XII PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS (8) AND ACTIVITY(6) AS PER CBSE PRACTICALS REDUCED SYLLABUS-2021.

BYK.RATHINA,TA,ZIET,BBSR
Experiment -01
Aim To determine the resistivity of a given two or three wire by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.
Apparatus/ Material Required
• A wire of unknown resistance ,Battery,Voltmeter,Milliammeter,Rheostat,Plug key
• Connecting wires ,Piece of sandpaper
Circuit Diagram

V∝I and hence V = RI

Where R is the constant of proportionality and is termed as the electrical resistance of the conductor. Resistance R depends on the
dimensions and material of the conductor. The relationship between the resistance of a material and its length and area of the cross-section
is given by the formula

R=ρlA’ =

Where ρ is the specific resistance or resistivity and is a characteristic of the material of the wire.
Procedure
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wire with the help of sandpaper to remove any insulating coating on them.
2. Connect the resistance, rheostat, battery, key, voltmeter, and ammeter as shown in the figure.
3. Make sure that the pointers in the voltmeter and milliammeter coincide with the zero mark on the measuring scale. If not, adjust
the pointer to coincide with the zero mark by adjusting the screw provided at the base using a screwdriver.
4. Note the range and the least count of the given voltmeter and milliammeter.
5. Insert the key K and slide the rheostat to the end where the current flow is minimum.
6. Note the voltmeter and the milliammeter reading.
7. Remove the key K and allow the wire to cool. Again insert the key and slightly increase the voltage by moving the rheostat. Note
down the milliammeter and voltmeter reading.
8. Repeat step 7 for four different adjustments of the rheostat. Document the readings in a tabular column.
Observations
Range of ammeters = __0___ mA to ___5__ Ma , The Least count of ammeter = __10___ mA
Range of voltmeter = ____0_ V to _3___ V ,The Least count of voltmeter = _0.05____ V
The Least count of meter-scale = __.1c m ,Length of the given wire, l = 1 m
Table-1 for determining resistance

S. No The applied potential Current flowing through the wire R=V/I

difference(voltmeter reading V) (Milliammeter Reading A)

01 0.15 0.05 3.0

02 0.20 0.06 3.30

03 0.25 0.07 3.60

04 0.29 0.08 3.63

05 0.34 0.09 3.78

Table-2 finding diameter of the wire using screw gauge

Sl.no Linear scale Circular scale reading Total reading

reading (N
in mm)
No.of circular Value Observed Corrected
scale division on [n×(L.C)] D0=N+n×(L.C)mm D=D0+c
reference line (n) mm

AӨB 0 21 21 x 0.01 0.21 D1(a)=0.21

=21

0 20 20 x 0.01 = 0.20 D1(b)=0.20

0.20

AӨB 0 21 21 x 0.01 0.21 D2(a)=0.21

=21

0 21 21 x 0.01 0.21 D2(b)=0.21

=21

Mean diameter(d)=0.21 x 10-3m

1. The resistivity =RA/L =R x 3.14 x (d/2)2/L =3.31 x 3.14 x(0.21x10-3/2)2 / 01m =0.11 x 10-6 ohm m-1
Calculations

2.
1. Plot a graph between the potential difference across the wire V and the current I flowing through the wire as shown
below.

2. Determine the slope of the graph. The resistance of the given wire is then equal to the
Reciprocal of the slope.
From the graph, R = BC/AB = _____ Ω
3. Resistance per unit length of the wire = R/l = _3.62____ Ωm–1
4. The resistivity =RA/L =R x 3.14 x (d/2)2/L =3.31 x 3.14 x(3/2)2 / 01m =0.11 x 10-6 ohm m-1
Error
ΔRR=ΔVV+ΔII=….nil
Here, R is the resistance per unit length and ΔR is the estimated error. ΔV
And ΔI are the least count of voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
Result
1.The potential difference across the wire varies linearly with the current.
2.The resistance per unit length of the wire is ( R ± ΔR) = ___3.62 Ωm–1).
3. The resistivity of the given wire =0.11 x 10 -6 ohm m-1
Experiment-02
Aim
To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the resistivity (specific resistance) of its material.

Materials Required
1. A metre bridge A Leclanche cell (battery eliminator) ,A galvanometer ,A resistance box
2. A jockey .A one-way key ,A resistance wire ,A screw gauge ,A metre scale
3. A set square ,Connecting wires ,A piece of sandpaper
Theory
Metre bridge apparatus is also known as a slide wire bridge. It is fixed on the wooden block and consists of a long wire with a
uniform cross-sectional area. It has two gaps formed using thick metal strips to make the Wheatstone’s bridge.
Then according to Wheatstone’s principle, we have:
XR=l(100−l)
The unknown resistance can be calculated as:
X=Rl(100−l)
Then the specific resistance of the material of the is calculated as:
ρ=πr2XL
Where,
• L is the length of the wire ,r is the radius of the wire
Circuit Diagram

Procedure
1. The arrangement of the apparatus should be as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The wire whose resistance is to be determined should be connected in the right gap between C and B without any
formation of loops.
3. The resistance box should be connected in the left gap between A and B.
4. All the other connections should be as shown in the circuit diagram.
5. Plug the key K in place of 2-ohm resistance in the resistance box.
6. The jockey should be first touched gently to the left end and then to the right end of the bridge.
7. The deflections in the galvanometer should be in opposite directions and if it is in one direction then the circuit
connections are not correct. Note the galvanometer deflection.
8. Let D be the null point where the jockey is touching the wire. The movement of the jokey should be gentle from left to
the right of the galvanometer.
9. Take a 12 value from the resistance box should be taken such that when the jockey is nearly in the middle of the
wire, there shouldn’t be any deflection.
10. Note the position of D to know the length of AD = l.
11. Four sets of observations should be taken by changing the value of 12.
12. Record the observations in a tabular form.
13. Stretch the resistance wire to find its length using a metre scale.
14. Using screw gauge measure the diameter of the wire at four different places keeping it in a mutually perpendicular
direction.
15. Record the observations in the table.

Observations
Length of given wire L =…….cm
Table for unknown resistance (X)

Resistance from box, R Length AB = l Length BC = (100-l) Unknown Resistance X = [R(100-l)]/L

(Ohm) (cm) (cm) (Ohm)

0.5 58.3 41.7 0.35

0.7 60.7 39.3 0.45

1 61.9 38.1 0.61

1.5 61.1 38.9 0.95

Least count of the screw gauge mean diameter=0.59 ohm

Pitch of screw gauge = ….01….mm
Total no.of divisions on the circular scale = 100………..

∴ L.C of the given screw gauge = pitch/no.ofdivisionsonthecircularscale = ….01mm

Zero error e = nil……mm
Zero correction c = -e = 0……mm
Radius of the resistance wire

Main scale reading Circular scale Total reading (diameter) Mean D Mean radius (D/2)
(mm) reading (mm) (mm) (mm)

0 43 0.43 0.42 0.21

Calculations
Calculation for X
The value of l is determined from the position of D and recorded in column 3 of table 1.
Find length (100 – l) cm and write in column 4.
Calculate X and write in column 5,
MeanX=X1+X2+X3+X44=…0.59…ohm
Calculation for D
Mean corrected diameter = D1(a)+D1(b)+…..+D4(a)+D4(b)8=……mm=….cm
Calculation for specific resistance
Specific resistance of the material of the given wire, Length of unknown wire=1 m
ρ= x π (D 2/4L)=…..ohm-cm=……ohm-m

=0.59 x 3.14 ((0.59)2 /4)/1m =0.161 ohm-m

Standard value of the specific resistance of the material of the given wire,
ρ0 = …..ohm.m
Percentage error = ρ−ρ0ρ0×100 = ………%

Result
1. The value of unknown resistance X = …0.59 ohm….
2. The specific resistance of the material of the given wire = …0.161 ohm-m.

Precautions
1. The connections should be neat, tight and clean.
2. Plugs should be tightly connected in the resistance box.
3. The movement of the jockey should be gentle and it shouldn’t be rubbed.
4. The key K should be inserted only when the observations are to be taken.
5. The null point should be between 45cm and 55cm.
6. To avoid the error of parallax, the set square should be used to note the null point.
7. There shouldn’t be any loops in the wire.
8. The diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular directions that are mutual.
Sources Of Error
1. The screws of the instrument might be loose.
2. The wire might be of non-uniform diameter.
3. There might be backlash error in the screw gauge.
 Experiment-03
Aim
To compare the EMF of two given primary cells (Daniel and Leclanche cells) with the help of a potentiometer.
Apparatus/Material Required
• Potentiometer ,Daniel Cell ,Leclanche Cell ,low resistance Rheostat
• Ammeter ,Voltmeter ,Galvanometer ,A one-way key
• A two-way key ,Set Square ,Jockey ,Resistance Box ,Connecting wires ,Piece of sandpaper
Theory:
Using a voltmeter it is possible to measure only the potential difference between the two terminals of a cell, but using a
potentiometer we can determine the value of emf of a given cell. Where E1 and E2 are EMFs of two cells, l1 and l2 are the
balancing lengths when E1 and E2 are connected to the circuit respectively and φ is the potential gradient along the
potentiometer wire.
E1 /E2 = φ l1 /φ l 2 = L1 /L 2
Circuit Diagram

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. With the help of sandpaper, remove the insulation from the ends of connecting copper wire.
3. Measure the EMF (E) of the battery and the EMFs (E1 and E2) of the cell and see if E1 > E and E2 > E.
4. Connect the positive pole of the battery to the zero ends (P) of the potentiometer and the negative pole through the
one-way key, low resistance rheostat, and the ammeter to the other end of the potentiometer (Q).
5. Connect the positive poles of the cells to the terminal at the zero ends (P) and the negative poles to the
terminals a and b of the two-way key.
6. Connect the common terminal c of the two-way key through a galvanometer (G) and a resistance box to the jockey J.
7. Take maximum current from the battery by making the rheostat resistance zero.
8. Insert the plugin the one-way key through the resistance box and the galvanometer to the jockey J.
9. Take out the 2000 Ω plug form the resistance box.
10. Note down the direction of the deflection in the galvanometer by pressing the jockey at zero ends.
11. Now, press the jockey at the other end of the potentiometer wire. If the deflection is in the opposite direction to that in
the first case, the connections are correct.
12. Push the jockey smoothly over the potentiometer up to a point where the galvanometer shows no deflection.
13. Put the 2000 Ω plug back to the resistance box and obtain the null point position accurately with the help of the set
square.
14. Note the length l1 of the wire for the cell E1.
15. Note the current as indicated by the ammeter.
16. Disconnect the cell E1 from the plug
17. Connect E2 by inserting the plug into the gap be of the two-way key.
18. Take out a 2000 ohms plug from the resistance box and slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain no
deflection position.
19. Put 2000 ohms plug back in the RB and obtain null for E2.
20. Note the length L2 of wire in this position for the cell E2.
21. By increasing the current and adjusting the rheostat get three sets of observation.
Observation
E.M.F of battery, E = 4.5 volt ,
E.M.F of Leclanche cell, E1 =1.2 v
.E.M.F of Daniel cell, E2 =1v
,Range of voltmeter =0-3v
Least count of voltmeter =0.05v ,Least count of ammeter =10mA ,Zero error of ammeter =nil

S. No Corrected Balance point when E1 Balance point when E2 E1/E2=l1/l2

Ammeter Reading (Leclanche cell) in the circuit l1 cm (Daniel cell) in the circuit l2 cm

(1) (2) 1 2 Mean l1 1 2 Mean l2 (5)

(3a) (3b) (3c) (4a) (4b) (4c)

1 100 696 694 695 382 370 380 1.82

2 150 480 480 480 359 361 360 1.33

Mean =(1.820+1.33)/2 =1.36

Calculations
1. For each observation, find mean l1 and mean l2 and record it 3c and 4c respectively.
2. Find E1/E2, by dividing l1/l2
3. Find the mean of E1/E2 =
Result
The ratio of EMFs, E1/E2 ≅ __1.36___.

Experiment-04
Section B EXP-05
Experiment NO-6
EXPERIMENT:-07

To find the refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens and plane mirror

Aim
To find the refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens and plane mirror.

Apparatus
A convex lens, a plane mirror, clean transparent liquid in a beaker, an optical needle, (a thick knitting needle passed through a
rubber cork), an iron stand with base and clamp arrangement, plumb line, plane glass slab, a spherometer, half metre scale
etc.

Theory
If f1 and f2 be the focal length of glass convex lens and liquid lens and F be the focal length of their combination then,

Liquid lens formed is a planoeconcave lens with R 1= R (radius of curvature of convex lens surface), R2 =∞

• Diagram

Procedure
(a) For focal length of convex lens

1. Take any one convex lens and find its rough focal length.

2. Take a plane mirror and place it on the horizontal base of the iron stand.

3. Place the convex lens on the plane mirror.

4. Screw tight the optical needle in the clamp of the stand and hold it horizontally above the lens at distance
equal to its rough focal length.
 5. Bring the tip of the needle at the vertical principal axis of the lens, so that tip of the needle appears touching
the tip of its image.

6. Move the needle up and down and remove parallax between tips of the needle and its image.

7. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using a plumb line and half metre scale.

8. Also measure distance between tip and the surface of its plane mirror.
(b) For focal length of the combination

1. Take a few drops of transparent liquid on the plane mirror and put the convex lens over it with its same face
above as before (A piano concave liquid lens is formed between plane mirror and convex lens).

2. Repeat steps 6, 7 and 8.

3. Record your observations as given below.

(c) For radius of curvature of convex lens surface

Observations

1. Rough focal length of convex lens =…12…… cm.

Table for distance of needle tip from lens and mirror

Calculations

Precautions
1. The liquid taken should be transparent.
2. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer is not thick.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
Sources of error
1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.
2. The parallax may not be fully removed.

==

EXPERI,ENT{-08
ACTIVITIES
SECTION -ACTIVITY-A1
To Assemble The Components of a Given Electrical Circuit

November 29, 2016 by Sastry CBSE

To Assemble The Components of a Given Electrical Circuit

Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way key.
Material: An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper.

Diagram

Procedure

1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as shown in diagram and then in
series with the battery.

2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.

3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential difference.

4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.

5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.

Utility
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance (see Experiment 2 : Section A).

ACTIVITY A2
Aim
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark
the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

Apparatus and material

A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, resistance box (0 to 100 £2), two or one way key. D.C. ammeter (0-3) A
and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.

Theory
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in a such a manner that on closing the circuit no
current is drawn from the battery.

Diagram

Procedure
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Correct circuit diagram: (Components connected in proper order)

ACTIVITY=A3

To Study The Variation in Potential Drop With Length of a Wire For a Steady Current

Aim
To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus. Potentiometer:
Material: A fully charged 4.5 V battery or battery eliminator, a low resistance rheostat, a voltmeter of range (0-3.0 V), an
ammeter (0-3) A, a one way key, a jockey, a set square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

Theory
For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material density and thickness (cross-sectional area) carrying a steady current,
potential drop is proportional to the length of the wire.

where K is the drop of potential per unit length. It is called the potential gradient.

Diagram

Procedure

1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections as in figure.

2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the connecting copper wires with a sand paper.

3. Connect the positive pole of the battery (eliminator) (a battery of constant e.m.f.) to the zero end (P) of the
potentiometer and the negative pole through a one-way key, an ammeter and a low resistance rheostat to the
other end (Q) of the potentiometer.

4. Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the end P of the potentiometer and the negative terminal to
the jockey.

5. Touch the end of the jockey to the end Q of the potentiometer.

6. Close the key and set the rheostat such that the voltmeter gives full scale deflection (3 V).

7. Touch the jockey at end P at 0 (zero) cm. The voltmeter will give zero deflection.

8. Touch the jockey at marks separated by 50 cm length of wire. Note the voltmeter reading in each case.

9. Record your observations in tabular form as given ahead.

Observations and Calculations

Calculation from graph

Plot a graph choosing a suitable scale, for the values of potential drop V along y-axis and length l along x-axis as shown in
figure.
Result

ACTIVITY:B-01

To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items

Aim
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: Multimeter.
Material: Above mixed collection of items.

Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered.

1. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse
biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does not glow.

2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting. Hence, it glow.
 3. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C).

4. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See figure (UM 3482 IC Tone
Generator)]

5. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or reverse biased. (Infact there is
no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage.

6. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward biased or reverse biased.
When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay
to zero quickly. It is because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.

Procedure

1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated circuit).

2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.

3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.

4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity. The probe metal ends are inserted
in terminal marked on the multimeter as common and P (or + ve).
If such that the black one is in common and red probe is in P (or + ve). On touching the two ends of the device to the two other
metal ends of probes.

1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when reversed and there is no light
emission, the item is a diode.

2. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when re-versed and there is light
emission, the item is a LED.

3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item is a resistor.

4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item is a capacitor.
Observations

ACTIVITY B2
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab

Aim
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

Apparatus
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins, protractor.

Theory
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the normal since refraction takes place
from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travel along straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away
from the normal since refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is called
emergent ray.
From the following diagram

1. The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i = e.

2. The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path (incident ray) by a distance d = t sec r sin (i – r).
Diagram

Procedure
Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board.
Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its boundary ABCD.
Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an angle i with the normal. PQ will represent an incident ray.
Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distances 1 cm or more between themselves.
See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at points 3 and 4 (1 cm or more apart) such that these two
pins cover the images of first two pins, all being along a straight line.
Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray. Join QR to represent
refracted ray.
Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes to be equal to angle i. Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T.
Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral displacement d.
Now take another set for different angle of incident and measure the lateral displacement.

S.NO ANGLE OF INCIDENT(i) ANGLE OF EMERGENCE€ DIFFERENCE(i-e)

1 35 36 01

2 40 42 02

Conclusions

1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).

2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of the slab.

3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i).

ACTIVITY:-B03
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit

Aim
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit. .

Apparatus
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source of monochromatic light (laser pencil) black paper and a glass plate.

Theory
Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the comers or edges of a fine opening or aperture. Diffraction takes
place when order of wavelength is comparable or small to the size of slit or aperture. The diffraction effect is more pronounced
if the size of the aperture or the obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves. The diffraction pattern arises due to
interference of light waves from different symmetrical point of the same wavefront. The diffraction pattern due to a single slit

consists of a central bright band having alternate dark and weak bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.

Procedure

1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using adhesive.

 2. Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel and extremely close to each other to form a
narrow slit in between.

3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of blades and place at a suitable distance from a wall or screen
of a dark room.

4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil.

5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall.

Conclusion
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the comers of slit showing the phenomena
of diffraction of light.

Precaution

1. Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and black paper.

2. The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as possible.

3. Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark room.

4. A point source of monochromatic light like laser torch should be used.