage=
V2=N2/N1 X V1
N1 =Number of
terns corresponds to
primary (PR)
N2 =Number of
terns corresponds to
Secondary (QR)
V1 and V2= input
and output/Load
voltage respectively

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 Working
• It consists of only single winding which is common
to both primary and secondary winding
• It has two end terminals ( PR) acts as primary and
one end terminal ( either P or R ) and inter
mediate terminal Q acts as a secondary winding
• The position of the intermediate terminal Q
determines whether auto – transformer works as
step down transformer or step up transformer
• The theory and operation of the auto-transformer
is similar to that of conventional two winding
transformer
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 Advantages
• The auto transformer is cheaper than
the ordinary transformer because of single
winding uses less copper than the two winding
• Since the voltage / turn is equal in both
winding, the voltage develops across each
winding depends on number of turns

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 Applications
• Used for starting of synchronous motor and
induction motor
• It is used as a furnace transformer
• It is used as laboratory equipment
• Light dimmer

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Analog DC Voltmeter & Ammeter

Permanent Magnet
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Permanent Magnet Moving Coil
Galvanometer

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 Construction and working
• Galvanometer(PMMC instrument ) has
different parts as:
• Permanent Magnet
• Soft Iron Cylinder for damping of movement
• Moving pivoted rectangular coil
• Pointer
• Scale
• Mirror

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• A rectangular coil wound on a frame pivoted in air
gap between the permanent magnet poles and a
cylindrical soft iron core.
• The coil carries the current(I) fed into the meter
depending on that soft iron core generate the
magnetic field. which induce magnetic flux density
(B)and provide torque(T) to spindle
• the coil current controls the torque of moving
spindle. Depending on torque the spindle rotates.
• The pointer is connected to this spindle deflects
and points the reading on scale.
• Mirror is provided near the scale to reduce the
observation error

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• Electrical power = V X I
• Electromagnetic force( Tesla)=F=B x I x L
• B-Magnetic flux density in Tesla
• I- current through coil in A
• L-length of coil
• Torque(T)= T x Radius
• Mechanical power= ω x T

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 Conversion of Galvanometer into
DC Ammeter

The galvanometer is used as an ammeter by

connecting the low resistance wire in parallel with
the galvanometer
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Multi-range Ammeter

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 Conversion of Galvanometer into
DC voltmeter

The galvanometer is used as a voltmeter by

connecting the high resistance in series with the
circuit
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Multi-range Voltmeter

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Galvanometer
Advantages:
 Better visual indication
 Less effect of noise
 Simple in construction
 Low cost

Disadvantages:
 Less accuracy
 No interface with other equipment
 Large in size
 Low precession
 Mounting limitations

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 Questions on Unit 4
1. Explain Digital Multimeter with block diagram
2. Explain Function Generator with block diagram
3. Explain Digital Storage Oscilloscope with block
diagram
4. Explain Power Scope with block diagram
5. Explain Auto Transformer and list its applications
6. Explain Regulated Power Supply with block diagram
7. Explain analog voltmeter and ammeter

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