1

Unit iz'u&laxzg
Notes
vè;k;
uhfr'kkL=k rFkk ekuoh; lg&lacaèk % ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa esa uhfr'kkL=k dk lkj rRo] blds
fuèkkZjd vkSj ifj.kke_ uhfr'kkL=k ds vk;ke_ futh vkSj lkoZtfud lacaèkksa esa uhfr'kkL=k] ekuoh;
ewY;&egku usrkvksa] lqèkkjdksa vkSj iz'kkldksa ds thou rFkk muds mins'kksa ls f'k{kk] ewY; fodflr
djus esa ifjokj] lekt vkSj 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedkA
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in Human Actions;
Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics in Private and Public Relationships. Human Values - Lessons from
the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators; Role of Family, Society
and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.

UPSC
1- ^ewY;ks*a o ^uSfrdrkvks*a ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a O;kolkf;d l{kerk ds lkFk uSfrd gksuk fdl izdkj
egRoiw.kZ gS\ (What do you understand by ‘values’ and ‘ethics’? In what way is it important to
be ethical along with being professionally competent?) (150 Words/10 Marks 2013)

2- dqN yksxksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd ewY; le; vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds lkFk cnyrs jgrs gSa tcfd vU;
n`<+rk ls ekurs gSa fd dqN ekuoh; ewY; loZO;kid o 'kk'or (Eternal) gSaA bl lEcU/ esa
vki viuh /kj.kk rdZ nsdj crkb,A (Some people feel that values keep changing with time
and situation, while others strongly believe that there are certain universal and eternal human
values. Give your perception in this regard with due justification.) (150 Words/10 Marks 2013)

3- lHkh ekuo lq[k dh vkdka{kk djrs gSaA D;k vki lger gSa\ vkids fy, lq[k dk D;k vFkZ gS\
mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gq, Li"V dhft,A (All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree?
What does happiness mean to you? Explain with examples.) (150 Words/10 Marks 2014)

4- gesa ns'k esa efgykvksa ds izfr ;kSu&mRihM+u ds c<+rs gq, n`"Vkar fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA bl dqd`R; ds
fo:¼ fo|eku fof/d micU/ksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh] ,slh ?kVukvksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSA bl ladV
ls fuiVus ds fy, dqN uokpkjh mik; (Innovative measures) lq>kb,A
We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country.
Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise.
Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (150 Words/10 Marks 2014)

5- orZeku lekt O;kid fo'okl&U;wurk (Trust-deficit) ls xzflr gSA bl fLFkfr ds O;fDrxr

dY;k.k vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k ds lUnHkZ esa D;k ifj.kke gSa\ vki vius dks fo'oluh; cukus
ds fy, O;fDrxr Lrj ij D;k dj ldrs gSaA 
The current society is plagued with widespread trust-deficit. What are the consequences of this
situation for personal well-being and for societal well-being? What can you do at the personal
level to make yourself trustworthy? (150 Words/10 Marks 2014)

6- ^i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk* (Environmental Ethics) dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldk vè;;u djuk fdl
dkj.k egRoiw.kZ gSa\ i;kZoj.kh; uSfrdrk dh n`f"V ls fdlh ,d i;kZoj.kh; eqís ij ppkZ dhft,A
What is meant by ‘environmental ethics’? Why is it important to study? Discuss any one
environmental issue from the viewpoint of environmental ethics. (150 Words/10 Marks 2015)

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 iz'u&laxzg 7- fuEufyf[kr ds chp foHksnu dhft,A (Differentiate between the following):
Notes (i) fof/ vkSj uSfrdrk (Law and ethics)
(ii) uSfrd izca/u vkSj uSfrdrk dk izca/u (Ethical Management and Management of Ethics)
(iii) HksnHkko vkSj vf/ekuh cjrko (Discrimination and Preferential Treatment)
(iv) oS;fÙkQd uSfrdrk vkSj laO;kolkf;d uSfrdrk (Personal Ethics and Professional Ethics)
 (150 Words/10 Marks 2015)

8- Li"V dhft, fd vkpkjuhfr lekt vkSj ekuo dk fdl izdkj Hkyk djrh gSA
Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being. (150 Words/10 Marks 2016)

9- fofèk ,oa vkpkjuhfr ekuo vkpj.k dks fu;fU=kr djus okys nks midj.k ekus tkrs gSa rkfd
vkpj.k dks lH; lkekftd vfLrRo osQ fy, lgk;d cuk;k tk ldsA
Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling human conduct so as to make
it conducive to civilized social existence.
(a) ppkZ dhft, fd os bl mís'; dh fdl çdkj iwfrZ djrs gSaA
Discuss how they achieve this objective.
(b) mnkgj.k nsrs gq, ;g crkb, fd ;s nksuksa vius mikxeksa esa fdl çdkj ,d&nwljs ls fHkUu gSAa
Giving examples, show how the two differ in their approaches.
 (150 Words/10 Marks 2016)

10- uSfrd vkpj.k okys r#.k yksx lfØ; jktuhfr esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, mRlqd ugha gksrs gSaA
mudks lfØ; jktuhfr esa vfHkçsfjr djus ds fy, mik; lq>kb,A
Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics.
Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward. (150 Words/10 Marks 2017)

11- ¶cM+h egRokdka{kk egku~ pfj=k dk Hkkokos'k (tquwu) gSA tks blls laiUu gaS os ;k rks cgqr vPNs
vFkok cgqr cqjs dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA ;s lc dqN mu fl¼Urksa ij vk/kfjr gS ftuls os funZsf'kr
gksrs gSaA¸ & usiksfy;u cksukikVZA
mnkgj.k nsrs gq, mu 'kkldksa dk mYys• dhft, ftUgksaus (i) lekt o ns'k dk vfgr fd;k gS]
(ii) lekt o ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, dk;Z fd;k gSA
“Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very
good or very bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them.” – Napoleon Bonaparte.
Stating examples mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who worked
for the development of society and country. (150 Words/10 Marks 2017)

12- ¶esjk n`<+ fo'okl gS fd ;fn fdlh jk"Vª dks Hkz"Vkpkj eqÙkQ vkSj lqanj euksa okyk cukuk gS] rks
mlesa lekt ds rhu çeq• yksx varj yk ldrs gSaA os gSa firk] ekrk ,oa f'k{kdA¸ & ,-ih-ts-
vCnqy dyke A fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
“If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel
there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are father, the mother
and the teacher.” – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Analyse. (150 Words/10 Marks 2017)

13- orZeku le; esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk ladV] ln~&thou dh ladh.kZ /kj.kk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA foospuk
dhft,A (The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the
good life. Discuss.) (150 Words/10 Marks 2017)
14- lkoZtfud thou esa vk/kfjd fl¼kar D;k gSa\ bu eas ls fdUgha rhu fl¼karksa dks mi;qDr
mnkgj.kksa osQ lkFk Li"V dhft,A
What are the basic principles of public life? Illustrate any three with suitable examples. 
 (150 Words/10 Marks 2019)
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15- O;kid jk"Vªh; 'kfÙkQ (lh-,u-ih-) ds rhu eq[; ?kVdksa tSls ekuoh; iw¡th] e`nq 'kfÙkQ (laLÑfr iz'u&laxzg
vkSj uhfr;k¡) rFkk lkekftd ln~Hkko dh vfHko`f¼ esa uhfr&'kkL=k vkSj ewY;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk Notes
foospu dhft,A
Discuss the role of ethics and values in enhancing the following three major components of
Comprehensive National Power (CNP) viz. human capital, soft power (culture and policies)
and social harmony.  (150 Words/10 Marks 2020)
16- ¶f'k{kk ,d fu"ks/kKk ugha gS] ;g O;fÙkQ ds lexz fodkl vkSj lkekftd cnyko ds fy, ,d
çHkkoh vkSj O;kid lk/u gSA¸ mijksÙkQ dFku ds vkyksd esa ubZ f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 (,u-b-ih-]
2020) dk ijh{k.k dhft,A 
Education is not an injunction, it is an effective and pervasive tool for all round development
of an individual and social transformation". Examine the New Education Policy, 2020 (NEP,
2020) in light of the above statement.  (150 Words / 10 Marks 2020 )
17- ^lkef;d baVjusV foLrkj.k us lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa ds ,d fHkUu lewg dks euklhu fd;k gS] tks
çk;% ijEijkxr ewY;ksa ls la?k"kZ'khy jgrs gSaA* foospuk dhft,A
‘The current internet expansion has instilled a different set of cultural values which are often
in conflict with traditional values.’ Discuss. (150 Words/10 Marks 2020)
18- ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ekuoh; dk;ks± esa uSfrdrk dk ikyu fdlh laxBu@O;oLFkk ds lqpk#
dkedkt dks lqfuf'pr djsxkA ;fn gk¡] rks uSfrdrk ekuo thou esa fdls c<+kok nsuk pkgrh gS\
fnu&çfrfnu ds dkedkt esa mlds lkeus vkus okys la?k"kks± ds lekèkku esa uSfrd ewY; fdl
izdkj lgk;rk djrs gSa\
It is belived that adherence to ethics in human actions would ensure in smooth functioning of
an organisation/system. If so, what does ethics seek to promote in human life? How do ethical
values assist in the resolution of conflicts faced by him in his day-to-day functioning?
(150 Words/10 Marks 2022)
19- fuEUkfyf[kr esa ls m¼j.k ij vkids fopkj ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
What does each of the following quotations mean to you?
(a) ¶vkidks D;k djus dk vfèkdkj gS vkSj vkidks D;k djuk mfpr gS ds chp ds varj dks
tkuuk uSfrdrk gSA¸ & ikWVj LVhcVZ
"Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right
to do." — Potter Stewart (150 Words/10 Marks 2022)
(b) ¶vxj fdlh ns'k dks Hkz"VkpkjeqDr gksuk gS vkSj •wclwjr fnekxksa dk ns'k cuuk gS] rks eSa
n`<+rk ls ekurk gw¡ fd rhu çeq• lkekftd lnL; gaS] tks cnyko yk ldrs gSaA os gS firk]
ekrk vkSj f'k{kdA¸ &,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke
"If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful
minds, I strongly feel that there are three key societal members who can
make a difference. They are father, mother and teacher. — A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam (150 Words/10 Marks 2022)
(c) ¶vkidh liQyrk dk vkdyu bl ckr ls gks fd bls ikus ds fy, vkidks D;k NksM+uk
iM+kA¸ & nykbZ ykek
"Judge your success by what you had to give up in order to get it." — Dalai Lama
(150 Words/10 Marks 2022)

UPPCS
1- ewY; D;k gSa\ buosQ osQUnzh; rÙoksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
What are the values? Throw light over their central elements. (125 Words / 8 Marks 2018)

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 iz'u&laxzg 2- uhfr'kkL=k ,oa uSfrdrk esa foHksn dhft;s rFkk uhfr'kkL=kh; dk;ks± osQ fu/kZjd rÙoksa dh O;k[;k
Notes dhft;sA (Differentiate between ethics and morality and explain the determinants of ethical
actions.) (200 Words / 12 Marks 2018)
3- uhfr'kkL=k D;k gS\ ekuo&thou esa bldh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A
What is ethics? Explain its role in human life. (125 Words / 8 Marks 2019)
4- uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ lqn`<+hdj.k dh D;k izfozQ;k gS\ D;k uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ lqn`<+hdj.k ls pfj=k fuekZ.k
esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gS\ foospuk djsaA
What is the process of strengthening the moral values? Whether strengthening of moral values
help in character building? Discuss. (125 Words / 8 Marks 2019)
5- ewY; l`tu esa ifjokj] lekt vkSj f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A
Discuss the role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
 (125 Words / 8 Marks 2020)
6- D;k oS;fDrd uSfrdrk dk izHkko yksd&thou ds fu.kZ;ksa ij iM+rk gS\
Does individual morality have a bearing effect on the decision of public life?
 (125 Words / 8 Marks 2021)
7- Hkkjrh; lekt esa ijEijkxr ewY; D;k gSa\ vk/qfud ewY;ksa ls bldh D;k fHkUurk gS\ O;k[;k
dhft,A
What are the traditional values in Indian society? How does it differ from modern values?
Explain. (200 Words / 12 Marks 2021)
8- futh {ks=k dh uSfrd foo`QfÙk;k¡ D;k gS\ uSfrd thou ds rhu fodYiksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
What are the ethical perversions of private sector? Describe the three options of ethical life.
 (200 Words / 12 Marks 2021)

laHkkfor iz'u (PROBABLE QUESTION)

1- uhfr'kkL=k D;k gS\ D;k uhfr'kkL=k ,d foKku gS\ foospu djsaA
What is Ethics. Is Ethics a science? Discuss.
2- uSfrdrk D;k gS\ ;g vkRefu"B gS ;k oLrqfu"B gS\
What is morality? It is subjective or objective?
3- ladYi dh Lora=krk vkSj uSfrd mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ laca/ dh O;k[;k djsaA
Explain the relation between freedom of will and moral responsibility. (150 Words/10 Marks)
4- uSfrd ln~xq.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bls fodflr djus esa ifjokj dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk
djsaA (What do you understand by moral virtue? Discuss the role of family in inculcating
moral virtue.
5- ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa esa uhfr'kkL=k dk lkj rRo D;k gS\ D;k ewY;ksa dks uhfr'kkL=k dk lkj rRo
ekuk tk ldrk gS\ (What is the essense of ethics in human actions? Can values be considered
the essence of ethics? )
6- ekuoh; ewY;ksa osQ lao¼Zu esa lekt dh Hkwfedk le>kb;sA bls vkSj izHkkoh cukus ds dqN u;s
fopkj lq>kb;sA 
Explain the role of society in inculcating human values. Suggest some new ideas to make it
more effective.  (150 Words/10 Marks)

7- ¶vPNs pfj=k dks ,d lÝrkg ;k ,d eghusa esa fufeZr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA¸ ,d vPNs pfj=k
ds fuekZ.k esa ifjokj dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V djsaA
“Good character is not formed in a week or a month.” Explain the role of family to cultivate
good character.  (150 Words/10 Marks)
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8- ¶ifjokj euq"; ds uSfrd fodkl dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ laLFkk gSA¸ ;g ukxfjdrk dh izFke iz'u&laxzg
ikB'kkyk gSSA Li"V djsa& ("Family is the most important institution for the moral development Notes
of man". This is the first school of citizenship. Explain.) (150 Words / 10 Marks)
9- ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus esa ifjokj ,oa 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dks izHkkoh cukus ds
fy, vki D;k lykg nsaxs\ (What would you advice to make the role of family and academic
institutions effective in developing values?) (150 Words/10 Marks)
10- ewY; vk/kfjr f'k{kk fdlh O;fDr dks ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt dh vufxur pqukSfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA ppkZ dhft,A (Value education empowers a person to confront
the myriad challenges of contemporary Indian society. Discuss.) (150 Words/10 Marks)
11- fdlh deZ ds uSfrd vkSfpR; dk fu/kZj.k djrs le; fdu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk vko';d gS\
mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk bls Li"V djsaA (What are the things to keep in mind while determining the
moral justification of a Karma? Explain it by examples.) (150 Words/10 Marks)
12- ubZ f'k{kk i¼fr ekuo thou esa ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA
foospu djsaA (How new education policy can play effective role in inculcating values in
human life. Explain)
13- fdlh ds pfj=k vkSj vkpj.k dks vkdkj nsus esa mnkj f'k{kk dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\ le>k,¡A
What is the role of Liberal Education in shaping one's character and conduct? Explain.
14- ^uSfrdrk gh euq"; dks i'kq thou ls mQij mBkrh gSA* bl laca/ esa uSfrdrk dh orZekudkyhu
izklafxdrk dks Li"V djsa\
'Morality raises man from animal life.' Explain the current relevance of ethics in this regard.
 (150 Words/ 10 Marks)
15- uhfr'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k ls ^ewY;* (Value) 'kCn dk vk'k; Li"V djsa rFkk ekuo thou ds fofHkUu
{ks=kksa eas blds egRo dks Li"V djsaA
Explain the term 'value' from the ethical point of view and explain its significance in different
areas of human life. (150 Words/10 Marks)
16- ¶uhfr'kkL=k fofo/ vk;keksa ls ;qDr ,d lao`fÙk gSA¸ fVIi.kh djsaA
"Ethics is a phenomenon with divergent dimensions" Comments.
17- ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=k D;k gS\ D;k Kku dks uSfrd ln~xq.kksa ds cjkcj ekuk tk ldrk gS\ (What is
virtue ethics? Can knowledge be equated with virtue?) (150 Words/10 Marks)
18- ln~xq.k uhfr'kkL=k ds vuqlkj ;fn cqjkbZ vkSj cqjh fØ;k,a vKkurk dk ifj.kke gSa rks f'kf{kr
yksx liQsniks'k vijk/ esa D;ksa fyIr gksrs gaS\ (If evil or bad actions are the result of ignorance
according to the virtue ethics, then why educated people get indulge in White Collar Crimes?)
 (150 Words/10 Marks)
19- ¶tks lgh gS og lgh gS vkSj tks xyr gS og xyr gS] dksbZ Hkh mHk;fu"B {ks=k ugha gSaA¸ bl
dFku ds O;kogkfjd vk;keksa ij vkykspukRed fVIi.kh djsaA (What is right is right and what is
wrong is wrong and there are no gray areas."Comment critically on the practical dimensions
of the statement) (150 Words/10 Marks)
20- lkekftd uSfrdrk osQ fu/kZjd ,oa ifjorZu osQ dkjdksa dks Li"V djsaA
Explain determinants of social morality as-well-as factors of social change.
21- ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd fu.kZ; ysuk vis{kkd`r vklku gksrk gS] tc dksbZ thou esa vius ewY;ksa
ds ckjs esa Li"V gksrk@gksrh gSA D;k vki dFku ls lger gSa\ orZeku lanHkZ esa dFku dh oS/rk
Li"V dhft,A / It is said that making decisions is relatively easier when one is clear about his/
her values in life. Do you agree with the statement? Bring out the validity of the statement in
the present context. (150 Words/10 Marks)

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 iz'u&laxzg 22- lkoZtfud laca/ksa esa uSfrdrk dks c<+kok nsus okys izeq[k ewY;ksa dk mYys[k djsaA (Mention the
Notes key values that promote ethics in public relations) (150 Words/10 Marks)
23- O;olkf;d uSfrdrk D;k gS\ (What is Professional Morality ?) (75 Words/5 Marks)
24- lekt dh uSfrd O;oLFkk ;fn vifjorZu'khy gS rks og :f<+okn dks tUe ns ldrh gSA fVIi.kh djsaA
(If moral order of society is unchangeable than it may leads to dogmatism.)
 (150 Words/10 Marks)
25- vki fdl ,d lekt lq/kjd@iz'kkld@usrk dks viuk uSfrd vkn'kZ ekurs gSa\ mudh f'k{kkvksa
dk lkj crkrs gq, orZeku esa mldh izklafxdrk dks Li"V djsaA
Which one social reformer/administrator/leader do you consider to be your moral ideal?
Stating the essence of his teaching explain its relevance. (150 Words/10 Marks)
26- fdlh ds pfj=k vkSj vkpj.k dks vkdkj nsus esa mnkj f'k{kk dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\ le>k,¡A
What is the role of Liberal Education in shaping one's character and conduct? Explain.
27- D;k futh laca/ksa vkSj lkoZtfud laca/ksa esa uSfrdrk,a iw.kZr% i`Fkd gSa ;k ijLij lacaf/r gSa\
mnkgj.k nsdj le>k,aA
Is Ethics in private relations and public relations completely separate or interrelated? Explain
by giving an example. (150 Words/10 Marks)
28- lekt osQ ,d mÙkjnk;h ukxfjd osQ :i esa ewY;ksa dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, vki D;k lq>ko nsaxsA
(As a responsible citizen what kind of suggestion you will give to promote values in society.)
 (150 Words/10 Marks)
29- ekuoh; ewY;ksa esa fxjkoV dks orZeku dh vusd leL;kvksa osQ dkj.k osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
ppkZ djsaA ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus esa 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg,\ (Decline
in human values is seen as a reason for many modern day problems. Discuss. What role should
educational institutions play in inculcating values?) (150 Words/10 Marks)
30- fdlh O;fDr osQ }kjk fd;k x;k deZ uSfrd gS ;k ugha\ bldk fu.kZ; vki fdu vk/kjksa ij
djsaxs\ Li"V djsaA (Whether the act done by a person is moral or not? On what basis you will
decide it? Explain.) (150 Words/10 Marks)
31- fdl egku O;fDrRo us vkidks lcls vf/d çsfjr fd;k gS\ vkius mlosQ thou ls D;k lh[kk
gS\ ,d ?kVuk fyf[k, tgk¡ vkius vius O;fDrxr thou esa ml lh[k dks ykxw fd;k gSA (Which
great personality has inspired you the most? What have you learnt from his/her life? Write one
incident where you have applied to learning in your personal life.) (150 Words/10 Marks)
32- ^ekuoh; fozQ;kdykiksa dh uSfrdrk dk fu/kZj.k osQoy mís'; osQ vk/kj ij ugha gksuk pkfg,*A
fo'ys"k.k djsaA (‘Judging the morality of human action should not be based upon purpose
alone’. Analyze.) (150 Words/10 Marks)
33- ewY;ksa dks c<+kok nsus esa vf/xe dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk djsaA bls vkSj vf/d izHkkoh cukus
osQ fy, vki D;k lq>ko nsaxs\ (Explain the role of learning in promoting values. What kind of
suggestion you will give in this regard?) (150 Words/10 Marks)

——

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