Eg502A_L3 PJadhawar_ (1)

EG551Q
Well Testing: Analysis And Design
Dr Prashant Jadhawar
Lecturer – Petroleum Engineering
University of Aberdeen
Aberdeen AB24 3UE
Scotland
Tel: +44 1224 274180
Email: Prashant.Jadhawar@abdn.ac.uk

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Reading Material
Spivey, John and Lee, John. 2013.

Applied Well Test Interpretation. Society
of Petroleum Engineers.
ISBN 978-1-61399-307-1

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EG551Q
Lecturer – Petroleum Engineering
University of Aberdeen
Aberdeen AB24 3UE
Scotland
Tel: +44 1224 274180
Email: Prashant.Jadhawar@abdn.ac.uk

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Lecture-3
3 March 2020

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Outline
• Pressure transient analysis

• Dimensionless variables (solutions) to diffusivity equation
• Pressure drawdown tests
• Pressure build-up tests
• Horner time ratio (HTR)
• Classic MDH
• Agarwal equivalent time
• Pressure Derivative Type Curves
• Concept, dimensionless variables
• Types: Gringarten, Bourdet and Gringarten- Bourdet
pressure derivative type curves
• Type curves matching process and analysis of the derived
reservoir properties

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Pressure Transient Model

 2 p 1 p c p
Radial Diffusivity Equation  
r 2 r r k t
Solutions to the reservoir flow equations are generally expressed in
dimensionless form as it both simplifies the mathematics and enables a
generalised set of solutions to be formulated, independent of fluid type
and system of units
2kh pi  p  kh pi  p 
Dimensionless pressure: pD  ;
q 141.2q
kt 0.000264 kt
tD  ;
Dimensionless time: crw 2
crw 2
r r
Dimensionless radius: rD  ;
rw rw
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Pressure Transient Model

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Pressure Transient model

Dimensionless form of Radial Diffusivity Equation
1 
rD p D / rD   p D / t D
rD rD
With general Solutions:
q
Pi  pr , t   {PD t D , rD ...  s}
Skin
2kh
Additional near wellbore pressure drop
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Practical Solutions
This involve the pressure as a function of time and radial distance for a
constant reservoir flow rate (the constant Terminal Rate Solutions).
Line source solution:

When the pressure response is unaffected by reservoir boundaries the
transient solution is applicable. For most times of interest the “line source
solution” is applicable:
162 .6 qB  k
Pwf  Pi  {log t  log  3 .32  087 s}
kh  cr w 2
Thus after wellbore effects have died out and before boundary effects are
felt a plot of Pwf vs log t will give a straight line.

Semi-Steady State Solution: SSS Pressure Distribution throughout the
reservoir
0.234 Bqt 70.6qB a 2.246

Pwf  Pi   {ln 2  ln  2 s}
chA kh rw CA
Thus a plot of Pwf vs t will exhibit a straight line.
General constant terminal rate solution
2kh n
( p i  p wn )   q j p D (t Dn  t Dj 1 )  q n s
 j 1
q
pi  p ws  p D t  t D  p D t D  For a pressure Build up
2kh
Where: t is the flowing time, Dt is the shut-in time
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Pressure Drawdown Analysis

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Drawdown Analysis
Model Response
First Drawdown after Stabilisation
First Drawdown
Time from start of drawdown

Ref: Gringarten

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Pressure Drawdown Analysis
Logarithmic Approximation of Pressure Drawdown
At the wellbore
1 4t D
pD ~ ln valid for t D  100
2 rD2
q  4kt 
or pwt  pi  ln 
4kh  crw2 
and in field units
  where
162.6qB  k 
pwt  pi  log(t )  log   3.23
2 
kh   ct rw   ct  co So  cw S w  c f
y Slope x
m
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Pressure Drawdown – Constant rate production
Pressure response for a well producing at constant rate from an Infinite-acting

Reservoir (Solution to Diffusivity equation (oil field units)
162.6 𝑞𝜇𝐵 𝑘
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑟, 𝑡 𝑃 l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
𝑘ℎ 𝜙𝜇𝐶 𝑟𝑤
y =m x + b (Pwf vs log t) graph of drawdown data
Y-intercept b is given by
162.6 𝜇𝑄 𝑘
𝑏 𝑃 𝑃 l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
Because the independent variable is log(t), the y-intercept is read from the
y-axis, where log(t) = 0, corresponding to a time of 1 hour. Thus, the
intercept b is usually written as p1hr for a drawdown test.

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Single Rate Transient Drawdown Analysis
Including Afterflow and Skin
Analysis Plot (Drawdown)
Equations (field units)
pi
Wellbore Storage
Effects
𝑷𝒘
plhr
Slope m
162.6𝑞𝜇𝐵
𝑚 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 → gives k
𝑘ℎ
𝑝 𝑝 𝑘 10‐1 1 10 102
𝑠 log 3.23
𝑚 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑟 Time (hrs)
𝑚 is negative

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Typical Semilog Plot of Pressure Drawdown Data

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Drawdown Semilog Analysis: Procedure
1. Plot pressure data Pwf vs. ln t (time)(Semilog scale)
2. Recognize Infinite Acting Radial Flow (IARF). At this point,
simply find the data that fall on a straight line.
3. Draw a straight line passing through the selected data points
representing infinite acting radial flow. Find Slope m and
intercept P1hr from the line

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Drawdown Semilog Analysis : Procedure
4. Calculate permeability from the slope m
5. Calculate skin factor from slope m and intercept P1hr as
6. Calculate the radius of investigation at the beginning and end of

the apparent semilog straight line

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Pressure Buildup Analysis

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Pressure Drawdown & Build-up Test

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Pressure Buildup: Following Constant Rate Production
Buildup after First Drawdown
Ref: Gringarten
Time from start of drawdown

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Three methods to analyse the resulting bottomhole pressure response:

1. Horner Method
2. Classic MDH (Miller, Dyce & Hutchinson) method
3. Agarwal equivalent time method
Pressure response for a well producing at constant rate from an
Infinite‐acting Reservoir (Solution to Diffusivity equation (oil field units)
162.6 𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑟, 𝑡 𝑃 l𝑜𝑔 𝑡 l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆

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Pressure Buildup Test
First Rate Second Rate
change change
q=q q=q
q=0 q=0
t =0 t = tp
Pressure response because of production at rate change “(+)q” at time t=0 (first
change)
162.6 𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑃 𝑞 l𝑜𝑔 𝒕 l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
Pressure response cause by rate change “(‐)q” at time t=tp (second change)
162.6 𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
𝑃 𝑞 l𝑜𝑔 ∆𝒕 l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
Where ∆𝒕 = t ‐ tp
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Pressure Buildup Test
Shut‐in Bottomhole pressure during Buildup is then given by

𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃𝑖 𝑃 𝑞 𝑃 𝑞
.
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃𝑖 l𝑜𝑔 tp ∆𝒕 l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
162.6 𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
l𝑜𝑔 ∆𝒕 l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆

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1. Horner Method: Infinite Acting Radial Flow (IARF)
Previous equation can be rearranged in the following form
162.6 𝜇𝑄 tp ∆𝒕 Horner Time
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃𝑖 l𝑜𝑔 ratio (HTR)
𝑘ℎ ∆𝒕
y = b+m x

Decreasing HTR
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1. Horner Method: Analysis Procedure
t +∆𝒕
1. Plot shut‐in bhp, Pws, vs. the HTR, p , on a semilog scale.
∆𝒕
2. Draw a straight line through the selected data exhibiting IARF, & find slope m.
3. Read P1hr from the straight line or its extrapolation at an HTR corresponding to a
shut‐in time Δt of 1 hour, HTR1hr = (tp +1)/1.
4. Calculate the permeability from the slope m as
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Increasing

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1. Horner Method: Analysis Procedure
5. Calculate the skin factor s from the slope m, the flowing bottomhole pressure at
the moment of shut‐in, Pwf, and P1hr
6. Extrapolate the straight line to an HTR of 1.

If the reservoir is infinite acting
throughout both flow & buildup periods,
extrapolating the straight line to an HTR of
1 (corresponding to infinite shut‐in time)
gives the initial pressure, Pi.
If the reservoir is not infinite acting, the
extrapolated pressure at an HTR of 1 is
called the false pressure, P*. The MBH
(Matthews et al. 1954) method may then
be used to estimate the average reservoir
pressure from p*.
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• Finite conditions prevail when well has been produced for long period of
time to reach semi‐steady or steady state conditions.
• MDH method is used in this case (𝒕p ∆t).
• In this case, log (𝒕p ∆t ) = log (𝒕p ) = constant
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃𝑖 𝑷 𝒒 𝑃 𝑞
Pi ‐ Pwf (tp)
.
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃𝑖 l𝑜𝑔 tp l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
162.6 𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝑘
l𝑜𝑔 ∆𝒕 l𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
.
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑃 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
.
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
Slope m
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.
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
Slope m
y = b+m x
.
𝒃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆

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2. Classic MDH method: Recommended Procedure

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2. Classic MDH method: Recommended Procedure

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3. Agarwal equivalent time method
• In 1980, Agarwal introduced a new method using an equivalent to
analysis the build-up.
• New time function termed Agarwal equivalent time introduced in order to
eliminate the dependency on the production time
• Production time is comparable to the shut-in time
t p t
 te 
t p + t
IARF (Infinite Acting Radial Flow):
.
𝑃𝑤𝑠 ∆t 𝑃 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ∆𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆
.
𝒃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.23 0.869𝑆

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Agarwal equivalent time Procedure
In practice, the plot of the equivalent pressure versus equivalent time for
build up test is similar to that of pressure versus time in draw down test.
But data effected by boundaries or by linear flow
• Plot shut in pressure Pws vs. equivalent time ∆𝑡𝑒 on semi-log scale
• Identify IARF regime, data falling on straight line (including late time)
and draw straight line through them (Remaining steps are identical to
MDH method
• The straight line slope m,
• The pressure at 1 hour on the straight line p (t =1hr…a
mathematical convenience – by hand only)
• The extrapolated pressure to infinite shut-in time (t = ∞): p*
• Permeability product kh and Skin
• Assumptions of Horner method and equivalent time method are similar
and have same limitations

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Agarwal equivalent time method

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Agarwal equivalent time vs MDH

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New time function termed Agarwal
equivalent time introduced in order to
eliminate the dependency on the
production time

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Buildup Versus Drawdown Pressure Response
Type Curves
Drawdown
Agarwal Correction
Buildup
log p
log t

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Summary Buildup Analysis
• tp >> t MDH method is used

• tp << t Horner’s method is used
• tp ≈ t Agarwal’s method is used

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Pressure Derivative Analysis

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The ‘Derivative Plots’
 In 1983 the introduction of the ‘Derivative Plot’, where

p and t are plotted on a Log-Log scale, transformed
well test analysis beyond Semi-Log analysis.
 The Derivative Plot facilitates

• the interpretation of data using Type Curves by
plotting both p and t on the same plot, and
• recognize wellbore conditions and reservoir
geometry characteristics that semi-log plots do not
show, including the correct start of radial flow
Well Testing: Analysis And Design 65

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Derivative Plot Analysis
Derivative data is computed as the derivative of pressure with
respect to a normalised superposition function. It is the same
as the function used for the superposition plot, except that it is
based on the natural log of time/q:
dp dp
For a single-rate drawdown test: (derivative)   t
d ln t  dt
dp
For a flow and buildup test: (derivative) 
d ln t+tp ] 
t
dp
For multiple flows and build ups: (derivative) 
dsup(q(t),t
66
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Pressure Derivative
• Example of a drawdown test

analysis, the slope of semi-log
plot is calculated at all points
• The data starts at point 1,
before eventually stabilizing at
slope m in Infinite-Acting Radial
Flow, points 6 and 7.

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Pressure Derivative
• The basic idea of the derivative is to calculate the

slope at each point of the pressure curve on the semi-
log (superposition) plot, and to display it on the log-log
plot. Log of Pressure Derivative
Flow regimes:
(1)+(2)+(3) c h)
t 1
(kh/)1
(1) (2) (3)

Log of Elapsed time
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Type Curves
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What are the type curves?
• A graphical representation of the theoretical solution to

the diffusivity equation for particular reservoir mode
• Introduced by Agarwal in 1970, as a valuable tool in
conjunction with semi-log plots.
• Type curve analysis

• Finding the theoretical type curve that matches the actual
response from a test well and the reservoir when subjected to
changes in production rates or pressures.
• Presented in dimensionless numbers rather than real numbers

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Radial Diffusivity Solutions to the reservoir flow equations are
Equation generally expressed in dimensionless form
as it both simplifies the mathematics and
 2 p 1 p c p enables a generalised set of solutions to be
  formulated, independent of fluid type and
r 2 r r k t system of units
2𝜋𝑘ℎ 𝑝 𝑝 𝑘ℎ 𝑝 𝑝
Dimensionless pressure: 𝑝 ;
𝑞𝜇 141.2𝑞𝜇
𝑘𝑡 0.000264𝑘𝑡
𝑡 ;
Dimensionless time: 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑟 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
Dimensionless radius: 𝑟 ;
𝑟 𝑟

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Dimensionless Groups
Field unit:
𝑟 𝑟
Dimensionless radius: 𝑟 , 𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
0.000264𝑘𝑡
Dimensionless time 𝒕𝑫
𝜙𝜇𝑐 𝑟
Dimensionless time
𝑟 0.000264𝑘𝑡
based on reservoir area 𝑡 𝑡 ; A reservoir area
𝐴 𝜙𝜇𝑐 𝐴
𝑘ℎ
Dimensionless pressure 𝒑𝑫 𝑟 , 𝑡 𝒑 𝒑
141.2𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝒊
𝑘ℎ
Dimesionless BHP; 𝒑𝒘𝑫 1, 𝑡 𝑃𝑤𝐷 𝒑 𝒑𝒇
141.2𝑞𝐵𝜇 𝒊
Δ𝑝
skin 𝑆 𝑘ℎ
141.2𝑞𝐵𝜇
5.615𝐶 0.8936𝐶
Dimensionless well bore storage coefficient 𝑪𝑫
2𝜋𝜙𝑐 ℎ𝑟 𝜙𝑐 ℎ𝑟

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Dimensionless Variables
• Dimensionless Variables are used with the Derivative Plot

to solve the Linearized Diffusivity Equation:
pD 
kh
p 0.000264k
141.2qB tD  t
 ct rw2
…and an additional variable to account for WBS….
C D  0.8936C
c t hr w2 tD kh t
…..which combines with tD…. C
 0.000295
D  C
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Type curves concept
kh
• The dimensionless pressure pD  p
• Taking the logarithm of both side 141.2qB
kh )
log(pD)  log  p) +log (141.2qB
• The dimensionless time 0.000264k

tD  t
•Taking the logarithm of both side  ct rw2
log(tD) log t) +log (0.000264k

2 )
 c r
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Type curves concept
• An identical shape between log (∆p) vs. log (t) and a

graph of log (pD) vs. log (tD)
t
kh
141.2qB
100
p
pD
0.000264k
c r2
10-1
10-2
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101
tD
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Gringarten-type curve

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Bourdet pressure-derivative type curve

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Gringarten-Bourdet type curve

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Type curves analysis and matching
• Type curve matching:
• Graph of the field data is placed on top of the type-curve
graph
• Moved the graph vertically and horizontally to find the
curve that has the shape most like that of the field data.
• Best fit are then used to calculate
• permeability, k
• wellbore-storage (WBS) coefficient, C
• skin factor, S
• fracture half-length, or other reservoir properties.

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Type curves concept
• Then the vertical and horizontal displacements are

determined which then used to calculate the reservoir
properties such permeability and porosity can be evaluated
• kh
•Permeability from vertical displacement ( )
141.2qB
•Porosity from the horizontal displacement (0.000264k

c r 2 )
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Radial Flow: Derivative Plot Analysis
• Solve for kh
kh  pD 
pD  p kh  141.2qB  PM
 match
141.2qB  Δp 
kh  t  0.8936C
C  0.000295  TMmatch CD 
  tD/CD  c t hrw2
• Solve for Skin
2S
C e Match
S  0.5ln D
CD
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Type curve matching: Field Data graph

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Type curve matching

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Type curve matching

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Type curve matching

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Type curve matching

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Pressure Match PM pD/p =2/100
Time Match TM (tD/CD))/t = 0.01/.015
CDe2S
Match
1000
100
10
1 .
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Dt hours
Matches for pD/p, t/(tD/CD) are made by overlay, and the groups are
then dimensionalized using ct, q, µ, Ø, h, rw. Note pD stabilizes at 0.5.
The equations are then solved for kh and CDe2S for Skin.
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Drawdown Type Curves
Examples of Independent Variables*
Ramey
Gringarten
* oilfiled units Ref: Gringarten
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Type Curve Models
Generated from the given rate history and estimated parameters,

C, S and k (plus other relevant parameters) a Type Curve model
represents:
 a type of behaviour for a given well and

reservoir description
 a complete solution over all time that fits both the
overall pressure behavior and derivative behaviour
69
A brief history of type curve analysis

Ramey TypeCurves
s=20,C-D =0
Ramey type curves (1980)

s=10,C-D =0
100 s=5,C-D =0
s=0,C-D =0
s=20,C-D =100
pD vs tD plotted for
s=10,C-D =100
s=5,C-D =100
s=0,C-D =100
s=20,C-D =1000
10
• homogeneous infinite acting reservoir

s=10,C-D =1000
p-D
s=5,C-D =1000
s=0,C-D =1000
s=20,C-D =10000
s=10,C-D =10000
• constant rate, WBS, skin

s=5,C-D =10000
s=0,C-D =10000
1
s=20,C-D =100000
s=10,C-D =100000
s=5,C-D =100000
• single phase fluids (gas OR oil)

s=0,C-D =100000
s=-5, C-D=100000
s=-5, C-D=10000
s=-5, C-D=1000
0.1
100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000 s=-5, C-D=100
t-D
Bourdet Type Curves
Gringarten type curves

100.000
E+60
E+50
E+40
pD vs tD / CD plotted for E+30

Dimensionless Pressure Derivative
10.000
E+15
• same assumptions as Ramey

E+10
E+8
1.000
0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000 10000.000 E+6
E+4
but combines WBS and skin into C De2S term 0.100

1000
10
3
1
0.3
0.010
Dimensionless Time, tD/CD
Gringarten type curves with Bourdet derivative (1990)

Both type curves, Bourdet + Gringarten
100.000
adds the time derivative of pressure p D’ E+40

E+30
possible with the advent of better gauge data

E+20
10.000
E+10
E+8
E+6
E+4
• more character to each response

Dimensionless pressure, pD
1000
100
10
1.000 E+40
0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000 10000.000 E+30
• matching becomes more unique

E+20
E+10
E+8
E+4
1000
100
0.100 10
pws-pwf, psi
Δt-eΔp'
0.010
tD/CD
70
The End
Lecture-3

04/03/2020 71
71

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Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Spivey, John and Lee, John. 2013.

Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Well Testing: Analysis And Design

• Pressure transient analysis

Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Pressure Transient Model

Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Pressure Transient model

Additional near wellbore pressure drop

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Line source solution:

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Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Time from start of drawdown

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and in field units

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Pressure response for a well producing at constant rate from an Infinite-acting

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Well Testing: Analysis And Design

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Typical Semilog Plot of Pressure Drawdown Data

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Drawdown Semilog Analysis : Procedure

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Shut‐in Bottomhole pressure during Buildup is then given by

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2. Classic MDH (Miller, Dyce & Hutchinson) method

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Agarwal equivalent time method

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