FALGUNI MISS

PHYSICS SUMMARY

06. SPECTRUM 2022 – 23.

(A) DEVIATION, DISPERSION AND SPECTRUM.
➢ Scope: Deviation produced by a triangular prism; dependence on colour (wavelength)
of light; dispersion and spectrum;

➢ Deviation produced by a triangular prism:

Due to difference in speed of light in the two
media, deviation is produced at the boundaries
of the two media, on each of the refracting surfaces.
o Factors affecting the angle of deviation:
There are 3 factors on which the deviation depends:
▪ Angle of incidence – First inversely and then directly
proportional.
▪ Angle of prism – Directly proportional
▪ Material or refractive index of prism – Directly proportional
• Refractive index depends on the colour or wavelength of light.
• Hence, color or wavelength of light used – Inversely proportional.
➢ Wavelength and frequency range of white light:
o Wavelength is the characteristic of color irrespective of its origin.
o The prominent colors are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.
o Color is the subjective property of light related to its wavelength.
o Frequency and wavelength of different colors in white light:
Colour Frequency range - 104 Hz. Wavelength range (approx.).
Violet 6.73 – 7.5 4000 Å to 4460 Å
Indigo 6.47 – 6.73 4460 Å to 4640 Å
Blue 6.01 – 6.47 4640 Å to 5000 Å
Green 5.19 – 6.01 5000 Å to 5780 Å
Yellow 5.07 – 5.19 5780 Å to 5920 Å
Orange 4.84 – 5.07 5920 Å to 6200 Å
Red 3.75 – 4.84 6200 Å to 8000 Å

▪ Å is the unit Angstrom.

▪ 1 Å = 10-10m = 10-8 cm
▪ 1 nm = 10-9 m = 10 Å
▪ The wavelength increases from the violet end to the red end of the spectrum.
▪ Red has longest wavelength and least frequency.
▪ Violet has shortest wavelength and highest frequency.

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➢ Dispersion of white light through a prism and formation of spectrum:

➢ Experiment: 1
o Aim: To show that white light is made up of several colours.
o Procedure:
▪ Focus white light from the sun through a small aperture in a window
to enter a darkened room and placed a glass prism in its path.
▪ Receive the refracted light from the prism on a screen.
o Observation: The screen showed the colors of rainbow, VIBGYOR.
o Conclusion:
▪ White light consists of a mixture of seven different colors.
▪ Each colour corresponds to a range of wavelength.
▪ White light consists of a very large number of wavelengths (different
colours). Hence, White light is of polychromatic in nature.
o Note:
▪ The colours obtained on the screen overlaps each other.
▪ All seven colours are distinctly visible only if viewed through a convex
lens, placed between the prism and the screen.
➢ Dispersion and spectrum:
o Definition: The phenomenon of white light splitting into its constituent colors
is known as dispersion.
o Definition: The colour band obtained on a screen on passing a white light
through a prism is called the spectrum.
o Cause of dispersion:
▪ Cause: Change in speed of white light with respect to wavelength at
boundary of the prism.
o Conclusion:
▪ Colours is a property of white light and not of the prism.
▪ A prism only causes dispersion; it does not produce colours.
▪ The dispersion of white light occurs only on the first surface of the prism.
▪ The deviation of the light occurs on both the surfaces.

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FORMULAE:

1. c = 𝒇𝝀
2. V = 𝒇 𝝀′

(B) ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM AND ITS BROAD

CLASSIFICATION.
➢ Scope:
o Electromagnetic spectrum, broad classification (names only arranged in order
of increasing wavelength).
o Properties common to all electromagnetic radiation.
o Properties and uses of infrared and ultraviolet radiations.

➢ Electromagnetic spectrum:
o Visible spectrum: The part of the spectrum, which lies between the red and
the violet region.
o Invisible spectrum: is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond red
and violet ends.
o Infrared spectrum: is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum just beyond the red end.
o Ultraviolet spectrum: is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum just before
the violet end.
o The speed (c), frequency (𝑓) and wavelength (𝜆) of the electromagnetic
waves are related as: 𝑐 = 𝑓𝜆.

➢ Properties common to all the electromagnetic waves:

o Do not require any material medium for their propagation.
o They all travel with the same speed in vacuum (or air) = 3 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
o They exhibit the properties of reflection and refraction.
o These waves are not affected by the electric and magnetic fields.
o These waves are transverse waves.

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➢ Summary of Electromagnetic spectrum:
Name of Wavelen Frequency Discoverer. Source Uses Harmful effects
the wave. gth in Hz.
Gamma Less Above Becquerel Radioactive substances. Medical use - Kills cancer cells (radio Cause immense
rays than 0.1 3× 1019 & Curie.
Å
Cosmic radiations. therapy). biological damage.
Industrial use - Checks welding.
X-rays Between 3 × 1019 − Roentgen. Cathode rays stopped by Medical use – Carcinogenic if
0.1 Å to 3 × 1016
a heavy metal target of Detection of fracture in bones, teeth exposed to the rays
100 Å.
high melting point. etc. (radiography). frequently.
Diagnostic purposes like CAT scan.
General use:
Study atomic arrangement in crystals
and other complex molecules.
To detect concealed precious metals by
detective and government agencies.
Ultraviolet Between 3 × 1016 − Ritter. The electric arc and Medical use – Cause skin cancer if
or actinic 100 Å to 7.5 × 1014
rays 4000 Å.
sparks. Sterilization process. human body is
A mercury vapor lamp. Produce vitamin D in plants and exposed to them for a
Sun. animals. long period.
General use:
Detecting the purity of food like eggs,
ghee etc. and also gems stones.

Visible light Between 7.5 × 1014 Newton. The sun, General use: –
4000Å to –
8000 Å. 3.75 × Electric bulb, flame and For Photography
1014 White hot bodies. For viewing objects around us.
Photosynthesis by plants
Infrared Between 3.75 × Hershell. All heated bodies such as For therapeutic purposes by doctors. A high dose causes skin
waves 8000Å to 1014 -
3 × 1011
heated iron ball, flame, For night photography and in mist and burns.
10 7 Å.
fire, thoriated filament fog.
etc.
Sun. Red hot bodies For developing photographs in dark
room.

They are used as signals during war.

They are used in remote control of

electronic gadgets.
Microwave Between 3 × 1011 − Hertz. Crystal oscillators and Satellite and Radar communication. -
s 10 7 Å to 3 × 107
10 11 Å.
klystron tube. Analysis of atomic and molecular
structure.
Cooking in microwave ovens.
Radio Above Below Marconi. Radio and TV Radar commu-nication, Radio and -
waves 10 11 Å. 3 × 107
transmitter. television communication.

➢ Distinction between the ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiations:

Ultraviolet radiations
1. They can pass through
quartz but are absorbed by
glass.
2. They cause skin cancer.
Visible radiations Infrared radiations
1. They can pass through glass. 1. They can pass through rock
salt, but are absorbed by
glass.
2. They do not affect the body. 2. They cause skin burns.

3. They do not produce 3. They produce slight heating 3. They produce strong
heating effect. effect. heating effect.
4. They cause fluorescence 4. They do not cause 4. They do not cause
on zinc sulphide screen. fluorescence. fluorescence.
5. They affect the 5. They affect the photographic 5. They do not affect the
photographic film. film photographic film.
6. They are invisible. 6. They are visible. 6. They are invisible.
7. They have wavelength 7. They have wavelength range 7. They have wavelength
range of 100 Å to 4000 Å. of 4000 Å to 8000 Å. range of 8000 Å to 107 Å.

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(C) SCATTERING OF LIGHT AND ITS APPLICATIONS.

CANCEL

➢ Scope: Simple application of scattering of light e.g. blue colour of the sky.

➢ Scattering of light:
o Definition: The process of absorption and re-emission of light energy is called
scattering.
o Discoverer: Sir Rayleigh
o The air molecules of size smaller than the wavelength of incident light absorbs the
energy of the incident light and re-emits it without changing its wavelength.
o The Violet light is scattered the most and the red light is scattered the least .
o The intensity of scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power
of wavelength of light ( 𝐼 ∝ 1⁄𝜆4 ).
o Thus violet light is scattered 16 times more than the red light.
➢ Applications of scattering:
o Red colour of sun at sunrise and sunset
o White colour of sky at noon
o Blue colour of sky
o Appearance of sky:
▪ At night: The sky appears black at night.
▪ On the moon surface: The sky will have no colour and will appear
black to an observer on a moon surface.
▪ Astronaut’s vision above the atmosphere of the earth: He sees the
sky black.
o White colour of clouds
o Grey colour of clouds
o Use of red colour for the danger signal

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FALGUNI MISS CLASSES

ACADEMIC RESULTS 2021 – 2022 – 8 ALL INDIA RANKERS

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ACADEMIC RESULTS 2021 – 2022
FIRST TERM MARKS (OUT OF 40)
FALGUNI MISS CLASSES – PTS
FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS
CHEMISTRY
81% students above 35/40
40 - Aarush Gupta (CNMS)
40 - Omkar Vanjani (Podar)
40 - Shaina Pradhan (JNS)
40 - Soniya Deshpande (JNS)
40 - Atharva Deo (Thakur Int.)
40 - Amogh (Sishya Chennai)
40 - Ahem Shaikh (Podar)
40 - Ankit Basu (Cambridge School)
40 - Tarush Dhamne (Podar)
40 - Parth Desai (CNMS)
40 - Durva Bhatt (P.G. Garodia)
40 - Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy)
40 - Yashica Kapahi (Vissanji Academy)
40 - Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.)
40 - Archit Desai (P.G. Garodia)
And a long list from 39 to 30 ....
FALGUNI THAKKER MISS
Falguni Thakker, 03, Sapna bldg. S.V Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 56. Tel 9820428493
FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS
FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS
BIOLOGY
78% students above 35/40
40 - Aarush Gupta (CNMS)
40- Eshan Petkar (Podar)
40 - Ojayit Telang (Podar)
40 - Shaina Pradhan (JNS)
40 - Soniya Deshpande (JNS)
40 - Naman Jalan (Sanskriti, Gauhati)
40 - R Janavi (Gokuldham)
40 - Durva Bhatt (P.G. Garodia)
40 - Kannika Shetty (A.V.M)
40 - Tarush Dhamne (Podar)
40 - Twisha Furia (St.Gregorios)
40 - Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.)
40 - Eshna Sobti (Universal Dahisar)
40 - Iqra Kazi (Podar)
40 - Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy)
40 - Yashica Kapahi (Visanji Academy)
And a long list of 39 to 30....
FALGUNI THAKKER MISS
FALGUNI MISS
FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS
FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS
MATHEMATICS
81% students above 35/40
40 - Omkar Vanjani (Podar)
40 - Ojayit Telang (Podar)
40 - Saakshi Bakliwal(Podar)
40 - Shaina Pradhan (JNS)
40 - Akshaya Parbhakar (Podar)
40 - Naman Jalan - (Sanskriti, Gauhati)
40 - Siddhi Iyer (Ambassador, Dubai)
40 - Tarush Dhamne (Podar)
40 - Dia Jaiswal (AVM)
40 - Parth Desai (CNMS)
39 - Akshata Kalyanikar (Thakur Int.)
39 - Twisha Furiya (St. Gregorios)
39 - Soniya (JNS)
39 - Amogh (Sishya Chennai)
39 - Bhuvana Santosh (Vapii Public school)
39 - Harshvardhan Agarwal (Gokuldham)
39 - Keshav Agarwalla (Sanskriti Gauhati)
39 - Ahem Shaikh (Podar)
And a long list from 38 to 30......
FALGUNI THAKKER MISS
FALGUNI MISS CLASSES - PTS
FIRST TERM ICSE STD X 2021-22 RESULTS
PHYSICS
75% students above 30/40
39 - Aarush Gupta (CNMS)
39 - Aaryan Vaidya (Lakshdham)
39 - Parth Desai (CNMS)
38 - Ojayit Telang (Podar)
38 - Omkar Vanjani (Podar)
38 - Atharva Deo (Thakur Int.)
38 - Tarush Dhamne (Podar)
38 - Atharva Surve (Ryan Int)
38 - Nidhi Pusalkar (Prime Academy)
37 - Yashica (Visanji Academy)
37 - Naman Jalan (Sanskriti Gauhati)
36 - Siddhi Iyer (Ambassador - Dubai)
36 - Aaryan Mehta (CNMS)
35 - Sehej Khanna (JNS)
35 - Durva Bhatt (P.G.garodia)
35- R Janavi (Gokuldham)
35 - Amogh (Sishya Chennai)
And a long list of 34 to 30.....
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ACADEMIC RESULTS 2020 – 2021 ACADEMIC RESULTS 2019 – 2020

ACADEMIC RESULTS 2003 – 2019

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