Applications of Integration1

Learning outcomes Length of curves Center of mass of solid of revolution Centroid of plain figure Area of Surface of Revolution Work
ution Work Velocity
Further Applications of Integration: Part 2
Frans Nghinaundiyele Ndinodiva
Namibia University of Science and Technology
October 21, 2020
Ndinodiva NUST others

Learning outcomes Length of curves Center of mass of solid of revolution Centroid of plain figure Area of Surface of Revolution Work Velocity
Outline
1 Learning outcomes
2 Length of curves
Examples
Arc length for parametric equations
3 Center of mass of solid of revolution
Example
4 Centroid of plain figure
Example
5 Area of Surface of Revolution
Example
Surface Area for parametric equations
6 Work
Examples
7 Velocity
Example

Learning outcomes
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Draw a 2-dimensional perspective of the region to be rotated about
the axis of revolution and partition the region to be rotated based on
its position in relation to the axis of revolution (whether along the x
or the y ),
State the definition for arc length and be able to explain how to
rewrite the formula for arc length in terms of dy dx
dx or dy ,
Visualize and sketch the surface generated by revolving a graph of a
function about an axis,
Calculate the moment and center of mass of a system of point
masses on a line,
Understand and explain what is meant by a variable force acting in a
line.

Length of curves
Consider a real function f(x) such that f(x) and f 0 (x) = dy
dx (its derivative
with respect to x) are continuous on [a, b]. The length s of the part of
the graph of f between x = a and x = b can be found by Considering an
infinitesimal part of the curve ∆s and approximate it with a right angle
triangle as follows:

According to Pythagorass theorem ∆s 2 = ∆x 2 + ∆y 2 , from which:
∆s 2 ∆y 2
= 1+
∆x 2 s ∆x
2
2
ds dy
= 1+ as ∆s → 0
dx dx
s 2
Z b
dy
s = 1+ dx integrating both sides with respect to x
a dx
The length of the curve y = f (x).

Examples
Determine the length of each of the following curve.

3
1 x = 32 (y − 1) 2 , between 1 ≤ y ≤ 4.
π
2 y = ln(secx), between 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
dx √
Solution 1. using the formula above to get: dy = y − 1 and therefore
4
r 4
√
Z p 2 Z
L = 1+ y −1 = y
1 1
2 3 4 14
= y 2 |1 =
3 3


We already know how to find the length L of a curve C given in the form
y = F (x), a ≤ x ≤ b. That is, if F 0 is continuous, then
s 2
Z b
dy
L= 1+ dx
a dx
Suppose that C can also be described by the parametric equations

x = f (t) and y = g (t), α ≤ t ≤ β, where f 0 (t) > 0. This means that C
is traversed once, from left to right, as t increases from a α to β and
f (α) = a, f (β) = b. By substituting into the above equation we get the
arc length formula as follows:
s v !2
Z b 2 Z βu dy
dy u
dt dx
L= 1+ dx = t 1 + dx dt
a dx α dt
dt

After algebraic manipulations we get

s
Z β 2 2
dx dy
L= + dt
α dt dt
Example: Find the length one arch of the cycloid
x = r (θ − sinθ) y = r (θ − sinθ)


Center of mass of solid of revolution
Definition
The first moment of volume is the product of the volume and the
perpendicular distance of its center from a given axis in the plane of the
volume.
Let y = f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b], and S be the solid of revolution by rotating
the region under the graph of f (x) about the x−axis. If we partition [a, b]
into n subintervals [xi , xi+1 ], i = 1, 2, ..., n, then the ith disks volume is
π(f (xi ))2 ∆xi .
Let CM be center of mass, then the first moment of the ith disk is
Mi = (x − CM)∆vi .

Center of mass of solid of revolution
This implies that center of mass equation (CME) is

n
X
CME = (x − CM)π(f (xi ))2 ∆xi = 0, as n→∞
i=1
and as ∆xi → 0 we have that,

Z b
(x − CM)π(f (x))2 dx = 0
a
thus Rb
x(f (x))2 dx
CM = Ra b = x̄, ȳ = 0
a
(f (x))2 dx

Example
Find the center of gravity of the solid formed when the plane figure
bounded by the curve x 2 + y 2 = 16, the x−axis and the ordinates x = 1
and x = 3, rotates about the x−axis.Solution

Centroid of plain figure

A lamina is a thin, flat sheet having uniform thickness. The centre of
gravity of a lamina is the point where it balances perfectly, i.e. the
laminas centre of mass.
Definition
Centre of area or centroid is the point where the centre of gravity of a
lamina of that shape would lie.
Definition
The first moment of area is the product of the area and the perpendicular
distance of its centroid from a given axis in the plane of the area.
Let y = f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b], and A be the area of the region under the
graph of f (x) as shown below. If we partition [a, b] into n subintervals
(strips) [xi , xi+1 ], i = 1, 2, ..., n, each of width δx, then the ith strip area
is y δx. The centroid, C , has coordinates (x, y2 ).
From the diagram we see that,

1 First moment of area of shaded strip about axis 0y = xy δx. Total
first moment of area PQRS about axis
Z b
0y = lim xy δx = xydx.
δx→0 a
2 First moment of area of shaded strip about axis 0x = 12 y 2 δx. Total

first moment of area PQRS about axis
1 b 2
Z
1 2
0x = lim y δx = y dx.
δx→0 2 2 a
Let x̄ and ȳ be the distances of the centroid of area A about 0y and 0x

respectively as shown below
then, x̄A =total first moment of area A about axis 0y , from which
Rb
xydx
x̄ = Ra b and
a
ydx
ȳA =total first moment of area A about axis 0x, from which
1 b 2
R
y dx
ȳ = 2 R ab .
a
ydx
Find the position of the centroid of the area bounded by the curve
y = 3x 2 , the x−axis and the ordinates x = 0 and x = 2. Solution If
(x̄, x̄) are co-ordinates of the centroid of the given area then:

Area of Surface of Revolution

If an arc length is rotated about x or y axis it will generate a surface.
Consider the following small element of arc δs units long, with a thin
band of area δA,
if we rotate it around x- axis, we get something in a form of a frustum

below:

It can be shown that the area of a frustum above is A = 2πrl. Therefore,

the area of the arc is
δA δs
A = 2πy δs =⇒ = 2πy
δx δx
since the length (s) will only change as a result of a change in x. We
know that asδx → 0
s 2
dA ds ds dy
= 2πy , but = 1+ .
dx dx dx dx
Integrating both side with respect with x gives us the area equation.
Therefore,

Definition
The area generated when the arc of a curve between x = a and x = b
rotates about the x− axis is
s 2
Z b
dy
A= 2πy 1 + dx and
a dx
The area generated when the arc of a curve between y = c and y = d

rotates about the y − axis is
s 2
Z d
dy
A= 2πy 1 + dx
c dx

Example
Find the area generated when the arc of the parabola y 2 = 8x between
x = 0 to x = 2 rotates about x− axis.Solution

In the same way as for arc length, we can adapt the surface area formula
above to obtain a formula for surface area described parametric
equations. If the curve given by the parametric equations x = f (t) and
y = g (t), α ≤ t ≤ β,, is rotated about the x-axis, where f 0 and g 0 are
continuous and g (t) ≥ 0, then the area of the resulting surface is given by
s
Z β 2 2
dx dy
S= 2πy + dt
α dt dt
Example: Show that the surface area of a sphere of radius r is 4πr 2 .


Work
We know that W =Force× Distance. Suppose the object moves a long
the x−axis in the positive direction from x = a to x = b, and that f (x)
is the force acting on each x. Diving [a, b] in to n subintervals with equal
width ∆x , then the work(Wi ) done in moving the particle from xi to
xi+1 is
∗
Wi ≈ f (xi )∆x,
∗
for any xi ∈ [xi , xi+1 ]. Therefore, the total work done is approximately
n
X ∗
W = f (xi )∆x
i=1
as n → ∞, i.e. ∆x → 0 the work done in moving the object from a

to b is
n
X Z b
∗
W = lim f (xi )∆x = f (x)dx.
n→∞ a
i=1

Examples
1 When a particle is located a distance x km from the origin, a force

of x 2 + 2x newton acts on it. Ho much work is done in moving it
from x = 1 to x = 3?
2 A force of 40N is required to hold a spring that has been stretched
from its natural length of 10cm to a length of 15cm. How much
work is done in stretching the spring from 15cm to 18cm?
1.

2.

Velocity
This is used when we are interested in the position of an object at time

t(say on the x−axis) and we know its position at time t0 . Let S(t)
denote the position of the object at time t(its distance from a reference
point), then the net change in position between t0 and t is S(t) − S(t0 ).
Since S(t) is an anti-derivative of the velocity function V (t), we can
write Z t
S(t) = S(t0 ) + V (u)du
t0
and Z t
V (t) = V (t0 ) + a(u)du,
t0
since V (t) is the anti-derivative of the acceleration a(t).

Example
The acceleration of an object is given by a(t) = cos(πt), and its velocity

1
at time t = 0 is 2π . Find both the net net and the total distance
travelled in the 1st 1.5 seconds.
Solution is left for you to find.


Applications of Integration1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Applications of Integration1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Learning outcomes Length of curves Center of mass of solid of revolution Centroid of plain figure Area of Surface of Revolution Work

ution Work Velocity

Further Applications of Integration: Part 2

Frans Nghinaundiyele Ndinodiva

Namibia University of Science and Technology

October 21, 2020

Ndinodiva NUST others

Ndinodiva NUST others

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Ndinodiva NUST others

Ndinodiva NUST others

According to Pythagorass theorem ∆s 2 = ∆x 2 + ∆y 2 , from which:

The length of the curve y = f (x).

Ndinodiva NUST others

Determine the length of each of the following curve.

Ndinodiva NUST others

Arc length for parametric equations

Arc length for parametric equations

Suppose that C can also be described by the parametric equations

Ndinodiva NUST others

Arc length for parametric equations

After algebraic manipulations we get

Example: Find the length one arch of the cycloid

Ndinodiva NUST others

Arc length for parametric equations

Ndinodiva NUST others

Center of mass of solid of revolution

π(f (xi ))2 ∆xi .

Ndinodiva NUST others

Center of mass of solid of revolution

This implies that center of mass equation (CME) is

and as ∆xi → 0 we have that,

Ndinodiva NUST others

Ndinodiva NUST others

Centroid of plain figure

From the diagram we see that,

2 First moment of area of shaded strip about axis 0x = 12 y 2 δx. Total

Let x̄ and ȳ be the distances of the centroid of area A about 0y and 0x

Ndinodiva NUST others

Area of Surface of Revolution

if we rotate it around x- axis, we get something in a form of a frustum

Ndinodiva NUST others

Area of Surface of Revolution

It can be shown that the area of a frustum above is A = 2πrl. Therefore,

Ndinodiva NUST others

Area of Surface of Revolution

The area generated when the arc of a curve between y = c and y = d

Ndinodiva NUST others

Ndinodiva NUST others

Surface Area for parametric equations

Surface Area for parametric equations

Example: Show that the surface area of a sphere of radius r is 4πr 2 .

Ndinodiva NUST others

Surface Area for parametric equations

Ndinodiva NUST others

as n → ∞, i.e. ∆x → 0 the work done in moving the object from a

Ndinodiva NUST others

1 When a particle is located a distance x km from the origin, a force

Ndinodiva NUST others

Ndinodiva NUST others

This is used when we are interested in the position of an object at time

since V (t) is the anti-derivative of the acceleration a(t).

Ndinodiva NUST others

The acceleration of an object is given by a(t) = cos(πt), and its velocity