EG551Q

Well Testing: Analysis And Design

Dr Prashant Jadhawar
Lecturer – Petroleum Engineering
University of Aberdeen
Aberdeen AB24 3UE
Scotland
Tel: +44 1224 274180
Email: Prashant.Jadhawar@abdn.ac.uk

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Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

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Outline: Naturally fractured reservoirs

• Types:
• Flow Regimes
• Parameters contributing the flow in NFRs
• Drawdown and Buildup analysis

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Naturally fractured reservoirs

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 Classification of Naturally fractured reservoirs

Type I: Fractures provide the essential reservoir porosity and permeability.

Type II: Fractures provide the essential reservoir permeability.
Type III: Fractures assist permeability in an already producible reservoir.
Type IV: Fractures provide no additional porosity or permeability but create
significant reservoir anisotropy (barriers).
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Naturally fractured reservoirs

A fractured heterogeneous porous system with the representation of an idealized geological model
consisting of the cubic block (Warren, 1963)

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Naturally fractured reservoirs

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Flow in Double Porosity systems

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Flow in Double Porosity systems
Homogeneous
behaviour is observed
while the fissures
only produce but not
the matrices (matrix)

Transition while the

blocks/matrix starts to
produce to the fissures,
and the fissures
produce into the
wellbore

Total system producing

in equilibrium

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Flow in Double Porosity systems

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Fracture Porosity

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Fractured Reservoir

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 Double Porosity

Measure of Degree of
heterogeneity

Interporosity Flow Coefficient ()

In a dual porosity reservoir, the interporosity flow coefficient is defined as the
ratio of the permeability of the matrix (km) to that of the fractures (kf)
Geometric coefficient () accounts for the shape of the matrix blocks

Geometry of the fissure network, defined with the number n of families of fissure
planes. For n = 3, the matrix blocks are cubes (or spheres); for n = 1, slabs.

rm is the characteristic size of the matrix blocks defined as the ratio of the volume
V of the matrix blocks, to the surface area A of the blocks

The interporosity flow coefficient is usually in the range of 10-4 to 10-8 and is
always used in conjunction with the storativity ratio in dual porosity reservoirs.

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Interporosity flow parameter

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Idealized Double – Porosity model

Measure of fluid capacitance

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Idealized Double – Porosity model

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Idealized Double – Porosity model

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Pseudo steady State Matrix Flow model:

• Semilog Analysis Technique

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Pseudo steady State Matrix Flow model:
• Semilog Analysis Technique

(Horner Time Ratio (HTR))

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Buildup behaviour for NFRs

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 Drawdown behaviour for NFRs

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PSS Matrix Flow model: Semilog Analysis

When semilog analysis is possible (i.e., when the correct semilog straight
line can be identified), the following procedure is recommended for semilog
analysis of buildup or drawdown test data from wells completed in naturally
fractured reservoirs. Applicable for both the slightly compressible fluids (i.e.,
liquids), and the gas well tests
1. From the slope of the initial straight line (if present) or final straight line
(more likely to be present), determine the permeability thickness
product, kh using equation 1. The slope, m, is related to the total kh of
the system; total system kh is essentially all in the fractures.

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PSS Matrix Flow model: Semilog Analysis

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PSS Matrix Flow model: Semilog Analysis

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 PSS Matrix Flow model: Semilog Analysis

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PSS Matrix Flow model: Semilog Analysis

Exercise:
A pressure- buildup test was obtained from a gas well completed in a naturally
fractured reservoir, exhibiting pseudosteady-state matrix flow. For the following
given data determine permeability, skin factor, storativity ratio and interporosity
flow coefficient
Rw = 0.3 ft, ɸ = 0.0533, µg = 0.01118 cp, h = 286 ft, Sg=1.0, ct = 0.002658
psia-1, A = 43.0 acres, Bg = 6.48012 RB/Mscf,
pa wf(∆t=0)=36.67 psia, tp = 19,836 hours

Steps:
1. Identify straight with slope m, then determine kh and then average k
2. Determine storativity ratio
3. Draw horizontal line through midpoint and determine t1 and t2
4. Calculate (Vct)m, and (Vct)f
5. Calculate interporosity flow coefficient for the first and second semilog line
6. Calculate the skin factor using the Pa 1hr obtained from the extrapolation
of the second semilog straight line to a shut-in adjusted time of 1 hour.
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PSS Matrix Flow model: Semilog Analysis

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Double Porosity

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Restricted Interporosity Flow (skin)

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Double Porosity

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Double Porosity

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Double Porosity

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 Double Porosity

As the interporosity flow coefficient decreases, the transition between the

two semi-log straight lines is delayed. That is, the larger the fracture
permeability is in comparison to that of the matrix, the more time the
fractures will have to drain before the contribution from the matrix
becomes significant.Well Testing: Analysis And Design
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Double Porosity model

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 Double Porosity model

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Flow Characteristics: Dual porosity reservoir

Transient pressure behaviour: Closed Boundary.

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 Flow Characteristics: Dual porosity reservoir
Transient pressure behaviour: Constant Pressure Boundary.

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Flow Characteristics: Naturally fractured-vuggy reservoirs

(Ref: Wang et al., 2018)

Peng Chen, Xinhai Wang, Hong Liu, Yongmei Huang, Shuyang Chen & Hao Zhang (2016) A pressure-transient model
for21/03/2022
a fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir with large-scale cave, Geosystem Engineering, 19:2, 69-76, DOI: 38
10.1080/12269328.2015.1093965
Flow Characteristics: Naturally fractured-vuggy reservoirs
Transient pressure behaviour: FIVE flow regimes.
1: A 1/4 slope straight line on the PD curve represents bi-linear flow region.
2: A 1/2 slope straight line on the PD curve represents linear flow region.
3: The first V-shaped segment on the PD curve represents inter-porosity flow region
from vug system to the fracture system shows. After bi-linear flow and linear flow,
the fluid in the fracture gradually decreases, so the fluid in the vugs will flow
towards the fracture.
4: The second V-shaped segment on the PD curve represents inter-porosity flow
region from matrix system to fracture system and vug system to matrix system.
During this period, the fluid in the fracture is further reduced, and the fluid in the
matrix also begins to flow towards the fracture. Because of the large amount of
fluid stored in the vugs, the part of fluid in the vugs also begins to flow towards the
fracture and other part of fluids in vugs flow towards the matrix.
5: The radial flow regime shows a zero slope and 0.5 constant straight line on the PD
curve. At the late time of the flow, the fluid far from the wellbore began to flow. At
this time, the fluid around the wellbore converge toward the wellbore, which is a
radial flow. During this period, fluid exchange in matrix, fracture and vugs is in
dynamic balance.
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Flow Characteristics: Naturally fractured-vuggy reservoirs

Transient pressure behaviour: EIGHT flow regimes.

(Ref: Wang et al., 2018)

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Flow Characteristics: Naturally fractured-vuggy reservoirs
Transient pressure behaviour: Eight flow regimes.
I: Wellbore storage regime. Curves for both pressure and pressure
derivative (PD) are in a unite slope trend.
II: Transient flow regime between well storage and early linear flow which
presents a hump.
III: Early linear flow regime. PD curve is a line with a slope of 0.25;
IV: Inter-porosity flow regime from vug to NF. Because vug permeability is
higher than NF permeability; there is a characteristic dip.
V: Inter-porosity flow regime from matrix to vug. The PD curve is also a dip
controlled by interporosity flow from matrix system to vug system.
VI intermediate-time pseudo-radial flow regime around individual fractures
VII: Compound linear flow which represents the linear flow normal to
horizontal well axis.
VIII: Compound radial flow regime which indicates the pressure of matrix,
fracture, and vug systems have arrived at a dynamic balance. The PD
responses shows a flat behavior .
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