applications of integration2

Learning outcomes Area between curves Volume of solids of revolution
Further Applications of Integration: Part 1
Frans Nghinaundiyele Ndinodiva
Namibia University of Science and Technology
October 21, 2020
Ndinodiva NUST others

Outline
1 Learning outcomes
2 Area between curves

Examples
3 Volume of solids of revolution

Disk Method
Example
Washer Method
Examples
Cylindrical Shell method
Example
Volume of solid of revolution for parametric equations

Learning outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
Draw a 2-dimensional perspective of the region to be rotated about
the axis of revolution and partition the region to be rotated based on
its position in relation to the axis of revolution (whether along the x
or the y ),
State the definition for arc length and be able to explain how to
rewrite the formula for arc length in terms of dy dx
dx or dy ,
Visualize and sketch the surface generated by revolving a graph of a
function about an axis,
Calculate the moment and center of mass of a system of point
masses on a line,
Understand and explain what is meant by a variable force acting in a
line.
Area between curves

Here we use integrals to find areas of regions that lie between the graphs
of two functions. Consider the region S that lies between two curves
y = f (x) and y = g (x) and between the vertical lines x = a and x = b,
where f and g are continuous functions and f (x) ≥ g (x) for allx in [a, b]
as shown below:
Just as we did for areas under curves in the previous chapter, we divide S
into n strips of equal width and then we approximate the ith strip by a
rectangle with base ∆x and height f (x) − g (x).
The area A of the region bounded by y = f (x), y = g (x), and the lines
x = a, x = b, where f and g are continuous function and f (x) ≥ g (x)
∀x ∈ [a, b] is
Z b
A= [f (x) − g (x)]dx
a
1Find the area of the region bounded above by y = x 2 + 1, bounded

below by y = x on [0, 1].
2
2 Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas y = x and
2
y = 2x − x .
Solution 1. We note that x 2 + 1 ≥ x in [0, 1] you may do a rough sketch,
using the formula above with f (x) = x 2 + 1 and g (x) = x we obtain:

2.
We note that 2x − x 2 ≥ x 2 in [0, 1], so the total area is

Volume of solids of revolution
You can also use the definite integral to find the volume of a solid that is
obtained by revolving a plane region about a horizontal or vertical line
that does not pass through the plane.This type of solid will be made up
of one of three types of elements (disks, washers, or cylindrical shells)
each of which requires a different approach in setting up the definite
integral to determine its volume.

Disk Method
Disk Method
This method is used when we rotate a single curve y = f (x) around
thex(or y ) axis, over [a, b]. In other words, Disk method is used if the
axis of revolution is the boundary of the plane region and the cross
sections are taken perpendicular to the axis of revolution. Suppose that
y = f (x) is a continuous non-negative function on the interval [a, b] as
shown below:

Disk Method
Rotating the curve around the x− axis, we obtain the following figure
below
We observe that, if we divide the curve into smaller rectangles, we will

obtain disks whose cross sections are circles. If a disk is perpendicular to
the x− axis, then its radius should be expressed as a function of x,
similarly if a disk is perpendicular to the y − axis, then its radius should
be expressed as a function of y . Therefore,
Disk Method
Definition
The volume (V ) of a solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
y = f (x) and the x− axis on the interval [a, b] about the x−axis is
Z b
2
V =π (f (x)) dx and
a

x = f (y ) and the y − axis on the interval [a, b] about the y −axis is
Z b
2
V =π (f (y )) dy .
a
Since the volume of each disk is its area times its thickness.

Disk Method
Example
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded
by y = x 2 and the x−axis on [2, 3] about the x−axis.
Solution: Since the x− axis is a boundary of the region, you can use the
disk method as follows:

Washer Method
Washer Method
This method is used if the axis of revolution is not a boundary of the

plane region and the cross sections are taken perpendicular to the axis of
revolution. Let the functions f (x) and g (x) be continuous and
non-negative on the interval [a, b] and g (x) ≤ f (x), consider a region
that is bounded these two curves between x = a and x = b as follows:

Washer Method
Rotating the curve around the x− axis, we obtain the following figure
We observe that, if we divide the curve into smaller rectangles, we will

obtain disks (with a hole in it or with a disk removed from its center
referred to as washers) whose cross sections are circles. If R is the radius
of the outer disk and r is the radius of the inner disk, then the area of
the washer is πR 2 − πr 2 , and its volume would be its area times its
thickness. Also, if a washer is perpendicular to the x-axis, then the inner
and outer radii should be expressed as functions of x while if a washer is
perpendicular to the y − axis, then the radii should be expressed as
functions
Ndinodiva
of y . Therefore, NUST others
Washer Method
Definition
y = f (x) and y = g (x) on the interval [a, b] where f (x) ≥ g (x), about
the x−axis is
Z b
2 2
V =π {(f (x)) − (g (x)) }dx and
a

x = f (y ) and x = g (y ) on the interval [a, b] where f (y ) ≥ g (y ), about
the x−axis is Z b
2 2
V =π {(f (y )) − (g (y )) }dy .
a

Washer Method
Examples
by y = x 2 + 2 and y = x + 4 about the x− axis.Solution: To find the
limits we use the fact that:
We see that the graphs will intersect at (1, 3) and (2, 6) with
x + 4 ≥ x 2 + 2 on [1, 2], therefore,


This method is used if the cross sections of the solid are taken parallel to
the axis of revolution. Consider the following curve bounded by x− axis,
x = a and x = b, if we divide the curve into smaller rectangles and
rotated the rectangle about the y − axis, we get a cylindrical shell, as
shown below:

If we cut a shell perpendicular to its radius and lay it out flat as shown
bellow:
We observe that the volume cylindrical shell formed with radius x and
height f (x), is 2πxf (x)∆x. Generally, if the axis of revolution is vertical,
then the radius and height should be expressed in terms of x. If, however,
the axis of revolution is horizontal, then the radius and height should be
expressed in terms of y . Therefore,

Definition
y = f (x) and the x− axis on the interval [a, b], where f (x) ≥ 0, about
the y − axis is
Z b
V = 2πxf (x)dx and
a

x = f (y ) and the y − axis on the interval [a, b], where f (y ) ≥ 0, about
the x− axis is Z b
V = 2πyf (y )dy .
a

Example
by y = x 2 and the x− axis over [1, 3] about the y − axis.
Solution: In using the cylindrical shell method, the integral should be
expressed in terms of x because the axis of revolution is vertical,
therefore,

Volume of solid of revolution for parametric

equations
Recall:
Definition
y = f (x) and the x− axis on the interval [a, b] about the x−axis is
Z b
2
V =π (f (x)) dx and
a

x = f (y ) and the y − axis on the interval [a, b] about the y −axis is
Z b
2
V =π (f (y )) dy .
a

If a bounding curve is defined in parametric form by the equations

x = x(t), y = y (t), where the parameter t varies from α to β, then the
volume of the solid generated by revolving the curve about the x− axis is
given by
Z β
dx
V =π y 2 dt.
α dt
Respectively, when the curve is rotated about the y − axis, the volume of
the solid of revolution is equal to
Z β
dy
V =π x2 dt.
α dt
For example: One arch of the cycloid x = θsinθ, y = 1cosθ revolves

around its base. Calculate the volume of the body bounded by the given
surface.

Solution



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Learning outcomes Area between curves Volume of solids of revolution

Further Applications of Integration: Part 1

Frans Nghinaundiyele Ndinodiva

Namibia University of Science and Technology

October 21, 2020

Ndinodiva NUST others

2 Area between curves

3 Volume of solids of revolution

Ndinodiva NUST others

Area between curves

1Find the area of the region bounded above by y = x 2 + 1, bounded

Ndinodiva NUST others

We note that 2x − x 2 ≥ x 2 in [0, 1], so the total area is

Ndinodiva NUST others

Volume of solids of revolution

Ndinodiva NUST others

Ndinodiva NUST others

We observe that, if we divide the curve into smaller rectangles, we will

The volume (V ) of a solid generated by revolving the region bounded by

Ndinodiva NUST others

Ndinodiva NUST others

This method is used if the axis of revolution is not a boundary of the

Ndinodiva NUST others

We observe that, if we divide the curve into smaller rectangles, we will

The volume (V ) of a solid generated by revolving the region bounded by

Ndinodiva NUST others

Ndinodiva NUST others

Cylindrical Shell method

Cylindrical Shell method

Ndinodiva NUST others

Cylindrical Shell method

Ndinodiva NUST others

Cylindrical Shell method

The volume (V ) of a solid generated by revolving the region bounded by

Ndinodiva NUST others

Cylindrical Shell method

Ndinodiva NUST others

Volume of solid of revolution for parametric equations

Volume of solid of revolution for parametric

The volume (V ) of a solid generated by revolving the region bounded by

Ndinodiva NUST others

Volume of solid of revolution for parametric equations

If a bounding curve is defined in parametric form by the equations

For example: One arch of the cycloid x = θsinθ, y = 1cosθ revolves

Ndinodiva NUST others

Volume of solid of revolution for parametric equations

Ndinodiva NUST others

Volume of solid of revolution for parametric equations

Ndinodiva NUST others

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