LOOPING/ITERATIVE/REPETATIVE STRUCTURES

A repetition structure allows the programmer to specify that an action be repeated a number
of times, depending
on the value of a condition. A Loop is used to repeat the same process multiple times until it
meets the specified
condition in a program. By using a loop in a program, a programmer can repeat any number
of statements
up to the desired number of repetitions. A loop also provides the suitability to a programmer
to repeat the
statement in a program according to the requirement. A loop is also used to reduce
the program complexity, easy to understand, and easy to debug.
Advantages of loops
o It provides code iteration functionality in a program.

o It executes the
statement until the
specified condition is true.
o It helps in reducing the
size of the code.

o It reduces compile time.

C programming has three types of loops.

1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do...while loop

while loop

The syntax of the while loop is:

while (testExpression)
{
// statements inside the body of the loop
}

How while loop works?

 The while loop evaluates the test expression inside the parenthesis ().
 If the test expression is true, statements inside the body of while loop are executed. Then,
the test expression is evaluated again.
 The process goes on until the test expression is evaluated to false.
 If the test expression is false, the loop terminates (ends).

Flowchart of while loop

Properties of while loop

 A conditional expression is used to check the condition. The statements defined inside the
while loop will repeatedly execute until the given condition fails.
 The condition will be true if it returns 0. The condition will be false if it returns any non-
zero number.
 In while loop, the condition expression is compulsory.
 Running a while loop without a body is possible.
 We can have more than one conditional expression in while loop.
 If the loop body contains only one statement, then the braces are optional.

Example 1: while loop

// Print numbers from 1 to 5

#include <stdio.h>
intmain()
{
inti = 1;

while (i<= 5)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
++i;
}

return 0;
}

Output

1
2
3
4
5

Here, we have initialized i to 1.

1. When i is 1, the test expression i<= 5 is true. Hence, the body of the while loop is
executed. This prints 1 on the screen and the value of i is increased to 2.
2. Now, i is 2, the test expression i<= 5 is again true. The body of the while loop is executed
again. This prints 2 on the screen and the value of i is increased to 3.
 3. This process goes on until i becomes 6. When i is 6, the test expression i<= 5 will be false
and the loop terminates.

Example 2
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int counter;
int marks;
int total;
int average;
total = 0;
counter =1;
while (counter<=10)
printf(“enter marks”);
scanf (“%d”,&marks);
total= total +marks;
counter = counter+1;
average=total/counter;
printf(“class average is %d\n”, average);
return 0;
}

Example 3
program to calculate sum of even numbers between 20 and 40
#include <stdio.h>
intmain()
{
Int i;
int sum=0;
i=20;
while(i<=40)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
printf(“%d is even\n”, i);
sum=sum+i;
}
i++;
}
printf(“sum of even numbers between 20 and 40 =%d\n”,sum);
}
return 0;
}
Example 4:

Program to print table for the given number

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i=1,number=0,b=9;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d",&number);
while(i<=10){
printf("%d \n",(number*i));
i++;
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter a number: 50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500