SIPROTEC-5-Motor-Protection-Application-Guide

PROTECTION FOR DIGITAL SUBSTATION
SIPROTEC 5
Motor Protection
Application Guide • Edition 1
Content
SIPROTEC 5 motor Basics of Synchronous and Asynchronous Motors 1
protection Basic Principle of the Rotating-Field Machines 1.1
Application Guide Equivalent Circuit of the Asynchronous Machine and Mathe-

1.2
matical Relationships
Startup Processes of Asynchronous Motors 1.3

Edition 1
Operating Modes of Asynchronous Motors 1.4
Out-of-Step Conditions of Synchronous Motors 1.5
Overview of the Protection Functions 2
Faults and Protection Functions 2.1
Distribution of the Protection Functions Across the Protection

2.2
Devices
Application of the Protection Devices 2.3
Thermal Stressing of Motors 3
Heating Processes 3.1
Protection Implementations 3.2
Protection Setting 3.3
Sensitive Ground-Fault and Short-Circuit Protection 4
Sensitive Ground-Fault Protection 4.1
Short-Circuit Protection 4.2
Other Protection Functions 4.3
Current-Transformer Requirements 5
Current-Transformer Requirements for Motor Protection 5.1
Requirements from Motor Startup 5.2
Examples 5.3
Protection of Medium-Power Asynchronous Motors 6
Implementation Example 6.1
Setting of the Protection Functions 6.2
SIPROTEC 5 motor protection ⋅ Application Guide ⋅ Edition 1 3

Content
7 Protection of High-Power Asynchronous Motors
7.1 System Implementation and Protection Scope
7.2 Motor Startup by Way of the Three-Switch Method
7.3 Setting of the Protection Functions
8 Protection of Synchronous Motors
8.1 System Implementation and Protection Scope
8.2 Setting of the Protection Functions
8.3 Parameterizations
9 Appendix
9.1 Legal Notices
4 SIPROTEC 5 motor protection ⋅ Application Guide ⋅ Edition 1

Basics of Synchronous and Asynchronous Motors
Basic Principle of the Rotating-Field Machines
Introduction to the Basics of Synchronous and Asynchronous

Motors
This chapter contains an introduction to the basics of 3-phase [fo_Motorbelastung-Laeuferstrom, 2, en_US]
1.1
motors. Starting from the basic physical relationships and the ωD Angular frequency of the stator rotating field
structure, the characteristic operation of motors is explained in
particular. In addition, this chapter covers the essential mathe- ωL Angular frequency of the rotor
matical relationships needed for the derivation of motor key f Frequency
values or for protection setting values.
n Rotational speed
Basic Principle of the Rotating-Field Machine nsyn Power line rotational speed
Electric machines convert electric energy into mechanical nL Rotor rotational speed
energy. The energy transformation process is based on the inter-
action between magnetic fields and windings. A rotating electric The resulting rotational speed of the motor (rotor) results from
machine, in its active electric part, consists of the stator with a the number of pole pairs p (p = 1 signifies 2 poles according to
rotating field winding and the rotor. The rotor is connected to Figure 1.1/1) and the slip.
the shaft via which the mechanical energy of the motor flows
off. The basic requirement for the operation of rotating-field
machines is the circumferential rotating magnetic field (rotating
[fo_Drehzahl, 1, en_US]
field). This is created by connecting a 3-phase winding to a
symmetrical 3-phase current system. For a sinusoidal curve of
The difference between the frequencies of the rotating field and
the rotating field, the 3 phases must be arranged offset by
the rotor is reflected in the name used: asynchronous machine.
120° from each other and there must be a phase shift of 120°
The term induction machine is also often used because of the
between the individual phase currents. The phase rotation rate
induced voltage.
of the rotating field is known as the synchronous speed and
is determined by the number of poles of the machine and the
Structure of an Asynchronous Machine
frequency of the power system supplying the electricity.
Figure 1.1/1 shows a cross section and a longitudinal section of
The following applies: the main components of a 3-phase asynchronous machine with
a wound rotor. The pole pair is p = 1.
[fo_Polzahl, 1, en_US]
Operation of the Asynchronous Machine

If there is a difference between the phase rotation rates of the
rotating field and the rotating rates of the rotor, a voltage is
induced in the conductors of the rotor (Faraday's law of induc-
tion). If the conductors are part of a closed winding, the induced
voltage causes a current flow. According to the force action of
a conductor carrying current in a magnetic field, this results in
tangential forces.
The sum of all tangential forces with the rotor radius as a lever [dw_3phs-Asynchronmaschine, 1, en_US]
arm creates a resulting torque. Figure 1.1/1 Main Components of the 3-Phase Asynchronous Machine
According to Lenz’s law, the force action between currents and (U, V, W: Line Terminal V A, V B, V C)
the rotating field is directed in such a way that it opposes the
(1) Stator core lamination
cause of the induction. If, with the machine still stopped, the
rotating field moves over the rotor, the rotor begins to turn in (2) Stator winding
the direction of the rotating field to reduce the relative speed (3) Rotor winding
between the rotating field and the rotor. The frequency of the
rotor (speed of rotation) can never reach the frequency of the (4) Rotor core
rotating field of the stator because, if it did, voltage would (5) Slip rings
no longer be induced in the rotor and the force action would
(6) Shaft
become zero. The deviation between the rotating field and rotor
frequencies is known as slip s. The slip adjusts so that the rotor (7) End shield
current created is just sufficient for the motor load. (8) Fan
(9) Housing
(10) Fan cover

Basic Principle of the Rotating-Field Machines
Stator Operation of the Synchronous Machine

The stator core lamination attached to the housing accommo- In the case of the synchronous machine, the rotating field
dates the insulated 3-phase stator winding in usually semi- and rotor frequencies are equal and, as a result, the slip is
1.1
closed slots. The stator core lamination consists of electrical zero. Both rotating fields are synchronous. As already explained
steel sheets insulated from one another. The stator and the above, the principle of the induction machine does not work
rotor must be composed of steel sheets to keep the eddy current here. The magnetic field necessary for energy conversion is
losses created by the alternating magnetic fields small. The generated using an excitation winding. An adjustable direct
3 phases of the stator winding use either a star or delta connec- current is needed for the excitation winding in electrically
tion. If the beginning and end of the phases are routed out excited synchronous machines. This is supplied by an excita-
of the winding, it is possible to operate the machines with a tion system. With brushless excitation, primarily used for large
different rated voltage. In this way, machines in a star connec- synchronous motors, the excitation power is supplied by an
tion at 400 V can also be operated at 230 V with the same excitation machine located on the motor shaft and a 3-phase
power by switching to a delta connection. If the machines are bridge rectifier that also rotates. This generates the excitation
operated at the rated voltage in the delta connection, star-delta voltage directly. As an alternative, the excitation power can also
starting is also possible. be supplied via slip rings.
The possible phase-shifter mode is a positive property of the
Rotor synchronous machine. A reactive power can be generated in
The 3-phase rotor winding, which is also insulated, lies in the the desired form thus improving the power factor (cosφ) of an
semi-closed or completely closed slots of the rotor core lamina- electrical power system.
tion. The ends of the rotor winding phases are connected to a
neutral point. The beginnings of the winding are routed to slip
rings so that the winding can be short circuited either directly
or with the help of resistors. In contrast to wound rotors, in
a squirrel-cage rotor, the winding is made of single conductor
bars without supplementary insulation. These conductor bars
are distributed concentrically about the shaft on the circumfer-
ence of the rotor and are short-circuited at the end faces of the
rotor core lamination by means of rings. The cage-like structure
formed by the windings led to the name squirrel-cage rotor.
Using special cross-sectional forms of the rotor bars (see Figure
1.1/2) or using 2 cages (double squirrel-cage rotor) can affect
the start-up behavior (also see Startup Processes of Asynchro-
nous Motors, Page 9) of the motor.
[dw_stabformen_kurzschlusslaeufers, 1, --_--]
Figure 1.1/2 Bar Shapes of a Squirrel-Cage Rotor
(1) Round bar rotor

(2) Squirrel-cage rotor with parallel-flank teeth for cast cages
(3) Deep bar rotor with rectangular bars
(4) Deep bar rotor with wedge-shaped bars
(5) Double squirrel-cage rotor with round bars
(6) Double squirrel-cage rotor with parallel-flank teeth for cast
cages
The air gap between the stator core lamination and the rotor
core lamination must be kept small to keep the magnetizing
current as small as possible. As all slot openings along the rotor
or stator circumference act like an enlarged air gap and result in
distortions to the field of the air gap (voltage distortions, addi-
tional losses), the slots are designed generally as semi-closed
or in part completely closed and are only open in the case of
high-voltage machines.

Equivalent Circuit of the Asynchronous Machine and Mathematical Relationships
Equivalent Circuit of the Asynchronous Machine electrical active power PS,W minus the losses in the stator PVS and
Essential characteristic quantities will be derived from the in the rotor PVL of the machine.
example of an equivalent circuit. There are analogies to the
transformer so that the equivalent circuit of the asynchronous
motor (see Figure 1.2/2) can be developed from the equivalent [fo_Drehmoment, 1, en_US]
circuit of the transformer. The rotor quantities are converted 1.2

Figure 1.2/5 Equation 6
to the stator quantities by way of magnetic coupling. Like for
the transformer, this uses the square of the number of turns
If the stator losses are ignored and the air gap power Pσ is
from the rotor and the stator windings (see Figure 1.2/1). For
introduced, the following applies:
simplification, the core losses are ignored.
[fo_Luftspaltleistung, 1, en_US]

[fo_Windungszahlen_laeufer-staenerwicklung, 2, en_US]

The mechanical power can be expressed using the torque M and
the mechanical angular velocityωmech of the rotor.
[fo_Winkelgeschwindigkeit w-mech des Läufers, 1, en_US]
In a similar manner, the torque can be calculated from the air

gap power as well as the rotor power loss using the following
[dw_Ersatzschaltung des Asynchronmotors, 2, en_US]
equation.
Figure 1.2/2 Equivalent Circuit of the Asynchronous Motor
It is clear that, during startup (s = 1), the effective rotor resis-

tance is small. This results in the large starting current with a [fo_Läuferverlustleistung, 1, en_US]
small cosφ. During normal operation, when s → 0, the effective
resistance is large and the cosφ approaches a value of 1.
The necessary mathematical relationships are shown in the In accordance with ignoring the stator losses, the rotating-field
following. Figure 1.2/3 shows the stator current as the sum of power can be calculated from the stator voltage (phase-element
the rotor and no-load currents (Im). Ignoring the no-load current, voltage) and the real component of the stator current. For a
the stator current is about the same as the transformed rotor 3-phase machine, this results in:
current.
[fo_Realteil-Ständerstrom, 2, en_US]
[fo_Staenderstrom_Summe-Laeufer-Leerlaufstrom, 2, en_US]
Figure 1.2/3 Equation 4 Figure 1.2/9 Equation 10
The power factor results from the real portion of the rotor Substituting Equation 10 in Equation 9 leads to the final rela-
current of Figure 1.2/3 and leads to the relationship of Figure tionship for the torque of the machine.
1.2/4.
[fo_Realteil-Laeuferstrom, 2, en_US]
[fo_Drehmoment_maschine, 1, en_US]
Another characteristic key value is the torque of the machine.
This can be derived from the power balance. The mechanical Figure 1.2/10 Equation 11
power output Pmech results from the difference of the supplied

Equivalent Circuit of the Asynchronous Machine and Mathematical Relationships
Using the derivation of the denominator of Figure 1.2/10, which

is set to zero, the slip at which the torque reaches the extreme
value can be calculated. This slip is known as the breakdown slip
Sbreak. The torque developed at this slip is consequently known
as the breakdown torque.
1.2
[fo_kippschlupf s-kipp, 1, en_US]
[fo_kippschlupf m-kipp, 2, en_US]
If Equation 11 and Equation 13 are put into a ratio and if the

ohmic stator resistance is ignored, this results in the so-called
“Kloss relationship”. This equation (Figure 1.2/13) describes the
torque/slip characteristic for the entire slip range (–∝ < s < + ∝).
It also simplifies the relationship for the breakdown slip.
[dw_Kennl_Betriebsgrößen_Asynchronmotors_fkt-Läuferdrehzahl_Schlupfes, 1, en_US]
Figure 1.2/14 Operating Quantities of the Asynchronous Motor as a

Function of the Rotor Speed and of the Slip
[fo_Drehmoment-Schlupf-charakter, 1, en_US]
(MS Starting torque, Mbreak Breakdown torque; Mrated Rated
torque, nbreak Breakdown speed, nsyn = nD Speed of the stator
rotating field, sbreak Breakdown slip, srated slip Rated slip)
This is how essential mathematical relationships are derived for Figure 1.2/3 shows that the starting current, among other
the operating quantities of the asynchronous motor. These help factors, is a function of the applied voltage and, in particular,
with the interpretation of the curves and data supplied by the of the rotor resistance. The rotor resistance is designed to be
motor manufacturer. Figure 1.2/14 shows the basic curve of low to keep the rotor losses low. This results in the relatively
the characteristic quantities. At the same time, the typical key large starting currents that may easily reach 5 to 8 times the
values are also entered. rated current. In addition, the low rotor resistance limits the
starting torque according to Figure 1.2/10. There are limits to
reducing the starting current by lowering the stator voltage.
The quadratic dependence of the torque on the applied stator
voltage (M ∼ V2) becomes clear in Figure 1.2/10 and leads
to a drastic reduction in the starting torque (half the terminal
voltage results in a quarter of the original torque).
Increasing the rotor resistance using starting resistors (wound-
rotor motor according to Figure 1.1/1) results in a reduction of
the starting current. This increases the cosφ and consequently
the starting torque. In normal operation, the resistors are short
circuited. The disadvantage of this solution is the higher effort.
It can also be derived from the quadratic voltage dependency
of the torque that, according to Figure 1.2/12, the breakdown
torque is also clearly reduced. As a result, there is the risk
that, when operating a motor with a reduced voltage, the
required mechanical torque exceeds the breakdown torque and
the motor may then literally stop.

Startup Processes of Asynchronous Motors

An appropriate verification is to be provided from a power-line
perspective for a safe startup (system startup from a standstill)
and a restart from a specific speed to the rated speed with any
remaining magnetic remanence of the magnetic field.
If the system-startup conditions are not met, the following
consequences are possible:
• A long delay of the system-startup process and the associated 1.3
high thermal stress placed on the motors and the upstream
network elements.
• Standstill of the drive
• Pickup of the motor protection and perhaps pickup of the
upstream protection system
• Thermal stress placed on all elements in the corresponding [dw_Kennl_Wiederhochlauffaktor-kw, 1, en_US]
circuit
Figure 1.3/3 Restart Factor kr as a Function of the Slip and for Different
• Stalling of motors in operation up to standstill Startup Factors ks
In extension to Figure 1.2/14, Figure 1.3/1 shows the envelope
of the starting current. When powering on the motor with a The startup or restart condition is satisfied for every drive when,
slip of s = 1, a transient inrush current occurs similar to when at every point in time, the motor torque M is greater than the
powering on an inductance. This transient inrush current then resistance torque MR (counter torque of the prime mover, sum
passes into the quasistationary starting current. At first, this of the frictional torques, miscellaneous losses). A safety factor
current decays very slowly and only drops quickly to the normal of 10 % is used. The required minimum voltage can be specified
operating current when it is near the rated slip. using Figure 1.3/4. This is in the range of Vmin = (0.55 to 0.7) VN,
M.
[fo_Mindestspannung_Umin, 1, en_US]
Vrated, M Rated motor voltage

Mrated Rated resistance torque
[dw_Hüllkurve des Anlaufstromes, 2, en_US]

Mbreak Breakdown torque
Figure 1.3/1 Envelope of the Starting Current nbreak Breakdown speed
t=0 nrated Rated speed

s=1 Startup
To calculate the terminal voltages during startup, an equivalent
sb≤ s < 1 Restart circuit for the power system is necessary, shown in Figure 1.3/5
as an example.
Frequently, a startup factor (ks = 3 …6…10) is specified for char-
acterizing the startup of machines. It is essentially a function of
the design (see Equivalent Circuit of the Asynchronous Machine,
Page 7 and Figure 1.1/2). The restart factor (Kr = 1...3...10) is, in
addition to the design, greatly dependent on the speed and on
the magnetic field still existing at the time of re-energization.
[fo_anlauffaktor ka, 1, en_US]
Figure 1.3/3 shows the dependency of the restart factor on the

slip using asynchronous motors with different startup factors as
examples.

1.3
[dw_Netzersatzschaltung_Motors-ein, 1, en_US]
Figure 1.3/5 Equivalent Circuit for the Power System When Powering
on a Motor
The power system equivalent impedance ZN is calculated from

the short-circuit power; the transformer impedance ZT from the
rated data of the transformer; the impedance of the cable ZC
from the specific cable parameters and the motor impedance ZM
from the startup factor (see Figure 1.3/6).
[fo_Netzersatzimpedanz_ZN, 2, en_US]
Vrated, M Rated motor voltage

Srated, M Rated motor apparent power
For high-voltage motors, you can simplify the calculation using a

phase angle of 90° so that ZM ≈ j XM.

Operating Modes of Asynchronous Motors
Operation of Asynchronous Motors S5 Periodic intermittent duty with electric braking

The mechanical and thermal stress depends on the load state S6 Continuous jogging operation
of the motors. In continuous duty, the final overtemperature S7 Intermittent jogging operation with electric braking
must not exceed the limit overtemperature allowed for the insu- S8 Continuous jogging operation with load changing or speed
lation system used. However, it is obvious that a motor may changing
handle a higher load for a certain amount of time without the S9 Operation with non-periodic load changing and speed changing
winding overtemperature exceeding its permissible value. After S10 Operation with single constant loads and speeds
this, there must be some dead time for cooling before the motor
is loaded again. In IEC 60034, such operating cases are standar- Table 1.4/1 Operating Modes
dized in their ideal form as the operating modes known as S1 to
S10. 1.4
In these respects, the predominant operating mode for motors
is continuous duty (approx. 90 % of the applications).
S1 Continuous duty
Figure 1.4/1 shows selected operating modes. In addition to the
S2 Temporary duty (for example, S2 60 min)
curves for overtemperature, the curves of losses and speed are
S3 Periodic intermittent duty (operation with equal load cycles) given so that, from the figures alone, you can see the character-
S4 Periodic intermittent duty with an effect of the startup process istic properties of individual operating modes.
[dw_Verlauf der Verluste PV, 1, en_US]
Figure 1.4/1 Curve of the Losses PV, of the Speed n, and of the Overtemperature ϑ for the Operating Modes S1, S2, S3, S6 (TL Load Duration, TP Off Time,
Top Operating Duration, Tno-load No-Load Duration)

Out-of-Step Conditions of Synchronous Motors
Out-of-Step Conditions of Synchronous Motors In the following variants, the behavior of the motors is discussed
for the 2 failure mechanisms, based on calculations with a
Figure 1.5/1 describes the power equation for stable operation
dynamic network calculation program:
of a 3-phase synchronous motor.
• Out-of-step condition due to underexcitation
• Out-of-step condition due to brief loss of the power-system
voltage
[fo_Synchrondrehstrommotors_Pmech, 1, en_US]

Out-Of-Step Condition Due to Underexcitation
If the excitation voltage is powered off with a fully loaded
Pmech Mechanically output power
synchronous motor, synchronous operation is no longer assured
Psyn Electrically consumed active power and the motor falls out-of-step.
1.5
E Synchronous generated voltage
V Terminal voltage (phase-element voltage)
Xd Synchronous direct-axis reactance
Xq Synchronous quadrature-axis reactance
δ Rotor angle
If, according to Figure 1.5/1 at the specified constant mechan-

ical power, the terminal voltage or the excitation voltage
decreases, the rotor angle δ increases until, when exceeding the
limit angle (δ > 90° at Xd = Xq), the motor gets out-of-step. The
motor no longer runs at the synchronous speed.
If there is no incident in the power system, this case occurs
if the excitation is too low for the mechanical power demand
or if the excitation drops out completely. This is termed the
"out-of-step condition due to underexcitation." The out-of-step
[dw_Kennl_Admittanzverlauf bei Erregerausfall_Motor 2-22 MVA, 2, en_US]
condition can also occur as the result of a power-system inci-
dent in which the terminal voltage drops greatly for a short Figure 1.5/2 Admittance Curve during Excitation Failure (Motor of 2.22
time or disappears completely and then returns. If the voltage MVA)
returns, the synchronizing torque – even with full excitation –
may not be sufficient to pull the motor back into synchronism. Figure 1.5/2 shows the measured-quantity curve in the admit-
This is termed the "out-of-step condition due to a power-system tance diagram. Due to the sufficiently high asynchronous break-
incident." down torque, the motor can provide the demanded mechan-
ical power as asynchronous power with a small slip to a large
When the motor is not in synchronous operation, you must
extent in a stable manner. On the other hand, large oscillations
differentiate between 2 possibilities:
occur in the conductance and susceptance or the active power
• The motor is in stable operation: and reactive power because of the different reactances in the
– With a closed excitation circuit like an asynchronous motor longitudinal axis and the quadrature axis. Specifically, the motor
with 2 rotor windings (excitation circuit and attenuator speed swings about a mean value of 0.99 nsyn with an amplitude
circuit) in the longitudinal axis (double squirrel-cage charac- of 0.02 nsyn.
teristic) but with only 1 rotor winding (attenuator circuit) in
the quadrature axis (single squirrel-cage characteristic) The oscillation process repeats cyclically and the breakdown
limit of the asynchronous motor is not exceeded. In all cases,
– With an open excitation circuit like an asynchronous motor
the susceptance remains greater than 1/Xd.
with 1 rotor winding (attenuator circuit) with a single
squirrel-cage characteristic An excitation failure (short-circuited excitation circuit) was also
simulated on a 2nd motor with other data (see Figure 1.5/3).
• The breakdown point for stable asynchronous operation is
exceeded and the motor decelerates depending on the torque
characteristic of the load machine. It slips and usually comes
to a standstill.
For the mathematical treatment of asynchronous operation,
Figure 1.5/1 no longer applies. Rather, for an oscillating
machine, the complete motion equation must be calculated.

1.5
[dw_kennl_Admittanzverlauf bei Erregerausfall_Motor 9.88 MVA, 2, en_US] [dw_Kennl-Admittanz_3p_SC_Dauer-0,15s, 2, en_US]
Figure 1.5/3 Admittance Curve during Excitation Failure (Motor of 9.88 Figure 1.5/4 Locus Diagram of the Admittance as a Result of a 3-Phase
MVA) Short Circuit of 0.15 s Duration (Motor 2.22 MVA)
(1) Starting value

In this case, the asynchronous breakdown torque is exceeded
and the motor reaches a standstill with a speed of about dn/dt (2) Value during the short circuit
= 7%/s as the slip increases quickly. The rotor-angle change (3) Value after disconnection of the short circuit
increases from 600°/s to larger and larger values.
Resulting from the different input reactances in the longitudinal Extending the duration of the short circuit by 50 ms results in
axis and quadrature axis, the admittance goes around virtually a larger drop in speed (8 %) and the motor is out-of-step (see
in circles. Since as the slip increases, these reactances reduce Figure 1.5/5). Similarly to the underexcitation process according
from their synchronous values to their subtransient values, the to Figure 1.5/3, the locus diagram profile also shows circular
circle diameters also become smaller and smaller. The end point movements around the point 1/Xd’’. Since full excitation is in
of the process is reached with a conductance of virtually zero effect, the circle diameters are significantly larger. The suscep-
and a susceptance of about 2/(Xd’’ + Xq’’). tance always remains larger than 1/Xd also in this case.
Out-Of-Step Condition due to Brief Loss of the Power-System

Voltage
In case of a 3-pole electrical power system short circuit and the
associated collapse of the power-system voltage, a synchronous
motor can no longer obtain the mechanical power demanded by
the load as electric power from the power system. The missing
power is provided by the (negative) acceleration power. As this
is proportional to the change of the rate of rise of the rotor
angle (d2δ/dt2), this forces a fast rotor-angle change. The rotor [dw_Kennl-Admittanz_3p_SC_Dauer-2,22s, 2, en_US]
angle in this case is to be understood as the angle between Figure 1.5/5 Locus Diagram Curve of the Admittance Resulting from a
the synchronous generated voltage and the fixed-frequency 3-Phase Short Circuit of 0.2 s Duration (Motor: 9.88 MVA)
power-system voltage. After the short circuit is disconnected
and the associated voltage recovery occurs, there may be either a) Power locus diagrams
a resynchronization or an out-of-step condition depending on b) Admittance locus diagrams
the motor constants, the mechanical load, and the duration of
(1) Starting value
the short circuit.
(2) Value at the start of the short circuit
Figure 1.5/4 shows a locus diagram curve where the motor
is close to but is not yet out-of-step. In the de-energized (3) Value at disconnection of the short circuit
time, the speed drops by up to 5 % and the rotor angle has (4) Value after disconnection of the short circuit
reached almost 180°, but the synchronizing torque after voltage
recovery is so large that the motor is pulled into synchronism
Conclusion
again.
The examples clearly show that you can handle the out-of-step
condition of synchronous motors very well by means of under-
excitation protection with the admittance characteristic (see the
7UM85 Manual). You only need a protection characteristic that
is to be set to 1/Xd. To give the motors the chance of resynch-

ronization, a sufficient time delay should be set. In the simula- a reactive power monitoring system can be used because the
tions, this resynchronization occurs for the worst case of motor motor terminal voltage changes only slightly due to the usually
load at rated load in a maximum of 0.5 s. A tripping delay of 1 s small source reactance.
is recommended for out-of-step protection. If several character-
istic curves are used, time grading is possible. As an alternative,
Literature
[1] Weßnigk, K.-D.: Kraftwerkselektrotechnik. Vde-verlag GmbH, Berlin, Offenbach, 1993
[2] Brendler, W.; Roseburg, D.: Elektrische Maschinen. 4th Lehrbrief fürs Hoch- schulfernstudium in der ehemaligen DDR, 1988
[3] Müller, G.: Grundlagen elektrischer Maschinen. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, 1994
[4] Clemens, H.; Rothe, K.: Schutztechnik in Elektroenergiesystemen. Verlag Technik GmbH, Berlin, 1991
1.5
[5] IEC 60034-1 - Rotating electrical machines. Part 1: Rating and performance, Release 2004
[6] Fischer, A.: Außertrittfall und Außertrittfallschutz von Synchronmotoren. Etz Vol. 111 (1990) Issue 6, pages 306 to 309

Overview of the Protection Functions
Faults and Protection Functions
Overview of the Protection Functions and Protection Devices Defects and Protection Functions
for Motors
Different causes for defects in motors are possible. Table 2.1/1
In this chapter, the suitable protection functions are introduced shows an overview of the essential causes for defects and their
starting from possible errors in synchronous and asynchronous effects. In this, thermal overload plays a central role both for
motors. Further on, there is an overview of the distribution of stators and for rotors. The impermissible stress has a general
the protection functions to the individual protection devices. effect on the service life of the motor and leads to premature
Finally, the principal application of the protection equipment for aging. In turn, this impairs the insulation capability while, at the
the different types of motors and performance classes will be same time, increasing the probability of evolving faults that can
discussed. In general, it must be noted that the protection func- usually be ground faults and short circuits.
tions discussed are used mainly for motors connected directly
with the infeed (direct on line). If a motor is operated by way of
a frequency converter, the appropriate protection functions are
usually integrated into the frequency converter.
Cause for Defect Defect Type

Thermal overload Short circuit Ground fault Short circuit within Mechanical 2.1
between windings one winding
destruction
(2-pole, 3-pole)
Insulation aging ● ● ●
Stationary and transient overvoltages ● ● ●
Undervoltage ●
Unbalanced voltage ●
Broken conductor, phase outage ●
Asynchronous switching ● ●
Bearing damage ● ●
Mechanical overload in continuous duty ●
Impermissible large starting time ●
Rotor blocking during startup ●
Impermissible short dead times, too ●
frequent re-energization
Pollution ●
Impermissible high ambient temperature ●
Cooling-system outage ●
Table 2.1/1 Overview of the Causes for Defects and Defect Types in Asynchronous Motors
Causes for defects such as hidden manufacturer's defects and The task of the protection system is
assembly defects (for example, warping of the motor, one-sided
bearing pressure when connecting the prime mover) as well as
• To protect the motor against destruction, and thus against a
reduction of its service life, in case of a thermal overload.
deficient maintenance are not listed.
• To counteract propagation of damage on the motor (destruc-
tion of the core, motor fire) by sufficiently fast disconnection
in case of a short circuit, ground fault, or turn-to-turn fault
as well as to limit the effects to other connected consumers
(voltage balance, voltage collapse, current overload).

Faults and Protection Functions
Table 2.1/2 shows the relationship between the possible defects and the protection function that detects these defects.
Defect Protection functions ANSI

Thermal overload of the stator caused by overcurrent, cooling prob- • Thermal overload protection with memory 49
lems, pollution, etc. • Measurement of the stator temperature using temperature sensors
(for example, PT100)
Thermal overload of the rotor during startup Overload protection using 2 principles
- too long, rotor blocked - Starting-time supervision 48
- too frequent - Restart inhibit 66, 49R
Voltage unbalance, phase outage Unbalanced-load protection 46
independent, thermal stage
Overload with consequent overtemperature of the bearings Measurement of the bearing temperature using temperature sensors 38
(for example, PT100)
Overstressing drives running with no load Minimum power consumption
(pumps, compressors) - Undercurrent I< 37
- Active power P< 32U
2.1
Ground fault - Ground-fault indication via residual voltage 59N
- Ground-current measurement (motor connection via short cables) 51Ns
- Ground-fault direction 67Ns
Short circuits - Overcurrent protection 50, 51
- Differential protection 87M
Undervoltage Undervoltage protection 27
(definite-time, inverse-time)
Excitation failure in synchronous motors Underexcitation protection 40
Synchronous motors in asynchronous operation (out-of-step condi- Underexcitation protection 40
tion)
Table 2.1/2 Assignment of the Protection Functions to the Defect Types
An overcurrent protection that detects mechanical defects in the

prime mover, among others, is not listed. Here, it is conceivable
that bulky pieces jams coal pulverizers, induced draft fan ducts
clog, or mechanical damage occurs. The overcurrent resulting
from this leads automatically to an overload of the motor and
requires tripping by the overload protection device. With long
thermal time constants, tripping is delayed accordingly.
To protect the motor even more, an overcurrent protection
system with a timer (delay: about 1 s) is used in case of currents
significantly above the rated current (for example, 2 IN,M). This
protection function is inactive during startup. If short circuits
occur during normal operation, this function acts also as short-
circuit protection in a significantly shorter time.
The following articles provide a detailed discussion of the indi-
vidual protection functions.

Distribution of the Protection Functions Across the Protection Devices
Distribution of the Protection Functions Across the activated depending on the application. In the compact devices
Protection Devices (7SX800, 7SK82, 7SX82), the hardware quantity structure is
limited. In the modular devices (7SK85, 7SX85, 7UM85), the
Digital protection is distinguished in particular by its multi-func-
hardware can be configured as desired depending on the appli-
tionality. Various protection functions can run on standard hard-
cation.
ware depending on the application. Regardless of whether you
are protecting a cable, an overhead line, a generator, or a Table 2.2/1 provides an overview of the functions and protocols
motor, you always work with the same device type. This simpli- contained in the protection devices for the motor protection
fies the engineering with an identical hardware quantity struc- applications and a listing of selected additional functions.
ture. You can standardize applications and even reduce spare
part expenses.
The concept was systematically implemented in SIPROTEC 5. The
protection functions are standardized in all devices and can be
Protection Function ANSI 7SX800 7SK82 7SK85 7UM85

(7SX82) (7SX85) (7SX85)
Analog inputs 4I, 4V 4I, 4V 4I, 4V (expandable) 4I, 4V (expandable)
ATEX (SIL 1) – 7SK82 7SK85 7UM85
Stator overload protection 49 ■ ■ ■ ■ 2.2
Starting time supervision, locked rotor 48 ■ ■ ■ ■

protection
Restart inhibit 66,49R ■ ■ ■ ■
Negative-sequence current protection 46 ■ ■ ■ ■
I2>
Thermal unbalanced-load protection 46 ■ ■ ■ ■
I22(t)
Temperature measurement 1 38 ■1 ■(■1) ■1 ■1
Undercurrent protection 37 ■ ■ ■ ■
Active-power protection (P<) 32U ■ ■ ■ ■
Sensitive ground-fault protection 59N, ■ ■ ■ ■
non-directional 51Ns
directional 67Ns
Overcurrent protection 50, 51 ■ ■ ■ ■
Current-differential protection 87 ■ ■
Undervoltage protection 27 ■ ■ ■ ■
Overvoltage protection 59 ■ ■ – ■
Underexcitation protection 40 – – ■ ■
Rotor ground-fault protection 64R – – ■ ■
Frequency protection 81 ■ ■ ■ ■
Circuit-breaker failure protection 50BF ■ ■ ■ ■
User-programmable logic (CFC) ■ ■ ■ ■
Control functionality ■ ■ ■ ■
Graphic display (large) – ■ ■ ■
Flexible interfaces ■ ■ ■ ■
Frequency operating range (10 Hz to ■ ■ ■ ■
70 Hz)
Operational measured values and ■ ■ ■ ■
functional measured values
1 Using RTD units

Distribution of the Protection Functions Across the Protection Devices
Protection Function ANSI 7SX800 7SK82 7SK85 7UM85

(7SX82) (7SX85) (7SX85)
Standard protocols 2 IRIG B, IRIG B, IRIG B, IRIG B,
DCF77 2, DCF77, DCF77, DCF77,
PPS 2 PPS PPS PPS
Modbus TCP Modbus TCP Modbus TCP Modbus TCP
PROFINET IO 2, PROFINET IO, PROFINET IO, PROFINET IO,
IEC 60870-5-103 2, IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 60870-5-103,
IEC 60870-5-104 2, IEC 60870-5-104, IEC 60870-5-104, IEC 60870-5-104,
IEC 61850, IEC 61850, IEC 61850, IEC 61850,
DNP3 (TCP 2) DNP3 (TCP) DNP3 (TCP) DNP3 (TCP)
SUP serial 2 SUP serial S SUP serial SUP serial S
SUP Ethernet UP Ethernet SUP Ethernet SUP Ethernet
Additional Ethernet protocols/services DHCP, DCP DHCP, DCP DHCP, DCP DHCP, DCP
2
Line mode Line mode Line mode Line mode
2.2 PRP PRP PRP HSR PRP HSR
HSR HSR RSTP SNTP RSTP
RSTP RSTP SNMP SNTP
SNTP SNTP IEEE1588V2 SNMP
SNMP V3 2 SNMP IEEE1588V2 IEEE802.1q (VLAN) IEEE1588V2
IEEE1588V2 2 IEEE802.1q (VLAN) IEEE802.1q (VLAN)
IEEE802.1q (VLAN)
Table 2.2/1 Motor Protection Functions/Protocols of the SIPROTEC 5 Protection Devices
2 in preparation

Application of the Protection Devices
Application of the Protection Devices the protection devices are shown in the left column. If addi-
tional functionalities such as a larger number of binary inputs
The protection scope to be used acts in accordance with the
and outputs and other hardware properties are required, you
rated power of the motor, its operating mode, and its role and
can switch to the devices in the right column. As most of the
importance in the view of the technology process connected
protection devices are installed directly in the medium-voltage
to it. Of course, cost plays an appropriate role. You should
compartment, the control functionality sees greater use. Here,
consider the total cost because some of the costs for repairing
the devices or ordering options with a large display have bene-
a motor are relatively low in comparison to the repair costs for
fits in representing a feeder with the switching devices.
other electric equipment. However, the follow-up costs for the
production system cannot be neglected and are often a multiple Another selection criterion may be, for example, standardization
of the repair costs. of the hardware – for example, one device type in the company.
In this case, the 7SX85 universal device is available and can
The overview in Figure 2.3/1 shows a distribution of the protec-
protect, in addition to motors, cables (overhead lines) and trans-
tion devices according to performance classes of the motors
formers.
and applies to asynchronous motors. The preferred types of
2.3
[dw_Zuordnung-Schutzgeräte- Motorleistungsklassen, 2, en_US]
Figure 2.3/1 Assignment of the Protection Devices to the Motor Performance Classes
The power of synchronous motors is usually significantly greater Additional hints for use, connection, and setting the protection
than 2 MW. For this reason, it is essential to provide a differ- devices are listed in the following articles.
ential-protection system. A 7UM85 (7SX85, 7SK85, 7SX85)
is recommended as the protection device. These variants
contain underexcitation protection to detect excitation prob-
lems (outage or control problems), an out-of-step condition,
and a rotor ground-fault protection.

Thermal Stressing of Motors
Heating Processes
Thermal Stressing of Motors and Protection Functions insulation system used by the stipulated maximum temperature
of the coolant (ambient temperature) that is specified at 40 °C.
This chapter covers the thermal stressing of motors. The
That is, the maximum overtemperature is the maximum allowed
different operating states are considered and the resulting
temperature of the insulation minus the ambient temperature.
thermal effect is derived. The 2nd part provides illustrations
Usually, a safety factor of 5 Kelvin to 15 Kelvin is added.
of suitable protection principles and the main explanation of
implementation using digital relays. Hints for setting the protec- 2 types of operation must be differentiated for the thermal
tion functions are provided, taken from the motor data sheets. consideration of a motor:
Heating Processes
• Normal operation under load
• Startup
In the energy transformation process from electrical to mechan-
ical energy, there are losses that lead to heating of the motor Normal Operation under Load
equipment. The structural variant allows for specific thermal
loads. Depending on the torque to be supplied, the appropriate current
is taken from the electrical power system. This causes the
As the thermal sources become active, a heating process starts. heating described above depending on the design. In this situa-
The supplied energy is first stored as heat in each volume tion, mainly the stator is concerned. The motor manufacturer
element. The starting curve of the temperature rise, ϑ= f(t), is designs the machine thermally for a permissible thermal class.
independent of the thermal resistances that dissipate the heat Operation under rated operating conditions causes an overtem-
later. In addition, the curve is not the same everywhere because perature that can generally be assigned to a lower thermal class.
different loss densities occur in the various windings as well If, for example, you see the specification F/B (design/operation)
as in the individual sections of the magnetic circuit. For this in the motor data, the motor is designed for thermal class F but
reason, the motor cannot be considered in general a single-body is used to full capacity according to thermal class B. This yields a
system. continuous overload capacity of about 10 % from these thermal
Temperature differences form between the parts of the motor reserves. A higher overload is possible for a brief time but the
and the surrounding coolant. In this situation, heat begins to manufacturer does not specify any data because of the diverse
flow in the direction of the coolant. The temperature difference influencing factors. You must orient yourself to the “thermal
3.1 between the coolant (this can also be air) and the machine part withstand curve" (see Figure 3.1/2).
is known as the overtemperature. After a sufficient amount of
time, a state of equilibrium for the heat flows is established. At
this point, there is no additional storage of heat. The tempera-
ture has reached its final overtemperature. Figure 3.1/1 shows
the curve of the overtemperature for characteristic points within
the stator of a motor.
[dw_Kennl-max-zulaess-therm-Ueberlast-Motor, 1, en_US]
Figure 3.1/2 Maximum Allowed Thermal Overload of a Motor

[dw_uebertemperatur_des_staenders, 1, en_US]
Thermal copper time constant (short-time duty) 2.7 min

Figure 3.1/1 Curve of the Overtemperature at 3 Characteristic Points of
the Stator Thermal time constant (continuous duty (S1)) 15 min
Thermal time constant by cooling at standstill 105 min
The permissible overtemperature of an electric machine is
primarily limited by the relatively low heat resistance of the Thermal class (design/operation) F/B
insulation materials used to insulate the windings. The insula-
tion systems are divided into thermal classes A to H according to The curves are specified for both the cold and warm motor.
their heat resistance. The allowed overtemperature of a winding Warm means that the motor was operated with rated quantities
at its hottest point differs from the allowed temperature of the and then the overload occurred. The graphic above shows the

Heating Processes
worst case where the curve uses the copper time constant for If not specified otherwise, it can be assumed that about 2 %
short-time duty. The time constant for continuous duty is to be of the negative-sequence voltage does not result in additional
used for the protection setting. The continuously permissible heating of the motors. This corresponds to a continuously
current can also be read from the characteristic curve and is, permissible negative-sequence current of roughly 10 %. If the
according to Figure 3.1/2, about 1.15 I/INMotor. current increases beyond this value, a trip occurs after defined
times. In this case, the motor manufacturers seldom provide
In the American area (NEMA), the overload is described using
information.
the Service Factor (SF). It specifies the allowed overload
regarding rated power in S1 operation. This overload refers to
Startup
the entire system (both the electrical and mechanical parts). As
per NEMA MG 1, the permissible limit overtemperatures of the During startup, thermal stress is placed on the rotor because
corresponding thermal class may be 10 K higher. The values for of the starting currents. The typical startup processes were
the service factors are, for example, 1.1 or 1.15. If, say, SF = covered in the article entitled "Introduction to synchronous and
1 is specified, this means that the motor may only be operated asynchronous motors." Basically, the cases of a "locked rotor"
with the rated power. The thermal overload protection refers and an "accelerating" rotor are to be considered. In the case
only to the motor winding. When specifying SF = 1, a contin- of motors with critical rotors (most of them), the locked rotor
uous permissible winding overcurrent of 10 % can be assumed case constitutes the higher stress from the thermal point of
because the design of the insulation usually uses thermal class F view. This is why motor manufacturers frequently specify the
and the motor is predominantly operated according to thermal thermal limits of the locked motor/locked rotor in the thermal
class B. With an SF = 1.1, that can be greater than 10 % (for limit curve. These curves are shown on the right in Figure 3.1/2.
example, even 15 %). The exact value for the continuously If the motor accelerates, the thermal limits are usually above
allowed overload current can be read from the thermal charac- them.
teristic curve (see Figure 3.1/2). You can find the motor starting times, for both the rated voltage
Mostly, 2 temperature sensors (preferably PT100) are installed and for reduced voltage (for example, the 80 % case) in the
for each phase in the stator winding to detect overtempera- technical data. These times apply when connecting the prime
tures. The motor manufacturers have placed them at thermally mover or with the motor under the rated load conditions. For
critical points. The tripping temperature can be derived from the example, the motor starting time is 24.0 s with a starting
3.1
thermal class. F means a maximum permissible temperature of current of 5.6 I/IN under rated-voltage conditions (Vrated) and
155°C and, for B, the value is 130°C. The latter temperature has 52 s at 4.15 I/IN and 0.8 Vrated. In Figure 3.1/2, we read a time
to be reached approximately under load at the rated quantities. of about 40 s for the warm condition at 5.6 I/IN with the result
The trigger value results minus a safety margin of (10 to 15) K
that the characteristic curve of the starting time supervision can
to about (155 °C -10 K = 145 °C).
easily lie below the locked rotor characteristic curve. During
Operating the motor with an unbalanced voltage results in addi- startup with a larger load (the initial starting current is not
tional heating of the rotor. The most critical case is an open changed by this!), the reserve of between 24 s and 40 s is avail-
circuit in one phase. Voltage unbalance means that a voltage able. A speed check is not absolutely necessary here because the
negative-sequence system is present that drives the negative- starting time supervision trips before the maximum locked rotor
sequence current. This negative-sequence system rotating field time is reached.
causes an alternating current in the rotor (100 Hz/120 Hz rela-
A further thermal stress comes from the frequency of successive
tive speed in a 50-Hz/60-Hz electrical power system) in the
motor restarts. Here, the manufacturer differentiates between
opposite direction of rotation. As a result of the skin effect,
warm and cold. You frequently find these typical specifications:
there is a larger rotor resistance and this, in turn, leads to higher
3 startups from the cold state and 2 startups from the warm
warming. It can be assumed that 1 % of the negative-sequence
state. This statement also applies to startup with a reduced
voltage leads to about 5 % to 6 % negative-sequence current.
voltage (80 %).
The stator current can be estimated using the equivalent circuit.
Another important key value is the number of permissible
Here, this can be divided into the positive-sequence system
startups per year. This is 1000, for example, and must not be
and the negative-sequence system. As the negative-sequence
exceeded.
system rotating field moves in the negative direction at the
synchronous speed, the slip for the negative-sequence system
is 2 s. You can clearly see the influence of the different rotor
resistances in Figure 3.1/3.
[dw_motorersatzschalt_mit-und-gegensystem, 1, en_US]
Figure 3.1/3 Motor Equivalent Circuit as a Positive-Sequence System

and as a Negative-Sequence System (Left: Positive-
Sequence System; Right: Negative-Sequence System)

Protection Implementations
Thermal Overload Protection for the Stator (Normal

Operation)
In Heating Processes , Page 20, we worked out that tempera-
ture response is complex and really should be described by a
thermal network. This description leads to differential equations
of a higher order for which the input parameters are missing,
however. Due to the limited data available from motor manufac-
turers, the simplified description based on a single-body model,
for example described in IEC 60255-149, has established itself.
Figure 3.2/1 shows the model with the heat source, shown as
[fo_therm-belast_bezugstemperatur_02, 1, en_US]
a current source, that represents the input power Rel*I2 (Rel:
stator winding resistance), with the heat storage in the thermal Figure 3.2/3 Equation 2
capacity Cth, the heat dissipation by way of the thermal resis-
tance Rth and the ambient temperature ϑa. The model is based Solving the differential equation leads to the well-known expo-
nential expression. If the current is increased abruptly, the
on a reference temperature ϑ0 of 40 °C. The temperature ϑ
temperature exponentially approaches the stationary value.
describes the temperature of the motor in °C. The temperature
differences (in Kelvin (K)) with respect to the reference temper-
ature are marked with ∆ϑ.
As all values are scaled, the tripping time can be calculated from
Figure 3.2/4 when Θ(t) = 1. If we also use the scaling quanti-
ties of Figure 3.2/3 and assume a measured ambient tempera-
ture, the tripping time can be calculated using the following
equation. If the ambient temperature is not measured, ϑa, meas-
ured = 40°C should be used and this leads to further simplification
3.2
[dw_Ersatzschalt-therm-modell, 1, en_US]
of Figure 3.2/5.
Figure 3.2/1 Equivalent Circuit of the Thermal Model
The following differential equation can be derived from the

equivalent circuit:
A quasistationary state (constant over 5 τth) is assumed for the

preload and the measured ambient temperature.
Therefore, for overload protection, 2 characteristic parameters
of the motor are needed. These are the factor k, which describes
the continuously maximum permissible current referenced to
the rated current, and the thermal time constant τN. If the
ambient or coolant temperature is measured, the temperature
Figure 3.2/2 Equation 1 ϑN that occurs under rated conditions is necessary as the scaling
quantity. If this information is not specified, it can be measured
When a constant ambient temperature is assumed, the using temperature sensors. While operating with a different
maximum permissible current will lead to the maximum permis- load, the thermal time constant is equal to the cooling time
sible temperature (I2max * Rel = ϑmax). If we scale Figure 3.2/2 constant. However, if the motor is shut down, longer cooling
with the maximum permissible power at an ambient temper- (for example, no forced cooling by the fan) must be assumed.
ature corresponding to the reference temperature (ϑa = ϑ0), If, in this process, the current falls below a minimum value, a
standstill can be assumed and the longer cooling time constant
we obtain the differential equation to be implemented in the
can be used (in the example, shown in Figure 3.1/2, that is
program. The differential equation must be calculated sepa-
105 min).
rately for each phase current. Tripping occurs if the value 1 is
found in at least one phase (reason: calculation is based on The behavior of the thermal model upon powering on the motor
scaled quantities). must now also be considered. Here, however, the thermal stress
acts chiefly on the rotor. This signifies a limited validity of the
stator model or of the setting values.

There are 2 possible strategies: accordance with the definition equation of the symmetrical
components, the negative-sequence current that is to be eval-
• Freezing the thermal memory during startup processes uated in protection terms. In the simplest case, thresholds are
This is intended to avoid overfunction of the overload protec-
polled and tripping is initiated after a set delay. To consider
tion during startup processes.
the heat development process, an I22t characteristic must be
• Internal limiting of the starting current simulated, which is a well-known characteristic (for example,
The current supplied to the thermal model is limited during
I22t = 10 s in synchronous machines). The characteristic curve
the startup process. This "slows down" the heat development.
Current limiting should be at about 2.5 I/IN, M (also see Figure is released when the permissible unbalanced load threshold (for
example, 10 %) is exceeded. Below this threshold, motor cooling
3.1/2). A reduction of limiting is recommended if starting
is necessary. An inverse curve results as the operate curve (also
times are long and successive warm startups are possible. In
see Figure 3.3/2).
the example, a value of 2 I/IN, M makes sense for a starting
time of 52 s (at 0.8 VN).
Starting Time Supervision
Different operating states were assumed to provide insight into If the startup process is too long, the rotor is thermally over-
the thermal behavior of the thermal model. Figure 3.2/6 encom- loaded. The thermal limit (seeFigure 3.1/2) is described by an I2t
passes the following sequence: Startup with rated voltage characteristic curve. The characteristic curve must be simulated.
(starting time = 24 s), continuous duty under rated conditions, The following equilibrium condition (see Figure 3.2/7) can be
powering off and immediate powering on again at a reduced set up and, using it, the permissible starting time or locked rotor
voltage (starting time = 52 s), brief operation with a reduced time can be determined.
load (0.9 I/IN, M) followed by stopping the motor. After stopping,
we recognize the effect of the longer cooling time constant very
well. During startup, the starting current for the thermal model
was limited to 2 I/IN, M. [fo_therm-Belast_anlaufueberwachung, 1, en_US]
Ist Maximum permissible starting current

tst Maximum permissible starting time
3.2
I Measured starting current
Ist, tst is a value pair that can be found in the technical data of
the motor. t is the resulting tripping time at constant current I,
which can deviate from Ist, depending on the voltage present on
the motor.
If the actual starting time is longer than t, tripping occurs. The
operate curve has an inverse character and adjusts very well to
the startup conditions (with rated voltage and reduced voltage).
The calculation according to Figure 3.2/7 is not released until
the startup process is detected. For typical motors, the required
current threshold is about 2.5 I/IN, M. The threshold must be
[dw_therm-modell_unterschiedl-belastungsfaelle, 1, en_US]
lowered appropriately for motors with reduced starting currents.
Figure 3.2/6 Behavior of the Thermal Model in Different Load Cases

Figure 3.2/8 shows an example of the starting currents and
(Data: k = 1.15; τHeating = 15 min; τCooling = 105 min) times measured for a motor. The very good adaptation of the
protection characteristic to the starting conditions is easy to
detect.
The trip threshold for the thermal model is 1 (corresponds
to 100 %). The higher, but already reduced current leads to
a visible temperature rise during startup. However, the trip
threshold is not reached despite the long startup. During opera-
tion under rated conditions (I = IN, M = 1), the thermal memory
has a filling level of about 76 % (rule of threes: 1.152/100 % like
12/x %).
Thermal Protection with an Unbalanced Voltage

(Unbalanced-Load Protection)
A voltage unbalance leads to a current unbalance, which can
be described by the negative-sequence current. On the basis
of the phase currents, the protection algorithm calculates, in

To satisfy demands for a minimum standstill time, an additional

time delay is started after blocking by the thermal restart inhibit
function. This time takes effect only if the thermal model
has released it before hand. Figure 3.2/10 shows the thermal
behavior for a possible operating case. The motor is started from
the cold state and runs under rated conditions for a certain time.
After that, it is restarted twice from the warm state and oper-
ated at 90 % of the rated current. The number 1 describes the
thermal limit for the rotor and 0.67 the restart inhibit threshold.
[dw_therm-belast_anlaufstroeme, 1, en_US]
Figure 3.2/8 Measured Starting Currents and Operate Curve
Restart Inhibit
When the motor is started too many times in succession, an
impermissible heating of the rotor occurs. In the simplest case,
the permissible limiting values can be monitored with counters
and the specified dead times met.
[dw_therm-modell_unterschiedl-belastungsfaelle_02, 2, en_US]
3.2 Another approach is to model heating of the rotor to determine
Figure 3.2/10 Behavior of the Thermal Rotor Model under Different
the thermal limit for the permissible restarts. In this way, we get Loads (tstart = 52 s; ISTART = 4.15 I/IN, M; nC = 3 and nW = 2)
closer to the physical conditions and can generally better load
the motor. A single-body model is also practical for modeling.
The 1st startup from the cold state leads to rotor heating,
The 2 values needed, the k factor for the rotor (kR) and the
which also happens during rated operation. From this warm
rotor time constant τR must be found. Both values are not state, 2 startups are allowed. When the warm motor restarts
usually given. However, they can be derived from data of the the 2nd time, the restart-inhibit threshold is exceeded and
manufacturer, such as the number of cold startups (nC) and the temperature approaches the limiting value 1. This value
warm startups nW), the starting time and the associated starting corresponds to the maximum permissible rotor temperature.
current. We create a system of equations describing the cold Subsequent continued operation under load conditions leads to
and warm states with the known quantities and we use that to corresponding cooling of the motor. If the motor was powered
determine the 2 unknown values (kR and τR). Figure 3.2/9 shows off now, it could be restarted immediately because there is a
sufficient thermal reserve. If, instead, it was powered off imme-
the approximated solution.
diately after the 2nd startup from the warm state, the restart
inhibit function would immediately take effect and prevent
restarting. From the thermal point of view, this is only permitted
when the temperature falls below the 67-% threshold.
It should still be mentioned that, in addition to the introduced
thermal stage, the restart inhibit function provides 2 other
stages. On the one hand, there is a counter stage that can
These parameters, calculated internally in the function, are
monitor and ensure that no more than the specified number of
incorporated into the thermal model (similar to Figure 3.2/3).
restarts has occurred within a specific time. On the other hand,
If the thermal memory has reached an appropriate filling level,
a time stage was implemented to monitor compliance with a
the restart inhibit becomes active. This threshold is at about (nC
minimum time between 2 consecutive startups. Both stages
– 1)/nC. measure the thermal situation of the rotor not as precisely as
At standstill, the slower cooling is considered by extending the the thermal stage and are intended to be used, when additional
time constant. Before then, the thermal model is frozen for an appropriate motor data are available and are to be used in
adjustable time to consider internal transient phenomena. Only parallel with the thermal stage or when the user does not wish
then does exponential decay cooling occur. Another restart is to use the thermal stage.
prevented for this time to allow the motor to run down.

Protection Setting – Stator Overload Protection
Protection Setting are shown in brackets. In SIPROTEC 5, the functions are standar-
dized across devices. All referenced protection parameters are
In the sense of a summary, the essential setting parameters for
exclusively primary values. For this reason, a protection setting
the thermal protection function are compiled into a table and
using primary values is recommended in DIGSI.
provided with brief comments. The SIPROTEC 5 function texts
Stator Overload Protection
Setting Parameters Value Comment

Thermal time constant 15 min Thermal time constant
Cooling time constant 105 min Take this from the motor data sheet (see Figure 3.1/2) or
calculate it on the basis of the specified characteristic curve
(Eq. (4) can be used for this).
k factor 1.15 Take this from the thermal characteristic curve; if this is not
available, a k factor of 1.1 can be used (see section 1 –
thermal class F/B)
Thermal warning threshold 90 % (k = 1.1) During operation at rated conditions, the thermal memory is
always less than 90 %. Using the standard setting of 1.1, this
85 % (k = 1.15)
is 83 % and with k = 1.15, it is only 76 %.
Current limiting (Imax thermal) 2 I/IN, M Due to the long starting times, in particular with a reduced
voltage, this value was selected to be somewhat lower. If
the starting time is shorter, a value of 2.5 I N, M can be used.
Current warning threshold 1.15 I/IN, M This should be set equal to the k factor.
Table 3.3/1 Stator Overload Protection
3.3

Protection Setting – Unbalanced-Load protection
Unbalanced-Load Protection
Thermal function

Continuously permissible unbalanced load (maximum 0.1 I2/IN, M If not specified otherwise, this value should be set and a
continuously permissible I2) warning reported after a delay (about 10 s to 15 s).
Thermal unbalanced load time ((I2/ IN, M)2 t = K) (unbalance 2s If not specified otherwise by the motor manufacturer, the
factor K) conservative setting of 2 s is selected. The time should be
actually longer if a comparable effect as for synchronous
machines is required. Checking with a motor manufacturer
confirms the statement (1.5-MW motor, 10 kV → K = 18 s
and I2perm = 0.12 I2/IN, M)
Cooling time of the thermal model 200 s Use the following relationship:
Table 3.3/2 Thermal Function (Thermal Stage)
Negative-sequence current function

Definite-time overcurrent protection 1 (threshold value) 0.1 I2/IN, M If not specified otherwise, this value should be set and, after
a delay (approx. 10 s to 15 s), a warning should be reported.
If this stage is also to trip, it is to be delayed appropriately
(approx. 15 s to 30 s); suggestion: 20 s.
Definite-time overcurrent protection 2 (threshold value) 0.4 I2/IN, M Under rated conditions, a 2-phase operation results in a
negative-sequence current of approx. 66 %. This value will
3.3 increase because of the power to be supplied and it could
easily reach values of 100 %.
A tripping delay of approx. 3 s is recommended to let the
transient phenomena pass.
Table 3.3/3 Negative-Sequence Current Function (I2>, with, for Example, 2 Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stages)

Starting current (starting current/motor rated current) 5.6 I/IN, M Take this from the motor data sheet of the manufacturer
(startup curves).
Maximum permissible starting time (max. starting time, 35 s For this, the specified starting times are to be compared to
warm motor) the characteristic-curve times for the locked rotor time. If
there is an adequate safety margin, place below the thermal
characteristic curve (locked rotor time). According to Fig.
2, 40 s is permissible with 5.6 I/IN, M when warm. At this
current, the starting time of the motor is specified as 24 s.
Selected permissible starting time: 35 s
Startup detection (current threshold startup detection) 2 I/IN, M With a reduced voltage, the starting current is 4.17 I/IN, M
and the current limiting was also specified with overload
protection at 2 I/IN, M. For standard motors, the typical value
of 2.5 I/IN, M can be used.
Table 3.3/4 Starting Time Supervision
Restart inhibit and the motor current. The function Motor restart inhibit
processes the input data of the function Th.repli.rotor and
In SIPROTEC 5, the function was divided into 2 function blocks.
blocks the restart. The longest time (minimum restart inhibit
In the function Th.repli.rotor, an equivalent rotor temperature
time or the restart inhibit time of the thermal model) deter-
and a restart time are calculated from the setting parameters
mines the duration of startup blocking.

Protection Setting – Restart Inhibit
Thermal replica, rotor

Starting current (starting current/motor rated current) 4.17 I/IN, M The current for the longest starting time is taken from the
motor data sheet. This is the value with reduced voltage.
Typically, the voltage dips somewhat during motor startup.
Starting time 52 s Select the time associated with the current (not the
maximum permissible starting time = locked rotor time). If
a motor starts up considerably faster, for example, in 2.6 s,
the setting may be somewhat more generous. In this case,
select a setting value of 3 s to achieve a safe distance from
the internal restart-inhibit threshold.
Cold startups (permissible number of cold startups) 3 Take this from the motor data; if it is not specified, use the
value 3
Warm startups (permissible number of warm startups) 2 Take this from the motor data; if it is not specified, use the
value 2
Rotor temperature equilibrium time (equilibrium time) 1 min This time is considered feasible and also considers the time
to run down to a standstill.
Hint: Restarting the motor during this time is not possible. If
only blocking is to occur when the thermal limit is reached,
set the time to zero.
Extending the time constant at standstill (Factor T-const. 5 This value is recommended for long starting times. It results
standstill) in a release of the restart inhibit after approx. 30 min. If the
starting times are significantly shorter, select a value of 10
at minimum.
Table 3.3/5 Thermal Replica, Rotor (Th.repli.rotor)

Minimum restart inhibit time (min. restart inhibit time) 30 min If not specified otherwise, a time between 15 min and
3.3
30 min is recommended. The longer time is to be selected
for longer startups.
Table 3.3/6 Restart Inhibit (66 Restart inhibit)

Protection Setting – Resulting Characteristic Curves from the Protection Setting Values
Similar to Figure 3.1/2, Figure 3.3/1 shows the operate times

of the set thermal characteristic curves. The left of the figure
shows the thermal overload protection characteristic curves and
the right shows the characteristic of the starting time supervi-
sion. The "locked rotor" characteristic curve of the manufacturer
(curve slightly above) is also shown.
Figure 3.3/2 shows the tripping behavior in case of an unbal-
anced load. Besides the thermal characteristic, the 2 inde-
pendent time characteristic curves were also entered.
The behavior of the restart inhibit has been sufficiently
explained for the selected setting parameters with Figure
3.2/10.
[dw_Kennl-Einstell_schieflastschutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 3.3/2 Unbalanced-Load Protection Characteristic Curves
3.3
[dw_Kennl-Einstell_Therm-belastung, 1, en_US]
Figure 3.3/1 Thermal Characteristic Curves According to the Setting
Literature
[1] IEC 60034-1 – Rotating electrical machines. Part 1: Rating and performance, Release 2004
[2] IEC 62114 – Electrical insulation systems (ISM). Thermal classification, Release 2001
[3] SIPROTEC 5 motor protection 7SK82/85 C53000-G5040-C024-B (parameter reference)

Sensitive Ground-Fault and Short-Circuit Protection
Sensitive Ground-Fault Protection
Ground-Fault Protection and Short-Circuit Protection and

Additional Motor Protection Functions
The ground-fault protection and short-circuit protection chapter
covers additional motor protection functions for asynchronous
motors. In addition to the overload protection functions,
ground-fault protection and short-circuit protection are impor-
tant protection functions to avoid damage propagation and
to safely isolate the motor from the electrical power system.
Voltage protection and special protection functions are also
[dw_sternpunkterdungen, 1, en_US]
covered.
Figure 4.1/2 Overview of Possible Neutral Point Grounding Schemes
Resistance-Grounded Neutral Point
Aging or damage to the winding insulation in the stator may
lead to ground faults (winding faults with respect to the iron). The aim of this neutral-point treatment is to minimize the tran-
These are caused, for example, by transient overvoltages or sient overvoltages during a ground fault. The resistance at the
mechanical errors (loosened slot wedge) and others. In one transformer neutral point is designed so that the current is
of these, any arbitrary point may be damaged and the fault limited to about 100 A. This value is to be checked specifically
location can occur anywhere in the winding (Figure 4.1/1). for the system.
The reducing residual voltage (zero-sequence voltage V0) in The ground-current protection function is used for sensitive
the direction of the neutral point and the reduced ground-fault ground-fault detection. It has a slight delay. To avoid greater
current are characteristic of this. damage to the core or the stator winding, select a delay of
< 0.3 s. Having a sufficient fault current, a large protection
range (approx. 95 %) is reached.
[fo_Erdstromschutzfunktion, 2, en_US]
(Ip.u.,prim: primary tripping current; IR,Trmax: maximum ground

current limited by the resistance in the transformer neutral
point.) For the ground-current measurement, it is preferable to
use a core balance current transformer. With a standard trans-
former of 60 A/1 A, a secondary pickup value of 83 mA results
for the example. If the ground current is measured using the
current measuring input in the return conductor of the phase
current transformer, these are to be designed appropriately. 4.1
During startup processes, a zero-sequence current may occur
[dw_EF_Staenderwickl-Motor, 1, en_US]
at the secondary side due to transformer saturation. This may
result in unwanted tripping. You can find dimensioning hints
Figure 4.1/1 Ground-Fault Locations in the Stator Winding of the Motor in the device manual in the chapter on the current-transformer
design.
The neutral-point treatment of the electrical power system
infeed has a major effect on the ground-fault current. Figure Isolated Neutral Point
4.1/2 shows possible variants. Rigid grounding (grounded
system) is found in the low-voltage power system. This ground The neutral point is open in an isolated electrical power system.
fault is then a true ground fault and results in high ground- If a ground fault occurs in a phase, the fault location has a
fault currents. The isolated neutral point (isolated system) is connection to ground. As a result, the phase-to-ground voltages
used predominantly for the own electricity requirement of the shift and there is a current flow in the 2 healthy phases by way
power plant. The isolated and compensated neutral point (arc- of the phase-to-ground capacitances.
suppression-coil-ground system) and, in some cases, the resis- These circumstances are shown in Figure 4.1/3. The ground
tance grounding (resistance-grounded system) are widely used fault occurs in feeder A (motor feeder), phase A. The residual
in industrial power systems. voltage (V0) can be measured directly via the broken-delta
winding or it can be calculated using the phase-to-ground
voltages. The zero-sequence current (3I0) is measured in
each feeder as the ground current. Since motors are mainly
connected via cables, the ground current is measured via core
balance current transformer.
The remaining system (healthy motors, other cable outlets)
is depicted with feeder B. You can see with the path of the
currents drawn in that the capacitive currents of the remaining

system determine the fault current in the faulty feeder. The both the position of the zero-sequence voltage and the zero-
capacitive currents of the faulty feeder A cancel out at the meas- sequence current. The primary-side phasor quantities for the
uring point (gray arrows in Figure 4.1/3). zero-sequence voltage and the zero-sequence current are
shown for the 2 measuring points (feeders A and B) for the
The phasor quantities resulting in the phasor diagram for
evaluation of the direction of the ground current.
the healthy feeder are shown at the bottom left. It depicts
4.1
[dw_Erdschluss_isoliertes-Netz, 1, en_US]
Figure 4.1/3 Measured Quantities during a Ground Fault in an Isolated Electrical Power System
If an electrical power system with several outgoing motor

circuits is considered, each healthy outgoing motor circuit
supplies part of the ground-fault current of the faulty motor
(Figure 4.1/4). The magnitude of the partial currents (3I0) is
determined by the cable capacitances and the stator ground
capacitances of the motors.

Healthy Faulty Outgoing Pickup Value 3I0

Outgoing Motor Motor Circuit
Circuit
Maximum 0.56 A 6 ⋅ 0.56 A = 1.2 A
current 3.36 A
Minimum 0.112 A 6 ⋅ 0.112 A = 1.2 A
current (80-% 0.67 A
protection
range)
[dw_Iso-Netz_Motorabgang, 1, en_US]
The ground-current protection does not pick up in the healthy
Figure 4.1/4 Isolated System with Several Outgoing Motor Circuits motor. In the faulty motor, a terminal-side ground fault is
detected but the 80-% protection range is not reached. If you
The current for a ground fault with full offset (see Figure 4.1/1, set the ground-current protection to be more sensitive, for
terminal-side ground fault) can be estimated for each outgoing example, to 10 mA, the pickup value of 0.6 A results.
motor circuit as follows. In the case of capacitive currents that are changed some-
what, the healthy feeder can also pick up now. The selec-
tivity is circumvented. Directional sensitive ground-fault protec-
tion provides the remedy. This protection evaluates the phase-
[fo_gnd-sc_01, 1, en_US] angle position of the phasors in addition to the zero-sequence
current and the zero-sequence voltage. The directional sensitive
The cable capacity C0, cable depends on the cable geometry, the ground-fault protection is the recommended protection function
conductor cross-section, and the voltage level. You can take the in an isolated electrical power system. The sinϕ circuit (SIPROTEC
values from the cable data. There are virtually no specifications stage type 3I0>cos/sinϕ) is used. Figure 4.1/3 shows the phasor
in the motor data for the stator ground capacitance C0, motor. You quantities at the secondary side for the example power system
must request this from the motor manufacturer. One feasible of Figure 4.1/5 (current-phasor rotation of 180° in input IN for
value is 0.12 μF. The outgoing motor circuits have lengths of the core balance current transformer).
100 m to 200 m on average.
Example:
[fo_Kabelkapazität, 1, en_US]
4.1
[fo_gnd-sc_02, 2, en_US]
Consequently, one feeder supplies a maximum ground current [dw_sek-Zeigergroeße_isoliertes-Netz_sin-method, 1, en_US]
of about 0.56 A. This current drops considerably for a ground-

Figure 4.1/5 Phasor Quantities at the Secondary Side in the Isolated
fault location within the motor near the neutral point. If the Electrical Power System
fault location is 20 % from the neutral point (80-% protection
range), the current that flows is 0.2 ⋅ 0.56 A = 0.112 A. The following settings are recommended:
The ground current flowing in the faulty motor depends on
the number of motors and other consumers connected. In this
• Secondary tripping current ≥ 10 mA
respect, the worst-case switching state must be considered. • Measurement via the core balance current transformer
60 A/1A (knI = 60)
To avoid faulty measurements due to disturbing influences, do
not select the secondary tripping current to be too sensitive. A • Intended protection range (80 % to 85 %) →(20 -
typical range of values is 10 mA to 20 mA. With consideration 15) % ⋅ V0, max
of the core balance current transformer (60 A/1 A), at 20 mA, a This results in the following primary setting values:
primary current of 0.02 A ⋅ 60 = 1.2 A results. As an example,
an electrical power system is equipped with 7 identical outgoing
Zero-Sequence Current 3I0 Zero-Sequence Voltage V0 Measuring
motor circuits. Using the data above results in the following Principle
currents:
3I0 ≥ 0.01 A ⋅ KnI = 0.6 A V0 = 0.15 VN, motor/√3 sinϕ

Isolated Neutral Point and Grounding Transformer Load resistor and power of the grounding transformer:
The discussions in Isolated Neutral Point, Page 29 have shown
that the protection range is determined by the capacitances
in the electrical power system and that these can change [fo_gnd-sc_04, 1, en_US]
depending on the switching state. To ensure defined meas-
uring conditions, one grounding transformer is installed for
each busbar. If a ground fault occurs, a residual voltage at the
secondary side (zero-sequence voltage V0) occurs at the broken-
delta winding. The residual voltage drives a current through the
connected load resistor RL. The current at the secondary side is The grounding transformer and the load resistor are designed
transferred to the primary side and feeds a resistive fault current for a short-term power or short-term current. For the applica-
(3I0). Figure 4.1/6 shows the grounding transformer, a faulty tion, 10 s are sufficient, assuming a protection delay of about
outgoing motor circuit, and the path of the ground current in 0.3 s to 0.5 s. If the ground fault is present for significantly
case of a ground fault. longer, for example, in cable networks where there is only one
ground-fault direction message, the load resistor RL must be
disconnected after ≤ 10 s.
For continuously damping the zero-sequence system and thus
avoiding relaxation oscillations, a resistor R is connected in
parallel to the grounding transformer. The grounding trans-
former can withstand the resistor thermally continuously. The
load resistor is disconnected by way of the zero-sequence
voltage and a timer Figure 4.1/7.
[dw_GndTr-error-Motor_01, 1, en_US]
Figure 4.1/6 Grounding Transformer with a Faulty Outgoing Motor

Circuit
[dw_abschalt_belastungswiderstand, 1, en_US]
The grounding transformer is dimensioned so that the resistive
4.1 zero-sequence current on the primary side 3I0 does not exceed Figure 4.1/7 Disconnection of the Load Resistor
10 A at the fault location.
The active current can be evaluated due to the resistive zero-
sequence current fed in. Now, the cosϕ stage (SIPROTEC stage
Rated voltage VN = 10 kV
type 3I0> cos/sinϕ) from the ground-fault direction protection
Protection range S = 85 % is used. Since the ground-fault current has a capacitive and a
Core balance current transformer knI = 60 (60 A/1 A) resistive component, as an alternative, the method of measure-
Secondary tripping current Ipickup, sec = 15 mA ment using inclined tripping characteristic (SIPROTEC stage type
Limb transformation ratio, RatioTr = (VN / √(3)) / (500 V/3)
3I0>ϕ (VI)) can be used. Figure 4.1/8 shows the phasors at the
grounding transformer secondary side for both variants.
Table 4.1/1 Dimensioning Example:
Calculation steps:
Maximum primary zero-sequence current:
[fo_gnd-sc_03_01, 1, en_US]
Current at the secondary side of the grounding transformer:

Zero-Sequence Zero-Sequence Measuring Principle

Current 3I0 Voltage V0
3I0 < 0.015 A ⋅ V0 = 0.15 VN, motor/√3 cosϕ
Knl < 0.9 A
Hint: Set the zero-sequence current 3I0 for the parameter

Min.polar.3I0> for dir.det.. Set it to less than
the calculated value because the internal resistance of the
grounding transformer leads to somewhat smaller active
currents.
[dw_sek-Zeigergroeße_isoliertes-Netz_Verfahren_cos_und_Innenwinkel, 1, en_US] Compensated Neutral Point

Figure 4.1/8 Phasor Quantities at the Secondary Side in the Isolated In this application, an arc-suppression coil is connected in the
Electrical Power System with a Grounding Transformer neutral point of the transformer. As an alternative, there are
(IRL – Resistive Current of the Grounding Transformer) applications designed with a separate grounding transformer.
In case of a ground fault, the zero-sequence currents measured
The following settings are recommended: at the fault location change. The inductive current of the arc-
suppression coil cancels out the capacitive ground-fault current.
• Secondary tripping current: approx. 15 mA One current compensates for the other. The terms compensated
• Measurement via the core balance current transformer or arc-suppression-coil-ground power systems are used. Figure
60 A/1A (knI = 60) 4.1/9 shows the resulting measured quantities.
• Intended protection range S = 85 % →15 % V0, max
4.1

4.1
[dw_Erdschluss_kompensiertes-Netz, 2, en_US]
Figure 4.1/9 Measured Quantities in an Arc-Suppression-Coil-Ground System (IN Active Residual Current with Arc-Suppression Coil)
In the example, the arc-suppression coil was configured with In this way, the ground current phasor 3I0,A skews with respect
an additional watt-metric residual current increase in the trans- to the representation in the isolated electrical power system.
former neutral point. The resistive-inductive current IY addition-
The cosϕ stage (SIPROTEC stage type 3I0> cos/sinϕ) is used
ally supplied in case of a ground fault is depicted in green. The
as the method of measurement. The active component is calcu-
active current (watt-metric residual current) IR is also supplied to
lated from the zero-sequence current phasor 3I0,A. This is in-
ensure a reliable detection of the direction.
phase with the zero-sequence voltage for the measured quanti-
Figure 4.1/9 shows that a purely capacitive current flows in the ties at the secondary side. Therefore, no active current occurs
healthy feeder. The conditions are identical to the isolated elec- in the healthy feeder 3I0,B. The ground-fault direction function
trical power system (see Figure 4.1/3). For the faulty outgoing does not pick up. Figure 4.1/10 shows the phasor quantities.
motor circuit, the inductive current IY is superimposed on the
With regard to the watt-metric residual current increase, the arc-
capacitive current of the healthy electrical power system (-3I0,B).
suppression coil must be designed in such a way that an appro-

priate current flows to ensure the protection range. A maximum current measurement (cosϕ circuit) is critical. As you can see in
primary current of < 10 A is sufficient. Figure 4.1/8 and Figure 4.1/10, the current in the healthy feeder
is a purely capacitive current. With longer cables and larger
stator ground capacitances of the motor, the tripping current
can be exceeded for this feeder. If the core balance current
transformer is not correctly installed (for example, the gap is
not properly closed), a larger angle error occurs (positive angle
error→ phasor rotation mathematically positive). The protection
function now calculates an active current leading to incorrect
direction determination.
Furthermore, wiring errors must be eliminated as they result
in an incorrect direction determination. It must be checked
whether the screen grounding is routed back through the core
balance current transformer. Figure 4.1/11 shows the correct
connection.
[dw_sek-Zeigergroeße_isoliertes-Netz_cos-method_02, 1, en_US]
Figure 4.1/10 Phasor Quantities at the Secondary Side in an Arc-

Suppression-Coil-Ground System
The following settings are recommended:

• Secondary tripping current: approx. 10 mA
• Measurement via the core balance current transformer
60 A/1A (knI = 60)
• Intended protection range S = 85 % →15 % V0, max

Zero-Sequence Zero-Sequence Measuring Principle
[sc_kabelumbauwandler_gesamt, 1, --_--]
Current 3I0 Voltage V0
3I0 V0 = 0.15 VN, motor/√3 cosϕ Figure 4.1/11 Connection, Core Balance Current Transformer, Current
Variant (Ritz)
≈ 0.010 A ⋅ KnI = 0.6 A
The recommended testing circuit is shown in Figure 4.1/12. The

Table 4.1/2 This results in the following primary setting values:
test wire for the ground current is routed in the direction of the
protected object through the core balance current transformer. 4.1
Hint: Set the zero-sequence current 3I0 for the parameter By looping the wire through several times, you obtain a larger
Min.polar.3I0> for dir.det.. Set it to less than test current. The test current is the supplied current multiplied
the calculated value because the internal resistance of the by the number of looped turns.
grounding transformer leads to somewhat smaller active
Table 4.1/3 shows the test values for the direction test (assump-
currents.
tion: 3 turns looped: Primary current: 3 ⋅ 2 A = 6 A).
Core Balance Current Transformer, Testing
To ensure the protection range, the pickup value for the zero-
sequence current measurement is set to be sensitive. The active-

4.1
[dw_secondary_test_SGFP_3W, 1, en_US]
Figure 4.1/12 Test Setup with the Secondary Test Equipment
[dw_pruefaufbau_mit_sek-pruefeinrichtung, 1, en_US]

Isolated Compensated
Forward Backward Forward Not Faulty
VA 0 0° 0 0° 0 0° 0 0°
VB 100 V -150° 100 V -150° 100 V -150° 100 V -150°
VC 100 V +150° 100 V +150° 100 V +150° 100 V +150°
Vdadn (V4) 100 V 180° 100 V 180° 100 V 180° 100 V 180°
IA (3I0) 2A +90° 2A -90° 1A 0° 2A -90°
Table 4.1/3 Test Quantities
The response of the protection device can be documented using

the fault indication and the fault record.
Furthermore, check the angle accuracy. Use the test quantities
for isolated. The functional measured value Phi (I,V) provided
in the protection device must display 90°. You can find the func-
tional measured value in the information routing under 67Ns
Dir.sens GFP1/General. A measured-angle inaccuracy for
the core balance current transformer in most cases is caused
by incorrect assembly. If the value deviates from 90°, clean
the gap and then close it tightly. If you are convinced that
the assembly is correct, the SIPROTEC 5 devices as a 2nd step
provide another possibility of correcting the remaining inac-
curacy of the core balance current transformer using parame-
ters (see chapter Parameterization of the Sensitive Ground-Fault
Protection , Page 59).
4.1

Short-Circuit Protection
Short-Circuit Protection Rough estimation of the short-circuit curve for the asynchronous
motor [1, section 15.5.6]: τ
Faults between the stator windings are short circuits. In the
isolated and arc-suppression-coil-ground system, 2-phase or
3-phase short circuits occur. These must be disconnected as
quickly as possible. The maximum short-circuit current ISC,3-pole [fo_gnd-sc_06, 1, en_US]
is essentially determined by the short-circuit impedance of the ISt Motor starting current
infeed transformer. In terms of power and short-circuit voltage, Motor time constant
the infeed transformer is to be designed in such a way that the
maximum number of motors or loads can be operated and a reli-
able motor startup (voltage dip according to the specification) is XM Motor reactance (stator + rotor)
ensured.
RS Stator resistance
Figure 4.2/1 shows a system configuration with several asyn-
chronous motors connected at the busbar. In case of a short
circuit, the transformer contributes the greatest amount to Figure 4.2/2 shows the current curve for an example motor (for
the stationary short-circuit current. The asynchronous motors the data, see the section on overcurrent protection).
remaining on the electrical power system supply a short-circuit
current at fault inception. However, this current decays quickly
with the motor time constant. The motors do not supply any of
the steady short-circuit current.
[dw_Kennl-Isc_asynchronmotor, 1, en_US]
Figure 4.2/2 Short-Circuit Current Curve of a Short-Circuit Proof Asyn-

chronous Motor (ISt = 5.7 IrM; τM ≈ 64 ms; RS ≈ 5 % XM)
The actual currents can be taken from the short-circuit current

calculation that uses more exact models or data for calculation.
4.2 To get a feeling for the order of magnitude of the short-circuit
current, the maximum short-circuit current is estimated in a
simplified manner using the transformer data. The actual short-
circuit current is somewhat smaller due to the source impe-
dance of the electrical power system and the impedance of the
cable.
[dw_Anlagenkonfiguration-mit-mehreren-Asynchronmotoren, 1, en_US] [fo_gnd-sc_08, 1, en_US]
Figure 4.2/1 System Configuration
[fo_gnd-sc_09a, 1, en_US]
vsc Short-circuit voltage of the transformer in %

SrTr Rated apparent power of the transformer
VrLS, Tr Rated voltage of the low-voltage side of the transformer.

Example: Primary setting values in SIPROTEC 5:
Parameters Value
[fo_Bsp Kurzschlussschutz, 1, en_US] Method of measurement RMS value
Threshold value 2283.0 A
Tripping delay 0s
Table 4.2/1 Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection 1
Parameters Value
[fo_gnd-sc_11, 1, en_US] Method of measurement Fundamental component
Threshold value 1053.0 A
Tripping delay 0.1 s
[fo_gnd-sc_11a, 1, en_US] Table 4.2/2 Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection 2
The transformer rated current on the low-voltage side is 962 A The RMS-value measurement is recommended as the method
and the maximum 2-phase short-circuit current is 6.95 kA. of measurement for the definite-time overcurrent protection
1 stage because transformer saturation is possible due to the
Overcurrent Protection larger currents and the secondary current can be lower than
The startup process (see Figure 1.3/1) must be considered the actual current. The RMS-value measurement integrates the
when setting the protection function. After the transient current current-time integral and counteracts the effect of transformer
comes the starting current and then the load current. 2 definite- saturation.
time overcurrent protection stages are recommended. The definite-time overcurrent protection 2 stage is set to be
Instantaneous definite-time overcurrent protection stage 1: closer to the starting current. You can prevent overfunction
during startup by setting the parameter Method of meas-
The stage is set via the “transient” current: urement to Fundamental comp.. Filtering to the funda-
mental component attenuates direct-current components. The
tripping delay considers the decay of the transient current (typi-
cally, this is approx. 50 ms). A value of 0.1 s is selected. If a
shorter time is measured during commissioning, it is possible to
[fo_gnd-sc_12, 1, en_US] reduce this.
ISt Motor starting current as per the technical data at If you compare the threshold values to the short-circuit currents
rated voltage determined (8.02 kA or 6.95 kA), the protection is certain to
ISt, trans Transient current at the beginning of motor pick up. If the short circuit within the motor is near the neutral
startup point, the motor reactance takes effect (see Startup Processes of
Asynchronous Motors, Page 9). 4.2
Ithreshold, stage1 Primary threshold value to be set
Rough estimate for the motor above at the 80-% protection
Short-time delay definite-time overcurrent protection stage 2: range:
The stage is set via the starting current.
Ithreshold, stage 2= 1.2 ∙ ISt
The time delay is in accordance with the duration of the tran-
sient current. The transient process has decayed after approx.
50 ms. A time delay of 0.1 s is recommended.
Example:
VrM = 6 kV, IrM = 154 A, PrM = 1370 kW,
ISt = 5.7 IrM (with V = VrM), ISt = 3.9 IrM (with V = 0.7 VrM)
Stage 1: In this “hypothetical” case, the short-circuit current is slightly
below the threshold value of the “definite-time overcurrent
ISt, trans ≈ 2 ⋅ ISt = 2⋅ 5.7 ⋅ IrM = 2 ⋅ 5.7⋅ 154 A = 1756 A protection 2” stage. The short circuit is disconnected with a
Ithreshold, stage 1 = 1.3 ⋅ ISt, trans = 1.3 ⋅ 1756 A = 2283 longer time delay via the function starting time supervision.
For this reason, as an alternative, another definite-time overcur-
Stage 2:
rent protection stage can be used. This is set to half the starting
Ithreshold, stage 2 = 1.2 ⋅ ISt = 1.2 ⋅ 5.7⋅ IrM = 1.2 ⋅ 5.7 ⋅ 154 A = current (in the example, 0.5 ⋅ 5.7 ⋅ 154 A ≈ 440 A) and is
1053 A thus insensitive to brief heavy-duty load cases. This definite-time

overcurrent protection stage must be blocked via the binary detection, and the detection of external errors are located in the
input during motor startup. This requires CFC logic that uses function group 87M diff. prot.. Almost all the default settings of
signals from the motor monitor and the close signal from the the functions can be used here.
circuit breaker. To preclude overfunctions, in particular when
feeding short circuits via the asynchronous motor, a time delay The following adaptations are necessary:
of about 0.5 s is recommended for this definite-time overcurrent
protection stage (see Figure 4.2/2). The logic is to be tested. Address Parameter Value Unit
Tripping during motor startup must be excluded. Idiff
_:109 Maximum starting t > t startup (with V = Vmin) s
As an alternative, the function load-jam protection can perform time
this task. It provides delayed tripping of occurring overcur-
Idiff fast
rents while the motor is running because of undesired loads.
_:3 Threshold value I = 1.1 ⋅ ISt/ IrM I/Irate-
Consequently, it simultaneously performs the disconnection of
dObj
internal short circuits with a small amplitude – faster than
Idiff unstabilized
the thermal overload functions. It has the advantage that it is
only released after the motor startup, thus when the motor is _:3 Threshold value I = 2 ⋅ ISt/ IrM I/Irate-
dObj
running. Separate CFC logic is not necessary here.
Differential Protection Figure 4.2/4 shows a summary of the restraint characteristic

curve with the setting values.
To instantaneously disconnect low-current short circuits (short
circuits in the motor with fault resistance) even during startup,
use a differential protection. This is recommended for larger
motors. The application of this protection principle requires the
access to the neutral point of the motor. Figure 4.2/3 shows
practical variants.
[dw_kennl_Motordifferentialschutzes-Idiff, 1, en_US]
4.2 Figure 4.2/4 Characteristic Curve of the Motor Differential Protection

(Idiff)
One condition for the correct working of the protection function

is the correct input of the current-transformer data in the system
data and of the motor data in the function groups Motor side,
Motor (stator).
Address Parameter Value Unit

_:103 Rated apparent power S = √3 ⋅ VrM ⋅ IrM MVA
[dw_ausfuehrung_Diff-schutz, 1, en_US]
_:102 Rated motor voltage V = VrM kV
Figure 4.2/3 Differential Protection Variants
Table 4.2/3 General
Variant a) is the classic, stabilized motor differential protection
with an additional current transformer in the neutral point. The In variant b) of Figure 4.2/3, the phase currents on the neutral-
differential current is calculated from the currents in the lines point side are also routed through a current transformer located
and those on the neutral point side. The restraint current is the on the line side of the motor (separately for each phase). The
maximum current of one side (in SIPROTEC 5). currents of the supply line and of the neutral-point side each
For the application, use the differential protection and subtract in the winidow-type transformer of the corresponding
current/voltage measurement standard template. The 7SK85 phase. The result is a current difference. For this reason, this
or 7SX85 protection devices require at least 8 current and application is also known as differential protection.
4 voltage inputs in the hardware configuration. The setting As only one current can be evaluated, the technical implementa-
parameters for the differential protection function, the startup tion uses an instantaneous overcurrent protection function. For

the application, use the Current/voltage measurement appli-

cation template. The application template is to be expanded
with a Voltage/current 3ph function group and the protection
function 50/51 OC-3ph-B must be loaded to this function group.
Furthermore, provide the required connections (to the meas-
uring point, function groups).
A sensitive setting is possible because the currents balance each
other in the window-type transformer. A threshold value
between 5 % and 10 % of the motor rated current is recom-
mended. Use a default value of 0.1 IrM to be on the safe side.
Measure the resulting differential current during motor startup.
It must be lower than the threshold value by a safety margin of
2. In case of deviations, adapt the threshold value.
Both differential protection applications require properly
dimensioned current transformers. This is discussed in
chapter Current-Transformer Requirements for Motor Protec-
tion, Page 44.
4.2

Other Protection Functions
Voltage Protection Protection Settings (Changes to the Default Setting):

Overvoltage protection Parameter Value
Overvoltages stress the winding insulation and cause increased Blocking, trip. & flt.rec. yes
magnetization currents. These currents result in temperature Threshold value V ≤ 0.9 VrM√3
rises, among other things. Motors may be operated in a permis- Dropout ratio 1.02
sible voltage range. A continuous 10-% overvoltage is allowed.
The surge arrester limits the transient overvoltages.
It is recommended to issue a warning message if the continu- Table 4.3/1 Stage 1 (Warning Indication)
ously permissible voltage is exceeded.
Parameter Value
Protection Settings (Changes to the Default Setting): Threshold value V ≤ 0.8 Vmin, startup√3
Parameter Value Tripping delay 2.00 s to 5.00 s
yes
Table 4.3/2 Stage 2 (Optional Tripping Stage)
Blocking, trip. & flt.rec.
Threshold value V ≥ 1.1 VrM
Frequency Protection
Dropout ratio 0.98
The motors are designed such that they can operate over a
wide frequency range. This is usually -5 % to +3 % of the rated
frequency. At a rated frequency of 50 Hz, this is 47.5 Hz for
Undervoltage protection underfrequency (f<) and 51.5 Hz for overfrequency (f>). This
Motors require a minimum voltage to start up reliably. These is the permissible frequency operating range of the electrical
facts have already been discussed in chapter Startup Processes power system feeding in. For this reason, the use of frequency
of Asynchronous Motors, Page 9. The minimum voltages are in protection for motor protection is not absolutely necessary. It
the order of magnitude of Vmin = (0.55 - 0.7) VrM. If these are can be used for warning purposes if desired.
exceeded, the motor stops to a certain extent. This means the
motor does not start up or a running motor runs down to a Protection Functions for Special Applications
standstill. Load-jam protection
If the technical data does not specify the ratios of breakdown With the motor running, higher motor currents can occur
torque and rated torque to estimate the minimum voltage, the abruptly due to problems on the driven machine (brief higher
data of the starting time can be used as a guideline. This is power requirements, mechanical problems, etc.). A sudden
specified for a voltage of V < VrM at which the motor reliably rotor blocking is also possible. This leads to higher rotor and
starts (Vmin startup). Typical values are between 70 % and 80 % stator currents. Such higher load currents are tripped by the
of VrM. If you cannot find any information, assume 80 %. overload protection device. As an alternative, the starting time
supervision can also pick up. Both protection functions have an
An undervoltage usually occurs if, for example, the infeed is
inherently longer tripping time (thermal model, startup charac-
disconnected. The cause can be maloperation or protection
teristic curve).
tripping, for example, due to a short circuit in the infeed trans-
4.3 The load-jam protection bypasses the problem and avoids
former.
additional damage to gearboxes, bearings, or other motor
For safe system operation, automatic switching equipment is
components due to faster tripping. The protection function is
often provided that switches consumers (motors) to a spare
controlled by the motor monitor (state: running). It can only
infeed. If a long-term or residual voltage switching (V < 0.3 VrM)
become active once the starting current has decayed completely
occurs due to the system design, the motors do not start up if and the normal load current that flows afterward does not
all the motors remain connected to the busbar. For this reason, exceed the pickup threshold. For this purpose, you can set up
selected motors must be switched off. Usually, this is performed a delayed activation of the load-jam protection using the param-
by the automatic transfer equipment. As an alternative, the eter Release delay. If there are no particular requirements
motor protection can also perform the disconnection. for a fast activation of the function, the normal system starting
The protection function with positive-sequence voltage meas- time can serve as a guideline for the setting. If necessary, a
urement (function 27 Undervolt.-V1) is recommended as the shorter value can also be determined during commissioning.
undervoltage protection. If motor protection is to handle discon- The function has warning and operate indications. To avoid trip-
nection, 2 stages must be provided. The 1st stage issues a ping if the motor feeds a short circuit in reverse direction (for
delayed warning indication if the voltage does not reach the example, in an adjacent bay), the operate indication must be
continuously permissible voltage range (V < 0.9 VrM). The delayed.
2nd stage performs the disconnection. This action should also
be delayed so as not to circumvent other protection tripping The following settings are recommended:
actions. Stage 1 must be coordinated to a lower voltage during Parameter Value
startup so that not every motor startup results in a warning
Threshold value, warning I = 1.5 ⋅ IrM
indication of undervoltage.
Warning delay 2 s to 3 s

Other Protection Functions
Parameter Value to the direction of rotation at the shaft after a delay (Figure
Threshold value, tripping I = 2 ⋅ IrM 4.3/1). An uncontrolled startup results in impermissible stress. It
is necessary to wait for standstill.
Release delay Release delay t = tAM
Undercurrent monitoring
The protection function is to identify and if necessary stop a
driven machine running at no-load. For example, it is possible
with pumps running in no-load for the pump to experience
thermal overload because of the compression. In the normal [dw_Pumpe, 1, en_US]
case, the medium to be pumped (water, oil, etc.) provides addi-
Figure 4.3/1 Change in the Direction of Rotation at the Shaft
tional cooling.
If the protection function is necessary, the undercurrent protec- The close command is blocked as long as the shaft is rotating.
tion function must be loaded from the library. A pragmatic approach is to measure the time until standstill
during commissioning after powering off the motor. Using a
Parameter Value logic in the CFC, the close command is interlocked for the time
Blocking, trip. & flt.rec. Yes (warning indication); No (tripping) determined.
Threshold value I ≤ = (0.1 – 0.2) IrM If speed monitoring using a tachometer generator is installed on
Tripping delay 10.00 s (depending on the application) the shaft as an alternative, a signal can be injected via a binary
input or an analog input (4 mA to 20 mA) and the signal can
Table 4.3/3 Protection Settings (Changes to the Default Setting) then be processed via CFC. In this way, the standstill can be
measured and the blocking time of the startup depends on the
Protection against rotation reversal (backspin) current process state.
If the motor drives, for example, an oil pump, after powering off
the motor, backflow of the oil into the pipes results in a change
Literature
[1] Oeding, D., Oswald, B: Elektrische Kraftwerke und Netze. [Electricity power plants and power systems] Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,
2011, ISBN 978-3-19245-6
4.3

Current-Transformer Requirements
Current-Transformer Requirements for Motor Protection
Current-Transformer Requirements for Motor Protection formers and designing new ones are the 2 procedures
selected. The pertinent IEC standards (IEC 61869-2, IEC TR
This chapter covers the design of current transformers for
61869-100 and the German versions DIN IEC 61869-2, DIN
motor-protection applications. The different operating cases
IEC TR 61869-100) form the basis for the considerations.
and typical protection principles are considered. The design
is explained using examples. Checking existing current trans-
Parameter Description
Current transformer
ALF Accuracy limit factor
ALF' Operational accuracy limit factor
This comes from the connected burden Rbc:
Rct Resistance of the secondary winding

(Corrected to 75 °C or another temperature according to the specification)
Rb Ohmic rated burden
Rbc Connected ohmic burden
Sr Rated power
KSSC Factor of the symmetrical rated short-circuit current
Ipsc Primary rated short-circuit current

Ipr Primary rated current
Isr Secondary rated current
Ktd Transient dimensioning factor
Ek Rated knee-point EMF
Vtc Current terminal voltage with 20 times the rated current and connected burden Rbc (ANSI C57.13)
Protected object
Imax. threshold Maximum primary threshold value for a current stage
IrM Rated current of the motor
ISt Motor starting current
ISt, trans Maximum motor starting current (transient starting current after starting from a standstill)
Table 5.1/1 Equation Symbols and Terms Used
5.1

Requirements from Motor Startup
Requirements from Motor Startup The following current-transformer requirements are specified in
the device manual for the overcurrent protection. In practice,
The starting current ISt ranges from 4 to 7 times the motor
current transformers of class 10P (5P) according to IEC and class
rated current IrM with a direct-current time constant TAM of about
C according to ANSI are commonly used.
40 ms (< 1 MW) to 70 ms (> 1 MW). An inrush current of the
same order of magnitude that decays in 2 to 3 periods with a
time constant of about 20 ms is superimposed on this.
The maximum starting current is:
[fo_maximale_Anlaufstrom_IAM_01, 1, en_US]
IEC class Minimum Requirements

Required ALF‘
5P, 10P 20
5PR, 10PR 20
Required product Ktd * KSSC

TPX, TPY, TPZ 20
(Burden: Rb ≥ Rbc)
Required knee-point voltage Ek
PX, PXR 16 ⋅Isr⋅ (Rct + Rbc)
ANSI class
Required transformer terminal voltage Vta
C (Isr = 5 A) 20 ⋅ Isr ⋅ Rbc
5.2

Examples – Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Checking the Existing Current Transformer
Example 1: Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Checking Hint: The specific electrical copper resistance at 75 °C is used for
the Existing Current Transformer calculation.
This results in an operational accuracy limit factor of:
[fo_alf-alf_Rct-Rb_01, 1, --_--]
According to the table above, the required operational accuracy

limit factor ALF‘ is:
[fo_alf_I-Thresh-max_01, 1, en_US]
Comparison: ALF‘ current transformer > ALF‘ requirement

Result: 40.1 > 20
The current transformer meets the requirement.
[dw_diff-schutz_ueberpruefung_I-Wdl_01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5.3/1 System Data
[fo_IrM_PrM_03, 1, en_US]
The threshold value of the instantaneous overcurrent-protection

stage is set to 1.3 times the maximum transient motor starting
current.
[fo_I-threshold-max-1,3fach_01, 1, en_US]
If a time delay of greater than 50 ms is set, the threshold value

can be reduced (see chapter Ground-Fault Protection and Short-
Circuit Protection and Additional Motor Protection Functions,
Page 29).
Checking the Current Transformer
The rated burden is:
5.3 [fo_rb-device_ct_03, 1, --_--]
The actual connected burden (line + device) is:
[fo_Rbc_Rcable_Rdevice_01, 1, en_US]

Examples – Differential Protection and Checking
Example 2: Differential Protection and Checking of the Rating of the current transformer -T2
Current Transformers
[fo_IrM_PrM_02, 1, en_US]
A transformer with a primary rated current of Ipr = 1000 A is

selected.
[dw_diff-schutz_ueberpruefung_I-Wdl, 1, en_US]
IEC Class Minimum Requirement

Required ALF‘
5P, 10P 3 30
(up to 80% remanence)
5PR, 10 PR 3 25
Required product Ktd * KSSC

TPY, TPZ 25
(Burden: Rb ≥ Rbc)
Required knee-point voltage Ek
PX 25 ⋅Isr⋅ (Rct + Rbc)
(up to 80 % remanence)
ANSI class
Required transformer terminal voltage Vta
C (Isr = 5 A) 25 ⋅ Isr ⋅ Rbc
5.3
Table 5.3/1 Requirements for Differential Protection from the Device Manual
The required operational accuracy limit factor ALF‘ is: The transformer class should be 5P and, because of the long
transformer supply line, a rated burden of 20 VA is selected. The
internal resistance is Rct ≤ 4 Ω (at 75 °C).
[fo_alf_IAMtrans, 1, en_US]
3 The angle error is not specified in IEC 61869-2, therefore, the classes 10P and 10PR are not recommended for differential protection.

Examples – Differential Protection and Checking
[fo_rb-device_ct_02, 1, --_--]
This results in the accuracy limit factor of:
An accuracy limit factor of ALF = 10 is selected. This results in

the following transformer data: 1000 A/1 A, 5P10, 20 VA, Rct ≤
4Ω
Checking of the existing transformer –T1
Required operational accuracy limit factor ALF‘ = 30.3 (from the
transformer design –T2).
[fo_rb-device_ct_01, 1, --_--]
This results in an operational accuracy limit factor ALF‘ of:
5.3

Result: 44.5 > 30.3
The current transformer meets the requirement.

Examples – Differential Protection with Cable Type Current Transformers
Example 3: Differential Protection with Cable Type Current The required operational accuracy limit factor ALF‘ according to
Transformers the manual (see the table, example 1) is:
The transformer class should be 10P. A rated burden of 5 VA and

an internal resistance of Rct ≤ 4 Ω have been selected.
[fo_Nennbürde, 1, en_US]
This results in the accuracy limit factor ALF of:

[dw_diff-schutz_ueberpruefung_Durchführungs-Wdl, 1, en_US]
Design of the current transformer T1 [fo_alf-alf_Rct-Rb_04, 1, --_--]
The classic motor protection functions (overload, starting time An accuracy limit factor of ALF = 10 is selected.
supervision, unbalanced load, overcurrent, etc.) work with this
current transformer. This results in the following transformer data: 1000 A/1 A,
10P10, 5 VA, Rct ≤ 4 Ω
Checking the current cable type current transformer –T2
For machines connected via cables, a safe differential protection
[fo_IrM_PrM_01, 1, en_US] with high responsivity can be implemented with this method.
The condition is that the 3 phases of the neutral-point side
A transformer with a primary rated current of Ipr = 1000 A is are routed back separately and through the cable type current
selected. transformer in the opposite direction. With a healthy motor
winding, the currents in the transformer cancel each other
and no current flows into the (differential) current relay. The
[fo_maximale_Anlaufstrom_IAM_03, 1, en_US] current is compared with high precision and without saturation
problems as a magnetic self-balancing. No stabilization against
The threshold value of the instantaneous overcurrent-protection external errors is needed because these errors do not occur
stage is set to 1.3 times the maximum transient motor starting downstream of the motor and are also not relevant for the
current. selectivity. This means simple overcurrent-protection stages can
be used. The pickup value can be set to 5 % to 10 % of the 5.3
motor rated current. The overcurrent-protection stage must pick
[fo_I-threshold-max-1,3fach_02, 1, en_US]
up in the case of high-current internal errors.
If a time delay of > 50 ms is set, the threshold value can be As the setting value is low and, in the case of healthy
reduced (see chapter Ground-Fault Protection and Short-Circuit operation, the total current is zero, a transformer with
Protection and Additional Motor Protection Functions, Page 29). 500 A/1 A, 10P10, 5 VA, Rct = 2 Ω is used.
Although in this application, differential protection is involved,
the requirements for the overcurrent protection are used here
because, in the case of an internal error in the motor, an over-
current protection function is to pick up and trip. The value of
the overcurrent protection stage (see example 1) applies as the
required operational accuracy limit factor and ALF‘ is ≥ 20.

Examples – Differential Protection with Cable Type Current Transformers
[fo_Nennbürde, 1, en_US]
Consequently, the operational accuracy limit factor ALF‘ is:

Result: 20 = 20
The current transformer meets the requirement. The application is safer
if the operational accuracy limit factor ALF is increased to 15. In this
way, the transformer has these data: 500 A/1 A, 10P15, 5 VA, Rct ≤ 2 Ω.
Summary
The requirement on the current transformer is also determined
by the requirements of the protection principle in addition to
the startup process. Additional important quantities are the
burden due to the supply line and the internal burden of the
current transformer. The current-transformer types selected in
the examples can easily be used for orientation. However,
checking is generally recommended.
5.3

Protection of Medium-Power Asynchronous Motors
Implementation Example
System Implementation and Protection Scope preceding chapters as a reference. Adaptations to any system
are possible by adding or omitting items. From the SIPROTEC 5
This chapter discusses an implementation example for motors of
family, the 7SX800, 7SK82, 7SK85, and 7SX85 can be used as
up to medium power. It covers the essential motor protection
protection devices.
functions and their setting in DIGSI 5. The variants use the
[dw_Anlagenausführung und Schutzumfang_motorabgang, 2, en_US]
Figure 6.1/1 System Implementation and Protection Scope for an Outgoing Motor Circuit
CI Communication interface
RTD External temperature measurement
Using an infeed transformer, the 10-kV medium voltage motors spare-part strategy (as many identical devices as possible),
and connected consumers are supplied from the 110-kV high- the hardware scope (binary inputs and outputs, scope of the
voltage power system. The grounding transformer that supplies communication interfaces), and more.
a defined ground-fault current (active current) in the event of a
The protection device shown displays the internal structure with
ground fault is connected to the busbar. In the double-busbar
the measuring points and the connection to the transformers,
design, each busbar has its own grounding transformer. The
the required function groups (FG) as well as their connection
voltage is measured at the busbar and is looped through to addi-
and the protection functions (shown using ANSI numbers). The
tional feeders. The protection device is located in a medium-
temperature is measured by means of an external RTD unit
voltage switchgear compartment. Only the circuit breaker is
located directly on the motor. The measured temperatures are
shown in a simplified way. The possible local control by the
transmitted to the protection device using a serial or Ethernet
protection device including the integrated interlocking is not
interface. The benefit of having the RTD unit close to the motor 6.1
part of this example. It can be easily implemented with a
lies in the short connections to the temperature sensors on
SIPROTEC 5 device.
the motor. It should be mentioned that the 7SK82 device can
The motor is supplied using a 3-phase cable and the ground be equipped with an RTD input module as an option. In this
current is measured with a core balance current transformer. case, the temperature sensors must be connected directly to the
The SIPROTEC devices mentioned above can be used as the protection equipment.
motor protection device. Selection criteria are the price, the

Implementation Example
The following protection functions are used (Table 6.1/1)
Protection Function ANSI Number

Stator overload protection 49
Starting time supervision 48
Restart inhibit (with thermal replica) 66
Temperature supervision, stator and bearing 38
Ground-fault indication (V0>) and disconnection of the load resistor 59N
Directional stator ground-fault protection (cosϕ circuit) 67Ns
Short-circuit protection (2 definite-time overcurrent protection stages) 50TD
Load-jam protection 50LJ
Undervoltage protection (warning and tripping) 27
Overvoltage protection (warning) 59
Table 6.1/1 Overview of the Protection Functions
The following data are available for the motor:
Motor Data Abbreviation Value

Rated active power PrM 710 kW
Rated voltage VrM 10 kV
Rated current IrM 47.5 A
Rated frequency fr 50 Hz
Rated speed nr 1488 RPM
Power factor cosϕ 0.90
Operation – S1
Thermal class (Design/operation) F/B
Continuously permissible motor current k factor 1.15 (I/IrM)
Thermal time constant (continuous duty – S1) τHeat. 15 min
Thermal time constant by cooling at standstill τCool. 105 min
Starting time at VrM tAM 24.0 s
Starting time at 80 % VrM – 52.0 s
Permissible number of startups Cold/warm 3/2
Starting current at VrM IAM 5.6 I/IrM
Starting current at 80 % VrM – 4.15 I/IrM
Locked rotor time at 5.6 I/IrM from the characteristic curve Cold/warm (48/40) s
Locked rotor time at 4.15 I/IrM from the characteristic curve Cold/warm (85/70) s
Table 6.1/2 Motor Data according to the Documentation
6.1

Implementation Example –
A type 10 P10, 5 VA with a transformation ratio of 100 A/1 A

is used as the current transformer. The connected burden is
very small due to the medium-voltage compartment installation
location.
The operational accuracy limit factor ALF‘ is:
The threshold value of the instantaneous overcurrent-protection

stage is set to 1.3 times the maximum transient motor starting
current.
[fo_Schwellwert max, 1, en_US]
Required operational accuracy limit factor ALF‘:
The current transformer meets the requirements (50.6 > 20).

The maximum short-circuit current (1-s value) must be deter-
mined regarding thermal stress. This value is determined by the
feeding transformer.
[fo_max-Isc_knl, 1, en_US]
The maximum secondary current results from the short-circuit

current and the current-transformer ratio knI:
[fo_Isec-max, 2, en_US]
The SIPROTEC 5 protection devices withstand 500 A for 1 s. This

results in no problems regarding thermal overload. Current is
also transferred accurately because the measuring range is not
exceeded (7SX800, 7SK82 →50 A; 7SK85, 7SX85 →100 A).
6.1

Setting of the Protection Functions – Parameterization of the Thermal Protection Functions
Configuration of the Device in DIGSI and Basic Settings The measuring-point configuration must be adjusted because
the residual voltage is measured directly according to Figure
The minimum hardware requirements are derived from Figure
6.1/1:
6.1/1. The device must have 4 voltage inputs and 4 current
inputs. One current input must be designed as a sensitive
measuring input. In addition, one serial or Ethernet interface
is required for communication with the RTD unit. The number
of binary inputs and outputs comes from the necessary input [sc_verlagerungsspannung-messstellenkonfig, 1, en_US]
signals, tripping actions, and indications. These must be speci-

fied for each application. In addition, communication with a In the Power system, set the current values for the current
control system (for example, using Ethernet) must be provided. and voltage transformers for all measuring points. After this
If local control is used, there are devices with a large display. adaptation, error messages appear. You may ignore these at this
At least 40 function points are needed for the required function- time. These messages disappear once all functions have been
ality. set correctly.
If a device is specified, the product code (7SK82, 7SK85, In the next step, the motor data used for normalization/denorm-
7SX85) or an MLFB (7SX800) is available. Create a project alization are set in FG Motor 1 and Circuit breaker 1 under
using DIGSI 5 and configure the device. Select the application General.
template Current and voltage measurement (7SX800: Motor
current/voltage measurement). After this, delete unused func-
tions under Settings > Motor 1and add additional functions
from the library (Overvoltage, 3-phase). The FG Analog units
will be added once the SUP protocol is selected in the Editor
Hardware and protocols. This protocol is used especially for
connecting an RTD unit. These are available as devices with
serial or Ethernet interface.
Table 6.2/1 shows the selected functionality in comparison to [sc_einstell_fg-motor1, 1, en_US]
the application template.

Hint: The motor rated current could be set with the version of
DIGSI 5 used. In the latest DIGSI 5 version, 2 decimal places are
provided. The electrical power system is an isolated system.
The current threshold for the open circuit breaker is also set in
FG Circuit breaker 1 > General. The setting is about 10 % of the
motor rated current (0.1 ⋅ 48 A = 4.8 A; rounded up to 5 A).
[sc_einstell_fg-leistungsschalter1-allgemein, 1, en_US]
Stator Overload Protection (Function Overload Protection A

1)
Configured functionality
The motor data specify essential setting parameters such as
the k factor (1.15), the thermal time constant (15 min), and
Application template
the thermal time constant by cooling (105 min). The current
warning threshold is oriented to the maximum continuously
permissible current.
Table 6.2/1 Selected Functionality
IWarn = k factor ⋅ IrM = 1.15 ⋅ 47.5 A = 54.625 A ≈ 55 A
Before you start with parameterization, switch the parameter
The parameter Threshold thermal warn. is reduced to
Mode from Secondary to Primary under Settings > Device
85 %. Continuous motor operation at rated current leads to
settings. This setting must be kept for all the parameterization.
6.2
This makes it easier for the setting action because the setting an overtemperature, in percent, of 100 % / (1.15)2 = 75.6 %.
value is calculated only on the primary. If you want to use The warning threshold of 85 % corresponds to a current of
the secondary setting values for test purposes, you can switch 1.06 I/IrM. To achieve a faster dropout of the trip command,
to Secondary after completing parameterization in DIGSI 5. leave the parameter Dropout threshold operate on the
Percent or per-unit values always refer to the primary reference default setting of 90 %. The motor current drops to zero with
value (object) for all setting modes.

the trip command (100-% threshold exceeded). The thermal

model cools down with the thermal time constant by cooling of
6300 s. After approx. 700 s, the signal drops below the dropout
threshold of the operate indication and the trip command resets
(see Figure 6.2/1).
[sc_einstellwert_ueberlastschutz_mittlerer-leistung, 1, en_US]
Figure 6.2/2 Setting Values for the Overload Protection
No information is provided in the technical data regarding an
unbalanced load. For this reason, the setting recommendations
[dw_kennl_motortemperaturverlauf, 2, en_US]
of chapter Unbalanced-Load Protection, Page 26 are used.
Figure 6.2/1 Motor Temperature Curve (Sequence: Operation at Rated
Current; Overload at 1.17 I/IrM; Tripping of the Motor) Motors can easily be operated continuously with a negative-
sequence current of I2, perm = 10 % I2/IrM. A warning indica-
If after tripping of the overload protection with a pending trip tion (recommendation: 10 s) is issued after a delay when
a new start command related to the process is desired, the the threshold value is exceeded. The parameter Unbalanced
binary input signal >Emergency start is actuated. The binary load factor K is set to 2 s. This means that with a negative-
information blocks the trip signal and the motor can be started. sequence current of 100 %, the protection trips in 2 s.
The Emerg. start T overtravel maintains blocking of the
tripping for a certain amount of time. As the thermal replica is In general, the following value is best used for the parameter
active during the emergency start, it is assumed that the motor Cooling time therm. replic.:
is running at rated current. If the temperature is still above the
Dropout threshold, trip command when the emergency
start is terminated, the trip command of the overload protec-
tion continues to operate. Further cooling is made possible with
[fo_Abkühlzeit therm_01, 1, en_US]
the Emerg. start T overtravel. After this, the tempera-
ture must drop below the dropout threshold. As the stator time
The function Unbalanced-load protection1 has the following
constants are large, the default setting of 300 s is a feasible
setting values:
value.
The parameter Imax thermal limits the input current for the
thermal replica. It is set to the value for the startup detection of
2 ⋅ IrM = 2 ⋅ 47.5 A = 95 A.
A switch to the thermal time constant by cooling is made using
the parameter Imin cooling when the current drops below
the threshold. This applies to the standstill. For this reason, a
[sc_einstellwert_Schieflastschutz, 1, en_US]
setting to approx. 10 % of the motor rated current 0.1 IrM =
0.1 ⋅ 47.5 A = 4.7 A ≈5 A is used as the threshold. Figure 6.2/3 Setting Values of the Unbalanced-Load Protection
In the event of a supply-voltage failure, the current thermal

Restart Inhibit
model must be saved. You can leave the default setting for the
rest of the parameters, because the stator temperature is not The protection function must be set in 2 functions. All the rele-
corrected by a temperature sensor (coolant). In particular, the vant parameters are entered in the function Th.repli.rotor.
parameter .109 is only relevant if a temperature sensor is used 6.2
According to Table 6.1/2, 3 cold startups and 2 warm startups
to measure the ambient temperature. are allowed. As the voltage dips somewhat during motor
startup, the value for 80-% voltage is used as the starting
current. This startup mode usually puts a greater thermal load
for the rotor than startups at rated voltage. This uses a greater

amount of the thermal reserve of the motor. As a result,

following 3 startups from the cold state at rated voltage, the
rotor temperature is considerably lower than for 3 startups
at 80 % voltage (also see Figure 6.2/5 and Figure 6.2/6). For
this selection, make sure that the information from the motor
manufacturer for the number of startups also applies in case
of a reduced voltage. The parameter Start.cur./mot.rated
cur. has a setting value of 4.2 (one decimal place could be
set during configuration, while DIGSI 5 now allows 2 decimal
places). The associated starting time is 52 s. Note again that the [sc_einstellwert_therm-abbild-laeufer_mittlerer-leistung, 1, en_US]
time belonging to the starting current and not the locked rotor Figure 6.2/4 Setting Values, Thermal Replica, Rotor
time (often also known as the maximum permissible starting
time and, in this case, 85 s for the cold state) is set. The thermal rotor model is simulated in a program and the
According to chapter Restart Inhibit, Page 24, the internally current specified as a sequence. The setting parameters are
used parameters of the thermal model (k factor (kR) and the calculated according to Figure 6.2/4.
time constant (τL)) are estimated as follows. The sequence is:
• 1st motor startup with 4.2 I/IrM&52s; standstill for 200 s
• 2nd motor startup with 4.2 I/IrM&52s; standstill for 200 s
• 3rd motor startup with 4.2 I/IrM&52s; continuous standstill
[fo_therm-model_k-faktor_Zeitkonstante, 1, en_US]
The thermal time constant for the rotor has the same order of
magnitude as for the stator because of the long starting time.
The parameter Factor T-const. at oper. acts on the
thermal time constant by cooling (extension factor) when the
motor is running. Normally, the value of 1 can be retained. If a
longer thermal time constant by cooling for a running machine
is desired by the customer, increase this value. With a value of 1,
the thermal time constant and the thermal time constant by
cooling are identical. If the motor is at a standstill, cooling takes
considerably longer. For this reason, the parameter Factor T-
const. standstill is selected to be a value of 7. In this
way, at motor standstill, the thermal time constant by cooling
of the rotor is virtually identical to the thermal time constant by
[dw_kennl_wiedereinschaltzyklus_min-Anlaufstrom_max-Anlaufzeit, 1, en_US]
cooling for the stator.
After every motor disconnection, an Equilibrium time Figure 6.2/5 Restart Cycle with Minimum Starting Current and
Maximum Starting Time
starts. The thermal replica is not updated (the state is retained)
during this time. Afterwards, the cooling action uses the
Figure 6.2/5 clearly shows that 3 restarts from a cold state
extended thermal time constant by cooling. The default setting
and 2 restarts from the warm state are permitted one after
for the equilibrium time of 1 min is a feasible value.
another. The restart threshold is exceeded internally during the
In case of a supply-voltage failure, the calculated temperature in last restart. Exceeding the restart threshold and a subsequent
percent must be saved. For this reason, the parameter Storage disconnection of the motor lead to blocking of the startup. Once
of thermal replica must be set to Yes. the restart threshold is not exceeded (line in pink), restarting
The parameter Tempr.thres. cold motor is evaluated is possible again. In the example, the blocking time is approx.
during starting time supervision. During the typical startups 2000 s (33.3 min).
(3 cold, 2 warm), the default setting of 25 % is feasible. If In Figure 6.2/6, for comparison purposes, the identical cycle
the motor is operated for a longer time at rated current, the is shown but now with maximum starting current (5.6 I/IrM)
percentage temperature of the rotor will reach about 35 %. This and minimum starting time (24 s). The restart threshold is also
6.2 exceeds the 25-% threshold and the motor state is warm. exceeded here with the last restart. The thermal replica does not
warm up as much due to the shorter starting time. After the
3rd disconnection, this leads to the fact that the blocking time is
shortened to approx. 1800 s.

As the locked rotor time (40 s) is far away from the starting time
under rated conditions (24 s), a value for the maximum starting
time of something less than the maximum blocked rotor time
was selected here (35 s).
The starting time supervision is implemented as an I2t char-
acteristic curve. The appropriate time can be determined for
each current according to chapter Starting Time Supervision,
Page 23. For the startup at reduced voltage, the following time
results.
[fo_anlaufzeitueberwachung_64s, 1, en_US]
IS, Set Setting value for the starting current (5.6 I/IrM)
tS, Set Setting value for the selected starting time (35 s)
[dw_kennl_wiedereinschaltzyklus_max-Anlaufstrom_min-Anlaufzeit, 1, en_US]
I Measured starting current referenced to IrM
Figure 6.2/6 Restart Cycle with Maximum Starting Current and
Minimum Starting Time
The determined time of 64 s for startup at a reduced voltage is
greater than the starting time (52 s) and less than the locked
The function Restart inhibit uses the calculation results from
rotor time, warm (70 s). Consequently, there is a reasonable
the described thermal replica of the rotor. Under General,
value even for startup with a reduced voltage.
retain the default setting for the parameter Autom. restart
inhibit. The setting no is used for special applications, The starting time supervision is started when a current threshold
for example, blocking another circuit breaker (see the Device is exceeded. As this threshold value is required for deter-
manual). mining possible operating states of the motor, the setting
is made in the function Motor monitor. The parameter
The parameter Min. restart inhibit time takes effect Curr.thres.starting is set to 2 ⋅ IrM = 2 ⋅ 47.5 A = 95 A.
with the lockout active and has an OR connection to the
blocking time of the thermal replica. It acts for the longer time.
If not specified otherwise, 30 min is set. The setting value is thus Motor monitor
in the same order of magnitude as the blocking time of the
thermal replica.
[sc_motor-monitor-zustandserkennung, 1, en_US]
[sc_einstellpara_fg-wiedereinschaltsperre_mittlere-leisung, 1, en_US]
Figure 6.2/7 Setting Parameters of the Function Restart Inhibit
Starting Time Supervision

The function 48 Start.time sup. is set to be greater than the
starting times occurring during operation and less than the
locked rotor times. The following values for the setting are rele-
vant and come from the motor documents Table 6.1/2.
Motor Starting Blocked Blocked Setting

Current Time Rotor Time, Rotor Time, Value
6.2
Warm Cold
5.60 I/IrM 24 s 40 s 48 s 35 s
4.15 I/IrM 52 s 70 s 85 s 64 s (calcu-
lated)

In the function 48 Start.time sup. 1, make the following Temperature Supervision

settings: The winding and bearing temperatures are measured using an
• After the Max. locked rotor time has elapsed, it is RTD unit that is connected to the device via a serial interface
possible to release the motor disconnection with a blocked according to Figure 6.1/1. Processing of the measured temper-
rotor before the starting time supervision trips because the atures is handled by the function RTD unit, serial 1 in the
maximum temperature has been reached. For this purpose, function group Analog units. The function group Analog units
an external tachometer must report the state locked rotor appears automatically as soon as the SUP protocol has been
to the starting time supervision using a binary input >Rotor added in Hardware and protocols. The function RTD unit,
blocked. serial, on the other hand, must be taken from the library in
Often however, to provide maximum availability of the motor, the FG Analog units.
the disconnection is delayed with a blocked rotor until the The communication settings are set in the function RTD unit,
thermal limit is actually reached. This is to allow the rotor to serial 1, under General. The sensor type is to be set for each
break free of the blocking if at all possible. A quick disconnec- sensor. Type Pt100 sensors are used.
tion in the event of a blocked rotor is not absolutely necessary
here because the starting times are considerably less than the
locked rotor times (24 s/52 s compared to 48 s/85 s) and the
starting-time characteristic curve can be easily set regardless
of whether the motor is completely blocked or starts up.
On the other hand, if the maximum locked rotor time is
lower than the starting time occurring, the Rotor blocked
state must be detected using a tachometer and appropriately
tripped in good time.
A premature disconnection is not used here because there is
no tachometer. For safety, the time is also set to 35 s.
The parameter Start.cur./mot.rated cur. is the refer-
ence value for the characteristic curve (see the equation [sc_einstell_sensoren_fkt-analoge-umformer, 1, en_US]
above). The starting current at rated voltage is 5.6 I/IrM. The
Figure 6.2/9 Setting the Sensors under the Function Group Analog
associated time is set using the parameter Max.str.time,
Units
warm motor. A time of 35 s was selected. In this way, there
is a sufficient interval between the actual normally occurring
The temperature threshold values are set in the function group
starting time and the blocked rotor time.
Motor 1/function Temperature supervision. The parameter
• Under restart inhibit, in the function Th.repli.rotor, the Sensor location is used as information. In the application,
parameterTempr.thres. cold motor was discussed. The there are 6 sensors (2 per phase) in the stator winding and
setting value for the percentage of rotor temperature is 25 %. 4 sensors in the bearings (2 on each side). The sensor used by
Below the threshold, the motor is assumed to be cold and the RTD unit is assigned by way of the parameter Sensor. The
above it, warm. With the parameter Max.start.time,cold temperature for the alarm indication is set using the parameter
motor, you can adapt the characteristic curve to the cold Threshold stage 1 and the time delay using the parameter
state. This is above the warm characteristic curve. Since there Operate delay of stage 1. Stage 2 is used for tripping.
is a sufficient interval between the starting time and the
Specification of the thermal class F/B means that, with F
characteristic curve, warm, it is not necessary to increase the
(designed), the maximum permissible stator temperature is
starting time. The setting value is also 35 s.
155 °C and, with B (operated), the temperature is 130 °C. In the
case of the bearings, the temperatures depend on the bearing
type.
In practice, the stator temperatures are measured under rated
load Θload and set to Θload + 10 K (≤ 135 °C) for the warning and
to Θload +20 K (≤ 145 °C) for tripping. The following table shows
the recommended setting values. Make any adaptations during
[sc_einstellpara_fkt-anlaufzeitueberwachung_mittlere-leisung, 1, en_US]
commissioning if necessary.
Figure 6.2/8 Setting Parameters of the Starting Time Monitoring Func-

tion
6.2
Measuring Point Temperature, Time Delay, Warning Temperature, Trip- Time Delay, Tripping
Warning ping
Stator winding 135 °C 20 s 145 °C 5s
Journal bearing 90 °C 20 s 95 °C 5s
Rolling bearing 105 °C 20 s 115 °C 5s

Figure 6.2/10 shows an example of the setting for a sensor • The parameter Threshold value 3I0> is set to the same
(stator winding). value (0.6 A).
• Due to the protection range of 85 %, the parameter V0>
threshold value is 0.15 ⋅ 10 kV/√3 = 0.866 kV.
• Tripping of the ground-fault direction protection (parameter
Operate delay) is to be delayed. A feasible value is 0.5 s.
This results in the following settings:
[sc_einstell_Sensormesstelle-staenderwicklung, 1, en_US]
Figure 6.2/10 Setting of a Sensor Measuring Point (Stator Winding)
In the function Temperature supervision, keep in mind that

pickup of the stages does not lead to fault logging and the
operate indication does not flow into the trip logic of the
device. Required routings must be performed in the information
routing.
Parameterization of the Sensitive Ground-Fault Protection

The creation of a ground current uses a grounding transformer
according to Figure 6.1/1. This results in the following maximum [sc_einstell_gericht-Erdschlussschutz_3I0cos-sin, 1, en_US]
primary ground current.
Figure 6.2/11 Setting of the Directional Sensitive Ground-Fault Protec-
tion (Stage: 3I0> Cos/Sinϕ1)
The measured zero-sequence current, which is the active

[fo_parametr-Erdschlussschutz_I0prim, 1, en_US] current superimposed on the capacitive reactive current, is eval-
uated in stage 3I0>ϕ(VI) 1. The inclination of the directional
With a protection range of 85 %, the minimum ground current line of -45° takes this situation into account (also see in chapter
is 0.15 ⋅ 6.12 A = 0.92 A. As the grounding transformer has Isolated Neutral Point and Grounding Transformer, Page 32).
internal losses, the actual current is somewhat lower. Set the The remaining parameters are identical to stage 3I0> cos/sinϕ
current setting with a safety margin SF of approx. 1.5. 1.
[fo_parametr-Erdschlussschutz_Ian-prim, 1, en_US]
There are 2 implementations for the directional sensitive

ground-fault protection:
• The implementation using the cosϕ circuit (active current
evaluation)
• The implementation that evaluates the angle between the
measured zero-sequence voltage and the zero-sequence
[sc_einstell_gericht-Erdschlussschutz_3I0-phi-UI, 1, en_US]
current
Both options are discussed below. tion (Stage: 3I0>ϕ(VI) 1)
The setting of the directional sensitive ground-fault protection is
made in the function dir.sen.gnd.flt 1. For establishing the cosϕ The stage V0> 1 present in the function 67Ns Dir.sens GFP is
measurement, select the 3I0> cos/sinϕ1 stage. used as the ground-fault indication (pickup) and, by way of the
trip signal, to disconnect the load resistor.
Make the following adaptations to the default setting:
The directional element does not pick up for the healthy
• Keep the parameter Directional mode set to Forward
outgoing motor circuit. To create a fault record for this feeder
according to the default setting.
also, keep the default setting of the parameter Operate & 6.2
• Set the parameter Dir. measuring method to cosϕ. flt.rec. blocked of no. Tripping is prevented in the setting
• The calculated 0.6 A (parameter Min.polar.3I0> for for circuit-breaker interaction by deleting the cross (x) in the
dir.det.) is used for the minimum current or direction matrix (see Figure 6.2/13).
determination.

Setting of the Protection Functions – Additional Parameterization
[sc_einstell-Stufe-U0, 1, en_US]
Figure 6.2/14 Setting the Stage V0>
Furthermore, the measuring errors of the core balance current

transformer can be corrected under General. These settings
must be applied during commissioning. Orient yourself on the
minimum and maximum current (total of the active and capaci-
tive reactive currents). The following limiting values are recom-
mended: 1 A is assumed near the lower threshold value and
about 30 A is assumed as the maximum current (larger capaci-
tive current).
Before making any fine corrections, make sure that the core
[sc_Leistungsschalterinteraktion, 1, en_US] balance current transformer has been properly installed. The
Figure 6.2/13 Circuit-Breaker Interaction most frequent cause of a measured-angle inaccuracy is a dirty
gap or one that is not firmly closed.
Set the pickup voltage (parameter Threshold value) to 15 %
(0.866 kV). To bridge transient voltages, the pickup is briefly
delayed (parameter Pickup delay = 0.1 s). The parameter
tripping delay is set to 10 s and defines the time until the
load resistor is disconnected.
If the option for determining the faulty phase is used, set the
parameter Detection of faulty phase to yes. Then,
2 voltage parameters are visible. In case of a ground fault, the [sc_winkelfehlerkorrektur-kabelumbauwandler, 2, en_US]
phase-to-ground voltages increase as a maximum to the value Figure 6.2/15 Angle-Error Correction, Core Balance Current Transformer
of the phase-to-phase voltage. The parameter V> healthy
ph-to-gnd volt. must be greater than the operational Parameterization of the Short-Circuit Protection
phase-to-ground voltage and less than the maximum phase-to-
phase voltage. A threshold value of 70 % phase-to-phase voltage 2 overcurrent-protection stages are used as short-circuit protec-
is feasible (0.7 ⋅ 10 kV ≈ 7 kV). For the parameter V> healthy tion. These are set in the function OC-3phase B 1 function. The
ph-to-gnd volt., the settings are to be somewhat above
Definite-time overcurrent protection 1 stage trips
without delay and is set above the transient starting current.
50 % of the phase-to-ground voltage (0.5 ⋅ 10/√3 kV ≈ 3 kV).
The Definite-time overcurrent protection 2 stage
Depending on the system, it may occur that with ground faults
trips after a slight delay and is set above the starting current.
in the motor near the neutral point with correspondingly low
The following tripping currents result according to chapter Over-
zero-sequence voltage, the healthy phases are no longer reliably
current Protection, Page 39 from the data in Table 6.1/2:
detected.
[fo_parametr-SC-prot_stage1, 1, en_US]
[fo_parametr-SC-prot_stage2, 1, en_US]
6.2
The method of measurement recommended for the Defi-
nite-time overcurrent protection 1 stage is the
RMS value and the measurement of the fundamental compo-
nent is recommended for the Definite-time overcurrent
protection 2 stage. Their tripping delay considers the decay

of the transient current (typically, that is approx. 50 ms). A value Overvoltage Protection
of 0.1 s is selected. If a shorter time is measured during commis-
The function 59 Overvolt.-3ph uses the Definite-T 1 stage
sioning, it is possible to reduce this. More detailed information
as the warning indication. This results in the following settings.
has already been covered in chapter Overcurrent Protection,
Page 39.
Parameter Recommenda- Setting Value
This results in the following settings: tion
Operate & flt.rec. yes yes
blocked
Threshold value V ≥ 1.1 VrM V ≥ 1.1 * 10 kV = 11
Dropout ratio 0.98 0.98
Operate delay 10.00 s 10.00 s
[sc_einstell_ueberspannungsschutz_unabhaengig_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
[sc_einstell_ueberstromzeitschutz_mittlere-leistung, 1, en_US]
Figure 6.2/18 Setting the Overvoltage Protection
Figure 6.2/16 Setting the Overcurrent Protection
Undervoltage Protection
Parameterization of the Load-Jam Protection
The function 27 Undervolt.-V1 uses 2 stages. The protection
The load-jam protection is set according to the recommenda- function evaluates the positive-sequence voltage. Its value
tions in chapter Protection Functions for Special Applications, comes from the rated voltage by division by √3.
Page 42.
The stage 1 is parameterized as a warning stage. This results in
Using the data from Table 6.1/2 results in the following setting the following setting values.
values:
Parameter Recommenda- Setting Value tion
tion Operate & flt.rec. yes yes
Threshold for I = 1.5 * IrM I = 1.5 * 47.5 A = 71.25 A ≈ blocked
warning 70 A Threshold value V ≤ 0.9 VrM V ≤ 0.9 * 10 kV√3 ≈
Warning delay 2 s to 3 s 3.00 s 5.2 kV
Threshold for I = 2 * IrM I = 2 * 47.5 A = 95 A Dropout ratio 1.02 0.98
operate Operate delay 10.00 s 10.00 s
Release delay t = tAM t = 24 s A smaller dropout ratio allows a faster dropout if the value
drops below the threshold value for a short time. The Operate
The following setting values result for the function Load-jam delay expired indication is available as a delayed warning.
prot.: Make sure that a possible voltage dip during motor startup does
not lead to a warning indication of the 1st undervoltage protec-
tion stage.
To allow a reliable startup of the motors in case of an infeed
outage followed by restoration, selected motors are discon-
nected. These motors are powered on later. The motor is discon-
nected from the power line system by stage 2 in the application.
[sc_einstell_lastsprungschutz-mittlere-leistung, 1, en_US] 6.2

Figure 6.2/17 Setting of the Load-Jam Protection
Parameterization of Voltage Protection

The following settings are based on the recommendations in
chapter Voltage Protection, Page 42.

This results in the following settings for the undervoltage

The following adaptations to the default setting are mandatory: protection:

tion
Threshold value V ≤ 0.8 Vmin, V ≤ 0.8 * 8 kV/√3 =
3.695 kV ≈ 3.7 kV
startup//√3
Operate delay 2.00 s to 5.00 s 2.00 s
Table 6.2/2 Required Adaptations
As the technical data do not contain any statements on the

breakdown torque or the minimum voltage, estimation is used
as per the recommendation. The residual-voltage switching of
the high-speed transfer device is usually set to about 0.3 VrM.
Converted to the positive-sequence voltage, this is 0.3 * 10 kV/
√3 = 1.73 kV. In terms of voltage, there is a sufficient safety
factor to the selected setting value of 3.7 kV. The tripping delay
depends on the rate of the drop in voltage. If fewer motors are
connected to the busbar, the drop in the voltage will be faster.
This means that the operate delay must be verified during
commissioning. It must be ensured that the motor is discon-
nected during residual-voltage switching before the switchover
to the reserve infeed.
To allow a dropout of the undervoltage protection in case of a
tripping of the motor, the current-flow criterion is additionally
used. If the current value is exceeded, the circuit breaker acts [sc_einstell_unterspannungsschutz_stufe-allg-1-2_mittlere-leistung, 1, en_US]
as closed in the logic. If the value drops below the threshold
value, this leads to a blocking of the protection function and Figure 6.2/19 Setting of the Undervoltage Protection
thus to a dropout. Under General, the parameter Threshold
I> must be set to approx. 10 % of the motor rated current Summary of the Current-Based Protection Functions
(0.1 * IrM = 0.1 47.5 A ≈ 5 A). In addition, a dropout of the stage
can be forced by wiring the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact Figure 6.2/20 shows the operate times depending on the motor
(position: open) to the binary input > blocking. current for the protection functions of overload, starting time
supervision, overcurrent protection, and load-jam protection.
6.2
[dw_Kennl-Einstell_strombasierenden-Schutzfkt_mittlere-Leistung, 1, en_US]
Figure 6.2/20 Setting of the Current-Based Protection Functions

Protection of High-Power Asynchronous Motors
System Implementation and Protection Scope
Protection of High-Power Asynchronous Motors From the SIPROTEC 5 family, the modular protection devices
7SK85 and 7SX85 can be used.
To keep the loading effects on the power system as small as
possible when powering on motors, high-power motors are
frequently connected by means of a starting process. Various System Implementation and Protection Scope 7.1
methods have an influence on the design of the protection. This Figure 7.1/1 shows the system configuration and the motor
chapter introduces the protection setting while giving consider- protection including the functions used. The motor is connected
ation to partial voltage starting by way of a starting transformer. to an 11-kV busbar via a transformer. To decrease the starting
In addition to thermal protection functions, differential protec- current, the voltage is reduced using an auto transformer. This
tion is a main focus area. method is known as the Korndörfer starter [1].
[dw_Anlagenausführung und Schutzumfang_RTD, 2, en_US]
Figure 7.1/1 System Implementation and Protection Scope
CI Communication interface (plug-in module)

RTD External temperature detection
The protection device shown displays the internal structure with ture is measured using an external RTD unit located directly on
the measuring points and the connection to the transformers, the motor. The measured temperatures are transmitted to the
the required function groups (FG), and their connection and the protection device using a serial interface. The benefit of having
protection functions (shown using ANSI numbers). The tempera-

the RTD unit close to the motor lies in the short connections to Protection Function ANSI Number
the temperature sensors on the motor. Unbalanced-load protection 46
Since all thermal motor protection functions run in the FG Motor Sensitive ground-fault protection (V0>) 59 N
7.1
(stator), this FG uses the current of the transformer CT1 on Differential protection 87 M
the neutral-point side of the motor. During motor startup at a Undervoltage protection (warning and tripping) 27
reduced voltage, the exact motor current is always measured. Overvoltage protection (warning) 59
The following protection functions are used (Table 7.1/1) Table 7.1/1 Overview of the Protection Functions
In addition to these functions, another overcurrent protection
can be provided as backup protection for the differential protec-
tion. On this topic, see chapter Thermal Stressing of Motors and
Restart inhibit (with thermal replica) 66 Protection Functions, Page 20 and chapter System Implementa-
Temperature supervision, stator and bearing 38 tion and Protection Scope, Page 51.
The following data are available for the motor:
Data Abbreviation Value

Rated voltage VrM 3.3 kV
Rated current IrM 591 A
No-load current INo Load 93 A
Maximum continuously permissible current IrM. max 650 A
Operation S1
Starting time at 57 % VrM 28.0 s
Permissible number of startups cold/warm 3/2
Starting current at 57 % VrM 3.7 I/IrM
Locked rotor time at 3.7 I/IrM from the characteristic curve cold/warm (29/21) s

Motor Startup by Way of the Three-Switch Method
Motor Startup via Three-Switch Method using a Starting

Transformer (Korndörfer Starter)
Startup at a reduced voltage using a starting transformer (auto
transformer) results in a decreased starting current and, conse-
quently, in a lower voltage drop at the infeed transformer. As
soon as the motor has started up and the rated speed has been 7.2
reached, the circuit breaker QA2 is closed. The motor then runs
at the full voltage in the electrical power system.
The startup process is as follows:
• QA3 is closed, QA2 is open
• The starting transformer is connected to the electrical power
system via QA1 and the motor starts up at a reduced voltage.
• In the next start phase, QA3 is opened. The motor is supplied [dw_I-U-aufteilung_anlasstransf, 2, en_US]
by the electrical power system via the series-connected induc-
Figure 7.2/1 Distribution of the Voltage and Current of the Starting
tance of the starting transformer.
Transformer at the Beginning of Motor Startup
• Once the motor has reached the prescribed speed, QA2 is
closed and the motor is operated at the full voltage in the
electrical power system.
The motor voltage VM is taken from a center tap on the starting

transformer and results as:
[fo_Motorspannung_UM, 1, en_US]
Here, n2/n1 is the turns ratio of the starting transformer

(number of turns at tap n2 to the total number of turns n1).
In this application, the ratio is 0.7158. With a low-side voltage
of the infeed transformer of Vnet = 3300 V, the motor voltage is
VM = 2362 V.
The current consumption from the electrical power system

during startup is:
[fo_Stromaufnahme_aus_Inetz, 1, en_US]
The current from the power system Inet (current through CT2)
is, according to the turns ratio, lower than the motor current
(current through CT1) by a factor of 0.7158. In accordance
with Kirchhoff's current law, the remaining current (ISp = (1 -
0.7158) IM = 0.2842 IM) flows through the current transformer
CT3.
Figure 7.2/1 summarizes the distribution of the voltage and
current.

Setting of the Protection Functions
Configuration of the Device in DIGSI and Basic Settings ters/Device settings. This setting is to be kept for all
The minimum hardware requirements are derived from Figure the parameterization. This makes it easier for the setting action
7.1/1. The device must have 4 voltage inputs and 12 current because the setting value is calculated only on the primary. If
inputs. In addition, one interface (USART or Ethernet) is required you want to use the secondary setting values for test purposes,
for communication with the RTD unit. In the minimum case, this you can switch to secondary after completing parameterization
can also be the interface J (Ethernet). The number of binary in DIGSI 5. Percent or per-unit values always refer to the primary
inputs and outputs comes from the necessary input signals, trip- reference value (object) for all setting modes.
7.3 ping actions, and indications. These must be specified for each The following steps must be completed (for details, also see
application. Furthermore, communication with a control system chapter Configuration of the Device in DIGSI and Basic Settings,
(for example, using Ethernet) is to be provided. If local control is Page 54):
used, there are devices with a large display. 100 function points
are needed for the required functionality.
• Measuring-points routing: Addition of the 3rd current meas-
uring point (3-phase + IN) and modification of the voltage
If a device is specified, the product code (7SK85, 7SX85) is measuring point (3 phase-to-ground voltage + VN)
available. Create a project using DIGSI 5 and configure the
device. Select Differential protection and current • Function-group connections: Connect the 3rd current meas-
measurement, voltage measurement as the application uring point to the FG Motor side 2 and Motor side 2 to the FG
template. After this, delete unused functions under the param- Motor diff. 1
eter Motor (stator) and add additional functions from the • Parameters/System data: Enter the data for the voltage and
library (Overvoltage, 3-phase; Overvoltage V0>). As the differen- current transformers.
tial protection processes 3 sides, add the FG Motor side 2.
• Make the appropriate settings for all function groups in the
General setting sheet under Parameters. According to Figure
1, the neutral-point current transformer (CT1) is grounded
in the Motor direction (parameterNeutral point in
dir.of ref.obj = Yes). With the motor under load, the
active and reactive power consumed is shown as negative in
this FG. To obtain positive operational measured values, set
the parameter P, Q sign in the FG Motor (stator).
The current transformer of motor side 1 points in the motor
direction. For this reason, the power flowing in the motor
direction is counted as positive in this FG. If the parameter
P, Q sign = not inverted, the operational measured
values are displayed as positive. The parameter P, Q sign
only affects the sign of the operational measured values. It
does not generally interfere in the protection functions (for
example, power direction, underexcitation).
After this, you may start parameterization of the individual
protection functions.
Parameterization of the Differential Protection

The differential protection was discussed in chapter Differen-
tial Protection, Page 40. In the previous design, the differen-
tial protection was implemented with 2 legs using CT1 and
CT2 according to Figure 7.1/1. The current distribution during
startup creates a differential current that runs near to the
operate curve. The following relationships result for SIPROTEC 5.
[fo_parametrierung_Idiff, 1, en_US]
The RMS value of the maximum current from one side is used
as the restraint current. During startup, this is the motor current,
measured at the neutral point. The mismatch can be estimated
using the current distribution.
[sc_ausgewaehlte-fkt-gruppen, 1, en_US]
Figure 7.3/1 Selected Functionality and Function Groups
[fo_Fehlanpassung_Idiff-Istab, 1, en_US]
Before you start with parameterization, switch the param-
eter Mode from Secondary to Primary under Parame-

A fault record for one motor startup was available from

a SIPROTEC 4 device (7UM62). This was adapted to the
SIPROTEC 5 method of measurement. Figure 7.3/2 shows the
current curve in the Diff. current/Restraint current diagram. In
addition to the characteristic curves, the straight line for the
mismatch resulting from an ideal motor startup is also shown.
7.3
[dw_Kennl-anlaufstrom_phs-L2, 1, en_US]
Figure 7.3/3 Starting Current in Phase B
Compared to the previous solution (2-leg), a better restraint

for all operating states of the motor and insensitivity to current-
transformer saturation is achieved by changing to a teed
feeder design. The neutral-point current INP (CT3) from the
starting transformer is linked into the differential protection.
This precisely satisfies Kirchhoff's current law.
Figure 7.3/4 shows the starting current for the teed feeder
design. You can clearly see the larger interval to the operate
curves and the differential current runs in parallel to the
restraint axis. The current-transformer saturation also leads for
[dw_Kennl-diff-stab_2-Beinausfuehrung, 1, en_US] phase B (5 sampled values) to a brief exceedance of the tripping
Figure 7.3/2 Differential Current/Restraint Current for a 2-Leg Design characteristic curve. This state is easily controlled by saturation
detection. The differential protection is clearly more stable in
In the specific case, the starting current was shifted (direct- the teed feeder design. For this application, raising the charac-
current element). This leads to a higher restraint action due to teristic curve during motor startup is also recommended (brown
the RMS-value calculation for the restraint current. During the characteristic curve in Figure 7.3/4).
startup, the current transformer in phase B entered saturation
and the operate curve was clearly exceeded. Figure 7.3/3 shows
the currents of phase B for the measuring points CT1 and CT2.
The differential protection remains stable despite exceeding the
tripping characteristic curve because additional measures take
action:
• Saturation detection: The starting current of phase B has
passed out of the additional restraint area into the trip area.
For such a curve, the differential protection is blocked for an
adjustable time.
• Raising the characteristic curve during the motor startup:
During motor startup, the restraint characteristic curve is
raised for the starting time by an adjustable factor (2 in this
case).
This means that a 2-leg solution is possible.
[dw_Kennl-diff-stab_3-Beinausfuehrung, 1, en_US]
Figure 7.3/4 Differential Current/Restraint Current for the Teed Feeder

Design

The parameters for the sides of the teed feeder design are all Parameterization of the Sensitive Ground-Fault Protection
the same and must be set as follows:
The motor is connected to the 11-kV busbar via a transformer.
Since the motor is galvanically isolated from the busbar via
the infeed transformer, it is sufficient to use only the residual
voltage for the sensitive ground-fault protection. To reliably
detect ground faults in the motor, a protection range of about
85 % is targeted (also see Figure 4.1/1). However, coupling
7.3 [sc_Nennscheinleistung_SN, 1, en_US] disturbance voltage from the 11-kV side influences the protec-
tion range. A ground fault on the 11-kV side causes a distur-
The rated apparent power consumed is calculated according to bance voltage on the 3.3-kV side of the transformer. The magni-
SrM = √3 * VrM * IrM tude of the disturbance voltage is determined by the capacitor
voltage divider: Coupling capacitance CC between the 11-kV and
As already discussed in chapter Differential Protection, Page 40,
the 3.3-kV windings and the ground capacitance Cgnd (domi-
you can keep the default settings. Switch on the startup detec-
nant: rotor ground capacitance of the motor). The disturbing
tion and adapt to the maximum starting time. With the voltage
influence is limited by a load resistor RL in the broken-delta
reduced to 57 % VrM, the starting time is 28 s. It is set to 30 s
winding of the voltage transformer (or of a grounding trans-
(Figure 7.3/5). former) and thus ensures the protection range. Figure 7.3/7
shows the simplified equivalent circuit referenced to the primary
voltage.
[dw_Ersatzschalt-bedaempfung-Stoerbeeinflussung, 1, en_US]
Figure 7.3/7 Equivalent Circuit for Attenuating the Disturbing Influence
The necessary size of the load resistor can be estimated in a

simple matter as follows:
• Primary-side ground current ICprim during a ground fault on the
11-kV side (if no data is available, a coupling capacitance of Cc
= 10 nF can be used for calculation.)
[sc_einstell-Anlauferkennung_Idiff, 1, en_US]
• Conversion of the ground current to the secondary circuit of
Figure 7.3/5 Stage Idiff, Setting of the Startup Detection the delta winding ICsec
The tripping stage Idiff fast is set above the maximum starting
current. As the motor startup uses a reduced voltage (VM =
0.7158 * Vnet), a starting current of IAM ≈ 5 IrM is assumed for the
setting. The setting value is 1.1 * IAM/IrM = 1.1 * 5 = 5.5 (Figure
7.3/6).
• Required load resistor for a protection range S = 85 %. A
safety margin SF = 1.5 is used in the calculation.
• Required power
[sc_einstell-schwellwert-Idiff, 1, en_US]
The load resistor on the broken-delta winding is approx. 26 Ω
Figure 7.3/6 Stage Idiff Fast, Setting of the Threshold
and the voltage transformer has a power of at least 380 VA.
The sensitive ground-fault protection V0> is set to 15 % of the
zero-sequence voltage and delayed by 0.3 s.

Motors can easily be operated continuously with a negative-

sequence current of I2, perm = 10 % I2/IrM. A warning indica-
[fo_Schwellwert, 1, en_US] tion (recommendation: 10 s) is issued after a delay when
the threshold value is exceeded. The parameter Unbalanced
This results in the following setting values for the function load factor K is set to 2 s. This means that the protection
Overvoltage V0 1: trips in 2 s when the negative-sequence current is 100 %.
The parameter Cooling time therm.replica should 7.3

generally be calculated using the following equation and results
in the following value:
[fo_Abkühlzeit therm_01, 1, en_US]
[sc_einstell-fkt-ueberspg-U0, 1, en_US]
The function Unbalanced-load protection 1 has the following
Figure 7.3/8 Setting Function Overvoltage -V0 1 setting values:
Stator Overload Protection (Function Overload Protection A

1)
The continuously permissible current is specified with 650 A.
This leads to a k factor of 650 A/591 A = 1.1. The thermal
time constant is 12 min and the thermal time constant by
cooling is 60 min. The current warning threshold is oriented
[sc_einstellwert_Schieflastschutz, 1, en_US]
on the maximum continuously permissible current of 650 A.
The parameter Imax thermal limits the input current for the Figure 7.3/10 Setting Values of the Unbalanced-Load Protection
thermal replica. It is set to the value for the startup detection
of (1.5 * IrM = 1.5 * 591 A ≈ 900 A). The parameter Imin Restart Inhibit
cooling controls the switchover to the thermal time constant The protection function is set in 2 functions in SIPROTEC 5. All
by cooling if the current drops below the value. This applies to the parameters relevant for the thermal rotor replica are entered
the standstill. For this reason, a setting of approx. 10 % of the in the function Th.repli.rotor. Special parameters are contained
motor rated current is set as the threshold: 0.1 IrM = 0.1 * 591 A in the function Restart inhibit to define its behavior.
= 59 A. The setting value is below the no-load current of 93 A.
According to Table 7.1/2, 3 cold startups and 2 warm startups
In case of a supply-voltage failure, the current thermal replica are allowed. The motor starts up at the reduced voltage. With
must be saved. You can leave the default setting for the rest of 57 % voltage, the starting current is specified as 3.7 I/IrM and
the parameters. The function Emergency start is not used. 28 s.
For the specific application example, startup is always under
partial load. Figure 7.3/11 shows the appropriate record of the
positive-sequence current I1 of the infeed (CT2) and the positive-
sequence voltage V1 for the motor startup. In addition, you can
see the connection of QA2 in the right current peak.
[sc_einstellwert-ueberlastschutz, 1, en_US]
No information is provided in the technical data regarding an
unbalanced load. For this reason, the setting recommendations
of chapter Unbalanced-Load Protection, Page 26 are used.

7.3
[sc_einstellwert_therm_Abbild-laeufer, 1, en_US]
Figure 7.3/12 Setting Values, Thermal Replica, Rotor

[sc_motoranlauf, 1, en_US]
the described thermal replica of the rotor. In General, retain
Figure 7.3/11 Motor Startup the default setting for the parameter Autom. restart
inhibit. The setting No is used for special applications,
A current of approx. 1.35 kA flowed through CT2. Converted for example, blocking another circuit breaker (see the Device
via the transformation ratio of the starting transformer, a motor manual).
current of 1.35 kA/ 0.7158 = 1.89 kA results. This is 3.2 times
The parameter Min. restart inhibit time takes effect
the motor rated current ((IAM = 1890 A/ 591 A ≈ 3.2)). The
with the lockout active and has an OR link to the blocking time
starting time was approx. 13.5 s. of the thermal replica. It acts for a longer time. If not specified
According to chapter Thermal Stressing of Motors and Protec- otherwise, 15 min is set.
tion Functions, Page 20, the values for the reduced voltage
must be used as the starting current and the associated starting
time. With this and according to Table 7.1/2, the setting value
3.7 results for the parameter Start.cur./mot.rated cur.
and 28 s for the associated starting time. If the motor starts
with a partial load according to Figure 7.3/11, the thermal limits
are not reached. The restart inhibit allows a higher number of
startups (8 in this case).
The parameter Factor T-const. standstill acts on the
thermal time constant by cooling (extension factor) when the
[sc_einstellpara_fkt-Wiedereinschaltsperre, 1, en_US]
motor is running. Keep the default setting = 2. In this way,
more time is given to cooling with the motor running. If the Figure 7.3/13 Setting Parameters of the Function Restart Inhibit
motor is at a standstill, cooling takes considerably longer. For
this reason, the value 5 is selected for the parameter Factor Starting Time Supervision
T-const. standstill. The value is adapted to the stator The function 48 Start.time sup. is set to be greater than the
ratio (60 min/12 min = 5). occurring starting times and less than the locked rotor times.
After every motor disconnection, an equilibrium time starts. The Figure 7.3/11 shows that the motor starts up under partial load
thermal replica is not updated (the state is retained) during this in approx. 13.5 s & 3.2 I/IrM. The following times are selected
time. Afterwards, the cooling action uses the extended thermal with the information according to Table 7.1/2 under considera-
time constant by cooling. The default setting for the equilibrium tion of a safety factor.
time of 1 min is a feasible value.
In case of a supply-voltage failure, the calculated temperature in Motor Starting Locked Locked Setting Setting
Current Time Rotor Rotor Value, Value,
percent is to be saved. For this reason, the parameter Storage
Time, Time,
of thermal replica must be set to Yes. Warm Cold
Warm Cold
The parameter Tempr.thres. cold motor is evaluated 3.70 I/IrM 28 s 21 s 29 s 18 s 25 s
during starting time supervision. During the typical startups
(max.
(3 cold, 2 warm), the default setting of 25 % is feasible. If
load)
the motor is operated for a longer time at rated current, the
percentage temperature of the rotor will reach approx. 35 %.
This exceeds the 25-% threshold and the motor state is warm. The tripping time can be calculated for each starting current
using the following relationship (example: warm).

according to Figure 7.1/1. Processing of the measured tempera-

tures is handled by the function RTD unit serial in the function
[fo_anlaufzeitueberwachung_18s, 1, en_US] group Analog Units. The function group Analog Units
ISt, Set Setting value for the starting current (3.7 I/IrM) appears automatically as soon as the SUP protocol has been
added to hardware and protocols.
tSt, Set Setting value for the selected starting time (18 s)
The function RTD unit serial, on the other hand, must be
I Measured starting current referenced to IrM taken from the library in the FG Analog Units and must
7.3
be uploaded to the FG Analog Units. The communication
The starting time monitoring is started when a current settings are set in the function RTD unit serial , under
threshold is exceeded. As this threshold value is required General. These settings must be adapted for the specific appli-
for determining possible operating states of the motor, the cation. The sensor type must be set for each sensor. Type Pt100
setting is made in the function Motor monitor. The motor sensors are used.
always starts at a reduced voltage (startup at 3.2 * IrM). For
this reason, the parameter Curr.thres.starting is set
to 1.5 * IrM = 1.5 * 591 A = 887 A.
[sc_fkt_anlaufzeitueberwachung, 1, en_US]
In the function 48 Start.time sup., make the following settings:

• The parameter Max. locked rotor time is released via [sc_einstell_sensoren_fkt-analoge-umformer, 1, en_US]
the binary input > Rotor blocked. This release is not used. For
safety reasons, the locked rotor time, warm, is used and set to Figure 7.3/15 Setting the Sensors under the Function Group Analog
Units
21 s.
• The parameter Start.cur./mot.rated cur. is the refer- The temperature threshold values are set in the function group
ence value for the characteristic curve (see the equation Motor (stator) 1 in the function Temperature supervision 1.
above). It is 3.7 I/IrM. The associated time is set using the The parameter Sensor location is used as information. In
parameter Max.str.time, warm motor. 18 s for warm the application, there are 6 sensors (2 per phase) in the stator
and 25 s for cold were selected. Using the 2nd setting value, winding and 4 sensors in the bearings (2 on each side). The
somewhat greater thermal reserve is provided for a heavy- parameter Sensor is used to assign the sensor used by the RTD
duty startup from the cold state. unit. The temperature for the alarm indication is set using the
• Under restart inhibit, in the function Th.repli.rotor, the parameter Threshold stage 1 and the time delay using the
parameter Tempr.thres. cold motor was discussed. The parameter Tripping delay st1. Stage 2 is used for tripping.
setting value for the percentage of rotor temperature is 25 %. Specification of the thermal class F/B means that, with F
A switchover of the characteristic curves is used. (designed), the maximum permissible stator temperature is
155 °C and, with B (operated), the temperature is 130 °C. In the
case of the bearings, the temperatures depend on the bearing
type.
In practice, the stator temperatures are measured under rated
load Θload and set to Θload + 10 K (≤ 135 °C) for the warning
and to Θload + 20 K (≤ 145 °C) for tripping. Table 7.3/1 shows
the recommended setting values. Make any adaptations during
[sc_einstellpara_fkt_anlaufzeitueberwachung, 1, en_US]
commissioning if necessary.
Figure 7.3/14 Setting Parameters of the Function Starting Time Supervi-
sion
Temperature Supervision
The winding and bearing temperatures are measured using an
RTD unit that is connected to the device via a serial interface

Measuring Point Temperature Time Delay Temperature Time Delay

Warning Warning Tripping Tripping
Stator winding 135 °C 20 s 145 °C 5s
Journal bearing 90 °C 20 s 95 °C 5s
Rolling bearing 105 °C 20 s 115 °C 5s
7.3
Table 7.3/1 Recommended Setting Values
Figure 7.3/16 shows an example of the setting for a sensor Undervoltage Protection
(stator winding).
A stage is used as the warning stage in the function 27
Undervolt.-V1 . The protection function evaluates the positive-
sequence voltage.
As shown in Figure 7.3/11, the undervoltage on the transformer
dips to approx. 1.7 kV during startup. For this reason, the
threshold value is selected to be somewhat lower.
Parameter Recommendation Setting Value

[sc_einstell_Sensormesstelle-staenderwicklung_analog, 1, en_US] Operate & yes yes
flt.rec.
Figure 7.3/16 Setting of a Sensor Measuring Point (Stator Winding) blocked
Threshold V ≤ 0.9 VrM/√3 V ≤ 0.85 * 3.3 kV/√3 ≈1.6 kV
In the function Temperature supervision, keep in mind that value
pickup of the stages does not lead to fault logging and the Dropout ratio 1.02 1.02
operate indication does not flow into the trip logic of the
device. Required routings must be performed in the information
routing.
A smaller dropout ratio allows a faster dropout if the value
Parameterization of the Voltage Protection briefly drops below the threshold.
The following settings are based on the recommendations in

chapter Voltage Protection, Page 42.
Overvoltage Protection
The function 59 Overvolt.-3ph uses the stage Independent 1
as the warning indication. This results in the following settings.
Parameter Recommendation Setting Value [sc_einstell_unterspannungsschutz_stufe1, 1, en_US]

Operate & yes yes
flt.rec. Figure 7.3/18 Setting of the Undervoltage Protection
blocked
Threshold V ≥ 1.1 VrM V ≥ 1.1 * 3.3 kV = 3.63 kV Summary of the Current-Based Protection Functions
value Figure 7.3/19 shows the tripping times depending on the motor
Dropout ratio 0.98 0.98 current for the protection functions Overload, Starting time
Operate delay 10.00 s 10.00 s supervision, and Differential protection.
[sc_einstell_ueberspannungsschutz_unabhaengig, 1, en_US]
Figure 7.3/17 Setting the Overvoltage Protection

Setting of the Protection Functions – Summary of the Current-Based Protection Functions
7.3
[dw_Kennl-Einstell_strombasierenden-Schutzfkt, 1, en_US]
Figure 7.3/19 Setting of the Current-Based Protection Functions
Literature
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornd%C3%B6rfer_autotransformer_starter

Protection of Synchronous Motors
Protection of Synchronous Motors other motor protection devices 7SK82/85 and 7SX800, the
7UM85/7SX85 have underexcitation protection and rotor
This chapter discusses the protection design for synchro-
ground-fault protection.
nous motors. The main point of focus is the underexcita-
tion protection and rotor ground fault. Setting recommenda-
tions are provided for the other protection functions. Synchro- System Implementation and Protection Scope
nous motors perform various tasks in the raw-materials and Figure 8.1/1 shows as an example the system configuration and
processing industries, in power-generation plants, and in infra- the protection design for a synchronous motor. The synchro-
structure. In the area of high performance requirements for the nous motor is connected to a 10-kV busbar. There are different
motor-drive mechanism, synchronous motors with a power of starting processes for starting the motor. These include direct
up to 50 MW are preferred for use. These motors have the starting, startup with a starting transformer (auto transformer),
benefit that they can easily be controlled regarding the voltage and startup using a starting-frequency converter. In the first
8.1 and have an active influence on the reactive-power balance. 2 methods, the machine starts as an asynchronous motor and,
From the SIPROTEC 5 family, the modular protection devices after reaching the rated speed, the excitation is connected.
7UM85 and 7SX85 can be used. In comparison to the Then, the motor pulls into synchronism.
[dw_Anlagenausführung und Schutzumfang, 2, en_US]
Figure 8.1/1 System Implementation and Protection Scope

The example shows startup with a reduced voltage using an tions for startup as an asynchronous motor. The typical protec-
auto transformer. The protection device shown displays the tion functions for synchronous motor operation run in the FG
internal structure with the measuring points and the connection Generator stator. The rotor ground-fault protection requires the
to the transformers, the required function groups (FG) and their FG V/I 1-ph.
connection, and the protection functions (shown using ANSI
numbers). The FG Motor (stator) contains the protection func-
The following protection functions are used:

Restart inhibit (with thermal model) 66 8.1
Unbalanced-load protection 46
Underexcitation protection 40
Directional sensitive ground-fault protection 67Ns
Differential protection 87M
Undervoltage protection (warning and tripping) 27
Overvoltage protection (warning) 59
Rotor ground-fault protection 64F
Overcurrent protection 50/51
Table 8.1/1 Overview of the Protection Functions
The following data are available for the synchronous motor:
Data Abbreviation Value

Rated voltage VrM 10 kV
Rated current IrM 731 A
Maximum continuously permissible current IrM, max 1.12 IrM
Operation S1
Starting time at 0.69 VrM 55.0 s
Permissible number of startups cold/warm 2/1
Starting current at 0.69 VrM 2.13 I/IrM
Locked rotor time at 2.13 I/IrM from the characteristic curve cold/warm (12/10) s
Transformer ratio, auto transformer VM/Vnet 0.78
Short-circuit power at the 10-kV busbar Ssc 222 MVA
Continuously permissible unbalanced load I2perm. 8%
Unbalanced load in case of a fault (I2/IrM)2 t 20 s

Configuration of the Device in DIGSI and Basic Settings Protection Functions during Motor Startup (FG Motor
(Stator))
The minimum hardware requirements are derived from Figure
8.1/1. The device must have 4 voltage inputs and 8 current Restart Inhibit
inputs. The number of binary inputs and outputs comes from
The protection function is set in 2 functions in SIPROTEC 5. All
the necessary trip initiations, tripping actions, and indications.
the parameters relevant for the thermal rotor replica are entered
These must be specified for each application. Furthermore,
in the function Th.repli.rotor.
communication with a control system (for example, using
Ethernet) is to be provided. If local control is used, there are According to Table 8.1/2, 2 cold startups and 1 warm startup are
devices with a large display. 125 function points are needed for allowed. The motor starts up at the reduced voltage. With 69 %
the required functionality. voltage, the starting current is specified as 2.13 I/IrM (param-
eter Start.cur./mot.rated cur.) and the starting time is
If a device is specified, the product code (7UM85, 7SX85) is
available. Create a project using DIGSI 5 and configure the specified as 55 s. The number of possible startups is usually valid
also at reduced voltage (if necessary, clarify this with the motor
device. Select the application template Generator busbar
manufacturer). Normally, this puts a higher thermal load on the
8.2 connection 4 V 8I . After this, delete unused function
motor. To fully exploit the thermal reserve of the motor, the
groups and add the function groups specific to motor protection
values for reduced voltage are used in this case.
according to Figure 8.1/1. Then, update the protection func-
tionality, the measuring-point routing, and the function-group Leave the parameter Factor T-const. at oper. at the
connections in every FG. default setting of 2. If the motor is at a standstill, cooling takes
considerably longer. For this reason, the parameter Factor
T-const. standstill is set to the value of 15, which is
adapted to the ratio of the stator (300 min/20 min = 15).
The default setting applies for the rest of the parameters. With
2 permissible cold starts, the rotor temperature in the warm
state (after 1 start) is about 56 %. If you set the temperature
threshold for the cold motor to 35 %, there is sufficient reserve
to the 56 %.
[sc_einstellwert_therm_Abbild-laeufer_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.2/2 Setting Values, Thermal Replica, Rotor

the described thermal replica of the rotor. The setting minimum
restart inhibit time becomes active during restart inhibit, that is
when the thermal restart limit is exceeded and after the motor
has been switched off. It has an OR link to the restart inhibit
time from the thermal model. The longer of the 2 times keeps
the blocking active until the end. A minimum blocking time of
30 min is assumed because of the long thermal time constant by
[sc_ausgewaehlte-fkt-gruppen_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
cooling.
Figure 8.2/1 Selected Functionality and Function Groups
Before you start with parameterization, switch the parameter

Mode from Secondary to Primary under Settings/Device
settings. This setting must be kept for all the parameteriza- [sc_einstellpara_fkt-Wiedereinschaltsperre_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
tion. Before you start with parameterization of the protection
functions, it is recommended to enter the power-system data in Figure 8.2/3 Setting Parameters of the Function Restart Inhibit
every function group under General.
Starting time supervision
You can see from the technical data that the locked rotor case
is thermally critical for the motor. This means that the regular

starting time (55 s at 0.69 VrM) is higher than the maximum

locked rotor time (12 s / 10 s at the same voltage). The locked
rotor signal (derived from the tachometer) is coupled into the
protection system via the binary input > Rotor locked and conse-
quently, the time is activated according to the parameter Max.
locked rotor time = 10 s.
As the locked rotor time is less than the starting time with
the rotor turning, these values are not suitable for specifying
a maximum starting time. Appropriate information from the
manufacturer is missing and for this reason, it is assumed that
the rotor can withstand at least the thermal load of the startup
at a reduced voltage according to the data sheet. In this case,
10 % extra is assumed as the maximum starting time. This
results in a starting time of approx. 61 s. 8.2
The characteristic curve applies for the states of warm and cold.
The resulting starting times of the protection function must be
checked for the 2 specified starting currents (for the calculation,
see the preceding chapters).
Motor Current Starting Time Setting Value Setting Value

Starting Current Starting Time
3.2 I/IrM 16 s 3.2 I/IrM 27 s (calcu-
lated)
2.13 I/IrM 55 s 61 s (=
55 s * 1.1)
The starting time supervision is started when a current

threshold is exceeded. As this threshold value is required
for determining possible operating states of the motor,
the setting is made in the function Motor monitor.
The motor always starts with a reduced voltage. For
this reason, the parameter Curr.thres.starting is set
to 1.5 * IrM = 1.5 * 731 A = 1096 A.
The following setting values result for the function 48

Start.time sup.:
[sc_fkt_anlaufzeitueberwachung_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
[sc_einstellpara_fkt_anlaufzeitueberwachung_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.2/4 Setting Parameters of the Function Starting Time Supervi-

sion

Parameterizations
Parameterization of the Thermal Protection Functions in Parameterization of the Underexcitation Protection

Synchronous-Motor Operation
The out-of-step condition or asynchronous operation was
Stator Overload Protection (Function Overload Protection A 1) discussed in detail in chapter Out-of-Step Conditions of Synchro-
nous Motors, Page 12 and it was determined that the under-
The continuously permissible current is specified as 1.12 IrM. This
excitation protection controlled the various outage scenarios.
results in the k factor of 1.12. The thermal time constant is 20
For example, if the excitation fails, the permissible operating
min and the thermal time constant by cooling is 300 min. The
limits are exceeded and the synchronous motor begins to slip
current warning threshold is oriented on the maximum continu-
(asynchronous operation). It is put under an impermissible load
ously permissible current (1.12 * 731 A ≈ 820 A). The parameter
and can initiate oscillations in the connected electrical power
Imax thermal limits the input current for the thermal replica.
system. As for the synchronous generator, the permissible limits
It is set to the value for the startup detection of (1.5 * IrM = for the synchronous motor are described by the capability
1.5 * 731 A ≈1100 A). The parameter Imin cooling controls diagram.
the switchover to the thermal time constant by cooling if the
The graphical representation of the capability diagram differs
current drops below the value. This applies to the standstill.
from manufacturer to manufacturer. For this reason, you must
For this reason, a setting of approx. 10% of the motor rated
pay attention to the axis labels. In Figure 8.3/3, the active power
current is set as the threshold (0.1 IrM = 0.1 * 731 A = 73 A). An
8.3 is on the y-axis and, at the same time, mirrored by 180° (now
emergency start is not intended and, for this reason, keep the identical with the generator capability diagram). This method of
default setting (Emerg. start T overtravel). representation has the benefit that the practical stability limit is
easier to see (2nd quadrant).
In addition, you must keep in mind that the generator refer-
ence-arrow system applies to generator protection. This means
that active and reactive powers fed into the electrical power
system have positive values (normal operation: +P, +Q). If the
protected object is a synchronous motor and if it is operated at
the rated operating point (overexcited), the synchronous motor
uses the active power (-P) and feeds the reactive power (+Q) to
the electrical power system. Figure 8.3/4 describes the different
states. In underexcited motor operation, both active power (-P)
and reactive power (-Q) are received. As result, the synchronous
[sc_einstellwert-ueberlastschutz_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US] motor is capable of compensating reactive power and so to
control the voltage in an electrical power system.
During startup as an asynchronous motor, the motor uses active
Unbalanced-Load Protection and reactive power (-P, -Q) from the electrical power system.
In turn, this means that underexcitation protection must be
The same data as for a synchronous generator apply to the
blocked during startup.
unbalanced-load protection of a synchronous motor. The data
are provided using a characteristic curve. According to Table It is recommended to connect (CT1) in accordance with Figure
8.1/2, the continuously permissible negative-sequence current 8.1/1 and to operate with the generator reference-arrow
is specified as I2, perm = 8 % I2/IrM and the characteristic curve is system. The characteristic curves for underexcitation protection
are implemented so that they cover both the generator opera-
specified as (I2/IrM)2 * t = 20 s.
tion and the motor operation (mirrored on the x-axis).
The following value results for the parameter Cooling time

therm.replica:
[fo_Abkühlzeit therm, 1, en_US]
The function 46 Unbalan. load has the following setting values:
[sc_einstellwert_Schieflastschutz_syncrhonmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.3/2 Setting Values of the Unbalanced-Load Protection

Parameterizations
(VrM = 10 kV, IrM = 731 A, fr = 50 Hz, Cosϕ = 0.95; Underex-

cited: --- theoretical, --- practical stability limit)
8.3
[dw_Kennl_Synchronmotors in Per Unit, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.3/3 Capability Diagram of the Synchronous

Motor in Per Unit (Salient-Pole Machine)
[dw_Definition Erzeugerzählpfeilsystem, 2, en_US]
Figure 8.3/4 Definition of the Generator Reference-Arrow System
The underexcitation protection is designed such that the setting to slip. In this case, tripping occurs after a short delay (for
values can be read directly from the per-unit illustration of the example, 0.3 s).
capability diagram and a good adaptation to the stability limits is
Division by zero must be avoided by the conductance calculation
possible. How close you come to the limit depends on whether
(I/V). For this reason, the protection function is blocked if the
the motor is also being used for reactive-power compensation.
voltage drops below a minimum voltage. As the threshold value,
In this respect, the underexcitation limit of the voltage controller
25 % of the positive-sequence voltage has proven effective.
must have a minimum safety interval of 10 % to the character-
istic curve of the protection.
Figure 8.3/5 shows the characteristic curves entered into the
capability diagram. When taking over the values, keep in mind [fo_Leitwertberechnung_I-U, 1, en_US]
that the sign of the x-axis is inverted by the transformation
of the capability diagram into the admittance diagram. The The resulting setting values for the underexcitation protection
numerical values remain unchanged by the per-unit illustration. are summarized in Figure 8.3/5.
If the characteristic curves 1 or 2 are exceeded, the protection
is delayed (for example, 3 s) so that, in case of a slight exceed-
ance, the voltage controller can move the machine back into the
stable operating range. When exceeding characteristic curve 3,
the problems with excitation are greater and the motor begins

Parameterizations
During motor startup, the following mismatch occurs because of

the auto transformer with the transformer ratio of 0.78.
[fo_Parametrierung des Differentialschutzes, 2, en_US]
The slope of the characteristic curve 1 is set to 0.3. The

characteristic curve is raised if motor startup is detected. The
default setting of 2 provides a sufficient safety factor. The
starting time is set to 60 s, which is greater than the starting
time at a reduced voltage (55 s). In addition, the current trans-
formers must be designed so that saturation is avoided (see
chapter Current-Transformer Requirements for Motor Protec-
tion, Page 44).
As you can leave the default settings for the differential protec-
8.3 tion, the following figure shows the adapted setting for the
[dw_Kennl_Untererregungsschutzes, 1, en_US]
startup detection.
Figure 8.3/5 Characteristic Curves Entered for Underexcitation Protec-
tion
(1) Characteristic curve 1

[sc_einstell-Anlauferkennung_Idiff_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.3/7 Stage I-DIFF, Setting of the Startup Detection
The stage I-DIFF fast is set above the maximum starting current
(>3.2 I/IrM). Values of 4 I/IrM were selected. The pickup margin is
high because a high short-circuit current (222 MVA/ (√3 10 kV)
≈ 12.8 kA ≈ 17.5 I/IrM) flows due to the large short-circuit power
of the infeed.
[sc_einstell-schwellwert-Idiff_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.3/8 Stage I-DIFF Fast, Setting of the Threshold
Parameterization of the Sensitive Ground-Fault Protection

[sc_einstellwert-untererregungsschutz_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
The 10-kV partial network is of isolated design. A directional
Figure 8.3/6 Setting Values of the Underexcitation Protection sensitive ground-fault protection is required for selective sensi-
tive ground-fault detection. To reliably detect ground faults in
Parameterization of the Differential Protection the entire outgoing motor circuit (auto transformer, cables,
The differential protection was discussed in detail in the motor), the ground current must be measured directly after the
preceding chapter Motor Startup via Three-Switch Method using circuit breaker (QA1) (see Figure 8.1/1). A Holmgreen-connec-
a Starting Transformer (Korndörfer Starter), Page 65. If a tion current transformer must be used. Order this as a 3-phase
machine is used alternately as a generator and as a motor, current transformer with turns correction (TU match or three-
for example, in a pumped-storage hydropower plant, either unit match). In a symmetric load case, the secondary meas-
the generator differential protection or the motor differential uring current must be near zero. A small transformation ratio is
protection can be used as the differential protection system selected because of the low primary ground-fault currents (see
because both functions are identical except for the name. It is Figure 8.3/9). Although the secondary rated current is 5 A, it is
not necessary, for example, to activate both differential protec- recommended to leave the sensitive ground-current input at the
tion functions on an alternating basis. protection device set to 1 A because, at 1 A, the measurement
resolution is greater and, as a result, small ground currents are
The 2-leg design is implemented according to Figure 8.1/1.
detected better in case of faults near to the neutral point (see
below, 25 mA secondary). The measuring range is not exceeded
with an assumed 15 A primary current. With the transformer

Parameterizations
data, the primary and secondary rated currents must be set

smaller by a factor of 5 (80 A/1 A).
The ground-current generation is designed such that a
maximum primary active current of 3I0, max = 15 A flows. The
protection range is S = 80 %. For hints on designing the
grounding equipment, refer to chapter Isolated Neutral Point
and Grounding Transformer, Page 32.
The grounding equipment has the following data:
• Load impedance of 2.94 Ω with a current-carrying capacity of
170 A for 10 s
• Grounding transformer with a power of 85 kVA for 10 s
8.3
[sc_einstell_gericht-Erdschlussschutz_Synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]

tion
[dw_I-Wdl-Holmgreenschaltung, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.3/9 Current Transformer in Holmgreen Connection Parameterization of the Voltage Protection
Determination of the pickup values for a protection range of The following settings are based on the recommendations in
S = 80%. A safety margin SF = 1.5 is selected for the current chapter Voltage Protection, Page 42 and chapter Parameteriza-
pickup value. tion of Voltage Protection, Page 61.
Overvoltage Protection
The function 59 Overvolt.-3ph uses the Independent 1 stage
as the warning indication. For calculating the setting value, see
the preceding chapters
[fo_I-ansprechwerte-schutzsbereich, 1, en_US]
With the transformer ratio of 80 (400 A/ 5 A), the secondary

tripping current is 25 mA.
In the function SES 90%MS-1ph 1, the stage 3I0> ϕ(VI)1 is
selected. The function uses the zero-sequence current from the
input I-SES and the zero-sequence voltage from the voltage
input V-3ph. As discussed further in chapter Parameterization of
the Sensitive Ground-Fault Protection , Page 59, the stage V0>1 [sc_einstell_ueberspannungsschutz_unabhaengig_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
is used as the ground-fault indication and for disconnection of Figure 8.3/11 Setting the Overvoltage Protection
the load resistor. The load resistor is disconnected after 10 s.
Undervoltage Protection
The function 27 Undervolt.-V1 uses 2 stages. The protection
function evaluates the positive-sequence voltage.
Stage 1 is parameterized as a warning stage and set to approx.
85 % of the voltage (0.85 * 10 kV/√3 = 4.9 kV; the voltage
measured during the start is the voltage in the electrical power
system, not the reduced motor voltage) because, during motor
startup, the voltage on the busbars can dip by up to 10 %. The
2nd stage trips to disconnect the motor in case of an outage
of the electrical power system infeed. After restoration of the
electrical power system, there can be a restart as an asynchro-
nous motor. As the synchronous motor feeds in a short-circuit
current over a longer time in case of faults in the 10-kV electrical
power system, the stage must have sufficient delay. A value

Parameterizations
of 3 s is selected. The coordination with the high-speed switch- This results in the following setting values:
over equipment must be kept in mind. Consider the descrip-
tions in chapter Undervoltage Protection, Page 61. A value of
0.6 VrM (0.6 * 10 kV/√3 = 3.46 kV) is selected for the pickup
value.
8.3
[sc_einstell_Lauefererdschlussschutz_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.3/13 Setting of the Rotor Ground-Fault Protection

[sc_einstell_unterspannungsschutz_stufe1-2_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.3/12 Setting of the Undervoltage Protection Parameterization of the Overcurrent Protection
The overcurrent protection in the FG Motor side 1 is used as
Parameterization of the Rotor Ground-Fault Protection backup protection if the motor feeds back to a short circuit for
The synchronous motor can, in principle, be operated with a too long. The definite-time overcurrent protection stage acts in
ground fault in the rotor winding. However, the double ground parallel with the 2nd stage of the undervoltage protection. The
fault that results in impermissible stresses is critical. For this tripping current is set to 1.3 IrM (1.3 * 713 A ≈ 930 A). As the
reason, the rotor ground-fault protection is of two-stage design motor starting currents are greater than the threshold value, the
(warning and tripping). For detecting rotor ground faults, in the protection function must be blocked during motor startup. Like
example (Figure 8.1/1), a power-frequency voltage is injected for the undervoltage protection, a value of 3 s is selected as the
into the rotor circuit by means of a coupling unit (for example, tripping time.
7XR85). The protection function Rotor ground fault I1
monitors the ground current and reacts in accordance with the
setting. A small ground current flows due to the existing rotor
ground capacitances. If this current is dropped below, a fault
exists in the trip initiation (for example, broken wire or supply-
voltage failure) and a warning indication is issued. You make
this setting under General.
The current pickup values of the protection stages can be esti-
mated as follows.
[sc_einstell_ueberstromzeitschutz_synchronmotorschutz, 1, en_US]
[fo_I-ansprechwerte-schutzstufen, 1, en_US]
Figure 8.3/14 Setting of the Overcurrent Protection (Function
OC-3phase B 1)
The coupling impedance Zcoupling for the 7XR85 is approx. 400 Ω.
Fault Resistance Tripping Current Time Delay

Warning 4 kΩ to 5 kΩ ≈ 10 mA 10 s
Tripping Approx. 1 kΩ ≈ 30 mA 1s

Appendix
Legal Notices
Indication of Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council

of the European Communities on harmonization of the
laws of the Member States concerning electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC Directive 2014/30/EU), restriction on
usage of hazardous substances in electrical and elec-
tronic equipment (RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU), and elec-
trical equipment for use within specified voltage limits
(Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU).
This conformity has been proved by tests performed
according to the Council Directive in accordance with the
product standard EN 60255-26 (for EMC directive), the
standard EN IEC 63000 (for RoHS directive), and with the
product standard EN 60255-27 (for Low Voltage Direc-
tive) by Siemens.
The device is designed and manufactured for application
in an industrial environment.
The product conforms with the international standards
of IEC 60255 and the German standard VDE 0435.
OpenSSL 9.1
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL
Project for use in OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/).
This product includes software written by Tim Hudson
(tjh@cryptsoft.com).
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric
Young (eay@cryptsoft.com).
Disclaimer of Liability
Subject to changes and errors. The information given in this
document only contains general descriptions and/or perform-
ance features which may not always specifically reflect those
described, or which may undergo modification in the course
of further development of the products. The requested perform-
ance features are binding only when they are expressly agreed
upon in the concluded contract.
Copyright
Copyright © Siemens AG 2022.
The disclosure, duplication, distribution and editing of this docu-
ment, or utilization and communication of the content are not
permitted, unless authorized in writing. All rights, including
rights created by patent grant or registration of a utility model
or a design, are reserved.
Trademarks
SIPROTEC, DIGSI, SIGRA, SIGUARD, SIMEAS SAFIR, SICAM, and
MindSphere are trademarks of Siemens. Any unauthorized use is
prohibited.

Published by Subject to changes and errors.
Siemens AG The information given in this document only contains general
Smart Infrastructure descriptions and/or performance features which may not always
Electrification & Automation specifically reflect those described, or which may undergo modifica-
Mozartstr. 31 C tion in the course of further development of the products. The
91052 Erlangen requested performance features are binding only when they are
Germany expressly agreed upon in the concluded contract.
For the U.S. published by

Siemens Industry Inc.
100 Technology Drive
Alpharetta, GA 30005
United States
Our Customer Support Center provides a

24-hour service.
Siemens AG
Smart Infrastructure – Protection Automation
Tel.: +49 911 2155 4466
E-Mail: energy.automation@siemens.com
Article no. SIEA-C10056-00-7600

pdf Document - no print
CG 122022
© 2022 by Siemens AG, Berlin and Munich

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PROTECTION FOR DIGITAL SUBSTATION

SIPROTEC 5 motor Basics of Synchronous and Asynchronous Motors 1

protection Basic Principle of the Rotating-Field Machines 1.1

Application Guide Equivalent Circuit of the Asynchronous Machine and Mathe-

Startup Processes of Asynchronous Motors 1.3

Out-of-Step Conditions of Synchronous Motors 1.5

Overview of the Protection Functions 2

Faults and Protection Functions 2.1

Distribution of the Protection Functions Across the Protection

Application of the Protection Devices 2.3

Thermal Stressing of Motors 3

Heating Processes 3.1

Protection Implementations 3.2

Protection Setting 3.3

Sensitive Ground-Fault and Short-Circuit Protection 4

Sensitive Ground-Fault Protection 4.1

Short-Circuit Protection 4.2

Other Protection Functions 4.3

Current-Transformer Requirements for Motor Protection 5.1

Requirements from Motor Startup 5.2

Protection of Medium-Power Asynchronous Motors 6

Implementation Example 6.1

Setting of the Protection Functions 6.2

SIPROTEC 5 motor protection ⋅ Application Guide ⋅ Edition 1 3

7 Protection of High-Power Asynchronous Motors

7.1 System Implementation and Protection Scope

7.2 Motor Startup by Way of the Three-Switch Method

7.3 Setting of the Protection Functions

8 Protection of Synchronous Motors

8.1 System Implementation and Protection Scope

8.2 Setting of the Protection Functions

9.1 Legal Notices

4 SIPROTEC 5 motor protection ⋅ Application Guide ⋅ Edition 1

Introduction to the Basics of Synchronous and Asynchronous

Operation of the Asynchronous Machine

SIPROTEC 5 motor protection ⋅ Application Guide ⋅ Edition 1 5

Stator Operation of the Synchronous Machine

Figure 1.1/2 Bar Shapes of a Squirrel-Cage Rotor

(1) Round bar rotor

6 SIPROTEC 5 motor protection ⋅ Application Guide ⋅ Edition 1

circuit of the transformer. The rotor quantities are converted 1.2

Figure 1.2/6 Equation 7

Figure 1.2/1 Equation 3

[fo_Winkelgeschwindigkeit w-mech des Läufers, 1, en_US]

Figure 1.2/7 Equation 8

In a similar manner, the torque can be calculated from the air

It is clear that, during startup (s = 1), the effective rotor resis-

Figure 1.2/3 Equation 4 Figure 1.2/9 Equation 10

Figure 1.2/4 Equation 5

SIPROTEC 5 motor protection ⋅ Application Guide ⋅ Edition 1 7

Using the derivation of the denominator of Figure 1.2/10, which

[fo_kippschlupf s-kipp, 1, en_US]

Figure 1.2/11 Equation 12

[fo_kippschlupf m-kipp, 2, en_US]

Figure 1.2/12 Equation 13

If Equation 11 and Equation 13 are put into a ratio and if the

Figure 1.2/14 Operating Quantities of the Asynchronous Motor as a

8 SIPROTEC 5 motor protection ⋅ Application Guide ⋅ Edition 1

Startup Processes of Asynchronous Motors