THE INDIAN SCHOOL, BAHRAIN

CHEMISTRY PROJECT,2021-22

STUDY AND COMPARE EFFECTIVENESS OF

COMMON OILS IN FORMING EMULSION

DEBAYAN MAJUMDER
XII-L
GR NO:49272

1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Debayan Majumder of Class XII-L has
successfully completed the investigatory project on “TO
STUDY AND COMPARE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMON
OILS IN FORMING EMULSIONS” under the guidance of Mrs.
Salma Jacob. This project is absolutely genuine and does not
involve any kind of plagiarism. This is in partial fulfilment of
Chemistry Practical Examination CBSE 2021.

2
 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher Mrs. Salma Jacob as well as our principal.
Mr. Natarajan,who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic (To study and compare
the effectiveness of common oils in forming emulsion), which
also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
Debayan Majumder
Class XII-L

3
 INDEX
1.AIM 5
2.INTRODUCTION 6
3.THEORY 9
4.REQUIREMENTS 10
5.PROCEDURE 11
6.OBSERVATION 12
7. RESULTS 13
8. CONCLUSION 14
9. PRECAUTION 15
10.BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

4
AIM: -
To study and compare the effectiveness of different oils in
forming emulsions.

5
INTRODUCTION
When dispersion medium and dispersed phase both are
liquids, the colloidal solution is called emulsion. Any two
liquids, which are immiscible with each other can form
emulsions. The formation of emulsions is easier as compared
to the formation of solutions because a liquid can be
dispersed in another liquid just by shaking the two in a
container. The emulsions are unstable compared to
solutions. Thus, if kerosene oil and water are taken in a test
tube and two are vigorously shaken, an emulsion is formed. If
the tube is kept for a few minutes, the two layers again
separate. This is due to the fact that water being polar and
kerosene oil being non-polar, refuse to mix (or disperse) with
each other. But, if a third substance is added to the mixture
of the two and the contents are shaken, a stable emulsion is
formed as the oil and water then disperse in each other. Such
substances, which help in the formation (or dispersions of
water in oil or vice versa) of emulsions are called emulsifying
agents or emulsifiers. Best examples of emulsifiers are soaps
and detergents, and the cleaning action of these substances
is only due to their ability to form stable emulsion of oils in
water. Soaps break up greasy and oily films on clothes (which
are sources of attraction for dirt) into tiny droplets which get
dispersed in water.
Most of the emulsifiers have a common structural feature,
namely, a long non-polar (hydrocarbon) chain and a smaller
polar portion (a carboxylic acid group-COO Na or a sulphonic
acid group-SO3Na). Thus, they are double agents, the non-
polar part being hydrophobic, dissolves in the oil or greasy
film on the cloth and the polar part being hydrophilic,
remains in water layer. Thus, a stable emulsion is formed
which contains the tiny droplets of oil and grease dispersed
in water. Emulsions are of two types:
1. Oil-in-water emulsion: In this type of emulsion small
droplets of oil are dispersed in continuous medium of
water. It is abbreviated as o/w, e.g., milk and
vanishing cream.
2. Water-in-oil emulsion: In this case, emulsion is made
up of tiny drops of water dispersed in a continuous
phase of oil and is abbreviated as w/o, e.g., butter
and cold cream.
Both types of emulsions are used in pharmaceuticals,
cosmetics, beverages, cakes, butter candies, insecticides,
herbicides, printing inks, etc. We shall study here the
formation of some emulsions and the role of emulsifying
agents in stabilizing them.
Demulsification: It is the process of breaking an emulsion
e.g., separation of cream from milk by centrifugation.
Identification of the Type of an Emulsion
The type of emulsion may be identified with the help of the
following tests:
1. Spreading Test: If a small quantity of water-in-oil
emulsion is placed on a microscopic slide and a drop of
oil is placed touching it, then two will readily spread into
each other. If the emulsion is of oil-in-water type, the oil
drop will not mix with the emulsion drop.
2. Conductivity Test: The electrical conductivity is
appreciable if water forms the continuous phase (oil-in-
water emulsion) but much less if oil forms the
continuous phase (water-in-oil emulsion).

8
THEORY
All oils do not form emulsions with water with same ease
because the process of formation of emulsions with water
with the same ease because the process of formation of
emulsions depends upon the physical properties and
chemical constitution of the oils Thus, some oils form
emulsions very easily whereas others form with great
difficulty.
An emulsifier changes the interfacial tension between oil and
water and gets concentrated at the interface. It forms a film a
surrounding the droplets and prevents their coalescence.
Different emulsifying agents lower the interfacial tension to
different extents and have, therefore, different capacities for
emulsifying the given oil.

9
REQUIREMENTS
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Boiling Tube, Measuring Cylinder
and Stopwatch
CHEMICALS REQUIRED: Cotton Seed Oil, Castor Oil, Coconut
Oil, Cooking Oil, Machine Oil, Distilled Water, Soap Solution,
Lanolin, a dil. Solution of Shampoo.

10
PROCEDURE
1. Take four clean boiling tubes. Label them as 1,2,3 and 4.
Using a measuring cylinder take 5 ml of cotton seed oil,
castor oil, coconut oil and machine oil in tubes 1,2,3 and
4 respectively. Add 5 ml of distilled water to each tube.
Take tube 1 and shake it vigorously by closing its open
end with the thumb and allow it to stand. Record the
time taken for the separation of layers in it.
Similarly, repeat the above experiment by taking tubes
2,3 and 4 and record the time taken for the separation
of the two layers in each case.
2. Add 2 drops of 1% soap solution (Prepare 1% of soap
solution or sodium oleate solution by dissolving 1g in
100 ml of distilled water) or sodium oleate solution in
tube 1, shake the tube vigorously and then allow it to
stand. Note the time for separation of the layers again.
Repeat the experiment in the same way with tubes 2,3
and 4 and note the time taken for the emulsion to break
in each other. The oil which takes the longest time for
separation from its emulsion is the most effective in
forming emulsion.
3. Repeat the whole experiment in the same manner by
using dil. Solution of shampoo and then with lanolin and
record the observations in the table given below.

11
 OBSERVATION
a) Without emulsifying agents
S.no. Amount of water taken. Name of the oil Time taken for the
(ml) and its amount separation of layers.
taken. (In minutes)
(ml)
1. 5 Mineral Oil 1.20
2. 5 Sunflower Oil 0.50
3. 5 Olive Oil 1.00
4. 5 Coconut Oil 1.45

b) In the presence of emulsifying agents

Amount of water taken in each case= 5 ml.

Oil/Emulsifying Time taken for Dil. Solution

agent the separation of of shampoo
layers when
emulsifier used
Is shampoo
solution
Mineral Oil 0.25 1
Sunflower Oil 0.40 1
Coconut Oil 1.00 1
Olive Oil 0.40 1

12
RESULTS
The order of effectiveness of oils in forming emulsions with
water is Sunflower Oil and while that of emulsifying agents is
Mineral Oil.

13
CONCLUSION
It is shown that different oils show different rate of
emulsions, however the order of effectiveness changes when
they behave as emulsifying agents.

14
PRECAUTIONS
1. Add equal number of drops of soap solution to all the
bottles.
2. Each bottle should be shaken vigorously and for the same
time.
3. The time should be recorded carefully. Start the stopwatch
immediately after shaking is stopped and stop it immediately
when the two layers just separate.

15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.baixardoc.co.in
3. www.scribd.co.in
4. www.teams.microsoft.co.in

16