Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine Tool

A Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine is an Numerical Control (NC)

machine tool that is computer controlled. Operator feed the cutting
processes and part dimensions into the computer, which follows the
instructions to guide the machine tool.

The system mainly consist the following parts;

 Input Device
 Machine Control Unit (MCU)
 Machine Tool
 Driving System
 Feedback System
 Display Unit

The part program is feed to the Machine Control Unit (MCU) using input
device. The part program information data is converted into motion

Copyrighted@L-124610/2023 Prepared by: Dr. Rahul Krishnaji Bawane

commands at the MCU using data processing unit. The generated motion
commands then send to the driving system.

The drive system follows the commands given, and accordingly manages the
motion and velocity of the machine tool.

The MCU also, send miscellaneous function signal to machine tool which
control the working components that activate and deactivate coolant flow,
spindle rotation, the direction of the spindle rotation etc.

The CNC machines operate with the aid of feedback devices. This feedback
avoids the tools overshoot because of inertia, wear and tear, and friction and
reaches the desired position.

To achieve higher accuracy and repeatability, sensors measure the position

and velocity, and feed these data back to the MCU.

These feedback signals are compared with the reference signals in the MCU
using control loop unit. And if there are errors, new commands are sent to
the machine tool to compensate for these errors.

The operator can see all the commands, programs and other important data
at the display unit.

Advantages of CNC machining -

 CNC machines are capable of extremely high precision and accuracy.

 These machines can work with a wide range of materials, including
metals, plastics, composites, and more.
 It can produce complex shapes and geometries, making them suitable
for diverse applications.
 These machining allows for the efficient and consistent production of
identical parts, which is crucial for mass production and maintaining
quality standards.
 These machines can create intricate and complex part geometries that
may be impossible to achieve with conventional machining methods.
 CNC machining is highly efficient, and it can significantly reduce
material waste compared to manual machining.
Copyrighted@L-124610/2023 Prepared by: Dr. Rahul Krishnaji Bawane
  It becomes cost-effective for large production runs due to its speed and
repeatability.
 Quick Prototyping, engineers can quickly create prototypes and iterate
designs before committing to mass production.
 CNC machining can produce parts with a high-quality surface finish,
reducing the need for additional finishing processes.
 Automation reduces the risk of errors associated with manual
machining, leading to fewer defects and higher product quality.
 Changes to part designs can be easily accommodated in CNC
machining by modifying the computer program.
 CNC machining often has shorter lead times compared to other
manufacturing methods.

Disadvantages of CNC machining -

 CNC machines are more expensive and require a greater initial

investment than machines that can be operated manually.
 Automation decreases the need for manpower, and fewer labours are
hired this lead to unemployment issues.
 CNC machining centers require programming and setup, which can be
complex and time-consuming.
 Dependence on technology as these machining centers rely on
computer systems and software, making them vulnerable to
technology issues and downtime.
 These machining centers require a skilled operator to program and
operate the machine, increasing the cost of labor.
 CNC machining centers are limited in their ability to make custom
adjustments.

Applications of CNC machining -

 Aerospace; CNC machined parts are extensively used in the aerospace

industry for manufacturing components like aircraft structural parts,
engine components, landing gear parts, and turbine blades.
 Automotive; CNC machining plays a vital role in the automotive
industry for producing engine parts, transmission components,
Copyrighted@L-124610/2023 Prepared by: Dr. Rahul Krishnaji Bawane
 suspension systems, brake components, and various other precision
parts.
 Electronics; CNC machined parts are used in the electronics industry
for manufacturing computer components, Smartphone parts,
connectors, heat sinks, and other electronic devices.
 Medical; CNC machining is widely employed in the medical field to
create intricate and precise components like surgical instruments,
prosthetics, orthopedic implants, dental devices, and medical
equipment parts.
 Industrial machinery; CNC machined parts are essential in the
manufacturing of industrial machinery such as pumps, valves, gears,
bearings, shafts, and tooling fixtures.
 Robotics; it is crucial for the production of robot components,
including robot arms, joints, gears, brackets, and specialized parts
used in automation systems.

Copyrighted@L-124610/2023 Prepared by: Dr. Rahul Krishnaji Bawane