Arboriculture

Arboriculture (/ˈɑːrbǝrɪˌkʌltʃǝr, ɑːrˈbɔːr-/)[1] is the cultivation, management, and study of individual

trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants. The science of arboriculture studies how these
plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment. The practice of arboriculture
includes cultural techniques such as selection, planting, training, fertilization, pest and pathogen
control, pruning, shaping, and removal.

An arborist practicing tree care: using a

chainsaw to fell a eucalyptus tree in a
park at Kallista, Victoria.

Overview

A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an arborist or an arboriculturist. A tree
surgeon is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of
trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist. Risk management,
legal issues, and aesthetic considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of
arboriculture. Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete "tree hazard surveys" and
generally manage the trees on-site to fulfill occupational safety and health obligations.

Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent
landscape and amenity purposes, usually in gardens, parks or other populated settings, by arborists,
for the enjoyment, protection, and benefit of people.

Arboricultural matters are also considered to be within the practice of urban forestry yet the clear and
separate divisions are not distinct or discreet.

Tree Benefits
Tree benefits are the economic, ecological, social and aesthetic use, function purpose, or services of a
tree (or group of trees), in its situational context in the landscape.

Environmental tree benefits

Erosion control and soil retention

Improved water infiltration and percolation

Protection from exposure: windbreak, shade, impact from hail/rainfall

Humidification of the air

Food for decomposers, consumers, and pollinators

Soil health: organic matter accumulation from leaf litter and root exudates (symbiotic microbes)

Ecological habitat

Modulates environmental conditions in a given microclimate: shields wind, humidifies, provides shade

Carbon sequestration

Oxygen production

Increased biodiversity

Social tree benefits

Employment: forestry, education, tourism

Run-off and flood control (e.g. bioswales, plantings on slopes)

Erosion control

Air purification

Aesthetic beauty: parks, gatherings, social events, tourism, senses (fragrance, visual), focal point

add character and prestige to the landscape

can anchor a landscape design

creates a “natural” feel

Climate control (e.g shade): can reduce energy consumption of buildings

Privacy and protection: from noise, wind

Attracting pollinators

History: eg. memorials for a loved one

Medical benefits: eg. Taxus chemotherapy

Materials: wood for building, paper pulp

Fodder for livestock

Property value: trees can increase by 10-20%

Increases the amount of time customers will spend in a mall, strip mall, shopping district

Carbon capture

Tree Defects

A tree defect is any feature, condition, or deformity of a tree that indicates weak structure or instability
that could contribute to tree failure.

Common types of tree defects:

Codominant stems: two or more stems that grow upward from a single point of origin and compete
with one another.

common with decurrent growth habits

occurs in excurrent trees only after the leader is killed and multiple leaders compete for dominance

Included bark: bark is incorporated in the joint between two limbs, creating a weak attachment

occurs in branch unions with a high attachment angle (i.e. v-shaped unions)

common in many columnar/fastigiate growing deciduous trees

Dead, diseased, or broken branches:

woundwood cannot grow over stubs or dead branches to seal off decay

symptoms/signs of disease: e.g. oozing through the bark, sunken areas in the bark, and bark with
abnormal patterns or colours, stunted new growth, discolouration of the foliage

Cracks

longitudinal cracks result from interior decay, bark rips/tears, or torsion from wind load

transverse cracks result from buckled wood, often caused by unnatural loading on branches, such as lion's
tailing.

Seams: bark edges meet at a crack or wound

 Ribs: bulges, indicating interior cracks

Cavity and hollows: sunken or open areas wherein a tree has suffered injury followed by decay.
Further indications include: fungal fruiting structures, insect or animal nests.

Lean: a lean of more than 40% from vertical presents a risk of tree failure

Taper: change in diameter over the length of trunks branches and roots

Epicormic branches (water sprouts in canopy or suckers from root system): often grow in response to
major damage or excessive pruning

Roots:

girdling roots compress the trunk, leading to poor trunk taper, and restrict vascular flow

kinked roots provide poor structural support; the kink is a site of potential root failure

circling roots occurs when roots encounter obstructions/limitations such as a small tree well or being
grown too long in a nursery pot; these cannot provide adequate structural support and are limited in
accessing nutrients and water

healthy soil texture and depth, drainage, water availability, makes for healthy roots

Tree Installation

Proper tree installation ensures the long-term viability of the tree and reduces the risk of tree failure.

Quality nursery stock must be used. There must be no visible damage or sign of disease. Ideally the
tree should have good crown structure. A healthy root ball should not have circling roots and new
fibrous roots should be present at the soil perimeter. Girdling or circling roots should be pruned out.
Excess soil above the root flare should be removed immediately, since it present a risk of disease
ingress into the trunk.

Appropriate time of year to plant: generally fall or early spring in temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere.

Planting hole: the planting hole should be 3 times the width of the root ball. The hole should be dug
deep enough that when the root ball is placed on the substrate, the root flare is 3-5cm above the
surrounding soil grade. If soil is left against the trunk, it may lead to bark, cambium and wood decay.
Angular sides to the planting hole will encourage roots to grow radially from the trunk, rather than
circling the planting hole. In urban settings, soil preparation may include the use of:

Silva cells: suspended pavement over modular cells containing soil for root development
Structural soils: growing medium composed of 80% crushed rock and 20% loam, which supports surface
load without it leading to soil compaction

Tree wells: a zone of mulch can be installed around the tree trunk to: limit root zone competition (from
turf or weeds), reduce soil compaction, improve soil structure, conserve moisture, and keep lawn
equipment at a distance. No more than 5-10cm of mulch should be used to avoid suffocating the roots.
Mulch must be kept approximately 20cm from the trunk to avoid burying the root flare. With city trees
additional tree well preparation includes:

Tree grates/grill and frames: limit compaction on root zone and mechanical damage to roots and
trunk

Root barriers: forces roots to grow down under surface asphalt/concrete/pavers to limit infrastructure
damage from roots

Staking: newly planted, immature trees should be staked for one growing season to allow for the root
system to establish. Staking for longer than one season should only be considered in situations where
the root system has failed to establish sufficient structural support. Guy wires can be used for larger,
newly planted trees. Care must be used to avoid stem girdling from the support system ties.

Irrigation: irrigation infrastructure may be installed to ensure a regular water supply throughout the
lifetime of the tree. Wicking beds are an underground reservoir from which water is wicked into soil.
Watering bags may be temporarily installed around tree stakes to provide water until the root system
becomes established. Permeable paving allows for water infiltration in paved urban settings, such as
parks and walkways.

UK

Within the United Kingdom trees are considered as a material consideration within the town planning
system and may be conserved as amenity landscape[2] features.

The role of the Arborist or Local Government Arboricultural Officer is likely to have a great effect on
such matters. Identification of trees of high quality which may have extensive longevity is a key element
in the preservation of trees.

Urban and rural trees may benefit from statutory protection under the Town and Country Planning[3]
system. Such protection can result in the conservation and improvement of the urban forest as well as
rural settlements.

Historically the profession divides into the operational and professional areas. These might be further
subdivided into the private and public sectors. The profession is broadly considered as having one
trade body known as the Arboricultural Association, although the Institute of Chartered Foresters offers
a route for professional recognition and chartered arboriculturist status.

The qualifications associated with the industry range from vocational to Doctorate. Arboriculture is a
comparatively young industry.

See also

Agroforestry
 Trees portal
Arborist
Plants portal
Bonsai
Gardening portal
European Arboricultural Council

Forester

Forestry

Fruit tree pruning

Horticulture

International Society of Arboriculture

Landscape architecture

Landscaping

Silviculture

Silvology

Tree forks

Tree shaping

Tropical horticulture

Viticulture

References

1. "arboriculture" (https://www.dictionary.com/browse/arboriculture) . Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.

2. "Amenity landscapes • Environment Guide" (http://www.environmentguide.org.nz/issues/landscape/protection-of-l

andscapes-and-features/amenity-landscapes/) . www.environmentguide.org.nz. Retrieved 2020-04-28.

3. "Town and Country Planning Association" (https://www.tcpa.org.uk/) . Town and Country Planning Association.
Retrieved 2020-04-28.

Harris, Richard W. (1983). Arboriculture: Care of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines in the Landscape. Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0-13-043935-5.

"arboriculture". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Merriam-Webster.

"arboriculture". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007.

"arboriculture". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Online.
Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.

External links

Arboriculture Australia (http://www.arboriculture.org.au/) Australia

Arboricultural Association (http://www.trees.org.uk/) UK

International Society of Arboriculture (http://www.isa-arbor.com/) (USA) Wikisource has the text of the
1905 New International
European Arboricultural Council (http://www.eac-arboriculture.com/en/default.aspx/)
Encyclopedia article
"Arboriculture".
BatsandTrees.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20151229105608/http://www.batsandtrees.com/)
Promoting the importance of British trees to bats

Institute of Chartered Foresters (http://www.charteredforesters.org/) The UK based Chartered body for

forestry and arboricultural professionals

American Forests (https://web.archive.org/web/20150906205524/https://www.americanforests.org/our-pr

ograms/urbanforests/urban-forests-tools-resources/) Urban forestry resources

Encyclopædia Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/science/arboriculture)

"Arboriculture" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Arboriculture) .
Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.