CGP_GCSE_Biology_AQA_Grade_8_9_Targeted_Exam_Practice_Workbook_includes

CGP CGP
P
G
C
Going after a top grade in

AQA GCSE Biology? GCSE AQA
You’re in luck — this CGP book will help make sure you’re on the path to success!
• Exam-style questions at Grade 8-9 standard...

Biology
Yep, hundreds of them — and they’re tough
• Perfectly matched to the AQA course...

You bet your quadrat it is!
Excha
nging
• How about step-by-step answers?
1
All orga S ubstan
nis
Single-c ms need to ex
ell ch ces 5
directly ed organisms ange substance
We’re on it — they’re all in here affected
across th
eir oute
such as
bacteria
s with th
eir envir
by their rs exc on
surface urface. The ra hange substan ment in order 21
A stude a re a to te a t w h ces with to surviv
nt carrie v o lu me ratio ic h they ex the e.
area to d out an . change ir environmen
substan t
After all that, you’ll be ready for anything the final exams can throw at you To mod
volume
ratio of
experim
a bacteri nt to model th
e ces is
el
its surro bacterial cells, al cell a
n
e relatio
n
on
d the ra s
te of ex hip between th 1
rati
un ag
The ind dings. The ag ar was used —
Respi
change uree surfa
icator d
y
ar conta
ined an a g a r is a of suFbig stances omceeter
Figure e is pin indicato material that m.
k at a p
1 shows
an agar H greate r dye an absorbs er th
block a r th a n d s o d ium hyd s u b sta
s uwreell1a. 8, but air nces fr
F ig s sroomnee hour. becomes colou roxide solutio om
P.S. Good things come in threes, so make sure you pick up CGP’s shown
in re fo of the o rless wh st nin(an alkali).
riment mperatu ther equ
ipment en pyHeafa
Grade 8-9 Workbooks for AQA GCSE Chemistry and Physics too! u p th e expe up at room te F cig
h a
u n r ges u s e d in the e tionelow 8.
g lu collseb
s tu d ent set eriment set Beake to s h ow the e1
s oxlu p eriment.
A p 1
t the ex Tarble our.
1 Hydro
She lef h c o lu mn of k after one h chloric
eac las acid
tick in in the f Prepratu
Tempaega d
rere
P la ce one ave occurred T a ble 1 H O Scalpel
1 .1 ld h r
Grade 8-9 Targeted

at wou
2
th
1.1 O2
* Descri C O2
be a me
thodC 6H 12O 6 [3]
Include
details o that the stude c ose
• what f: nt could nd glu
• th d
she sho
u ld
have us
e d in f th e yeast a e flask
e h o th
Increeasvariables sh ave measured, her exp
oef riom
p
il eonn to onditions in
Exam Practice Workbook

..D ased e sho
....ec..r..e.... constant uld have contr e p u t a layer ay that.t the c
..e..d........ oblluetdth . is
tim the w ...........
Remain ............ ces in
............ ....e..e..x..p..eriment two differen periment. .. .. .. .. ............
............ epeated th .. ......s..an d st e x .... ..
t ..r .. ilaritie ....re..d....to....th..e....f ir ............ ............
.. h e studen g..e..s..t..t..w..o..s..im .. .. o m pa ............ .................... .. .. .. ............
.. ..T..
1.2 ......ti..o..n..... Su g ..
u ..
r c
..
o .............. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. ..
..........after one h .............................. .... .......... .........
..........w
solu
change ............................................ ............ ................ ............................................
o u ld
............ .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .......... ........
.......... .................. ................................ ..........................
............ ............ .................... [4]
............ Similarities: ............................................ ............
.. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. ..
.. ............ .. .. .... ..
.. .... .. .. ..........
............ ............ ..
.......... .................. .............................. ........................
............ .................. .......................................... ............ ............ ............ marks]
G
P
............ .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. [T
.. otal 7
.. .. .. ..
C
..........s..: ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. ...................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. ..

............ rence .......................................... ........................ ............
............ id
........D..if..fe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a..c....
............ .......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. th e lactic
For the Grade 9-1 Course ............
....................
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....ed....is....b y m e a s
..u..rin
.. g
.. .. .. .. ..
o ..
n ..o..f .. ......ill.
............ ............
............ s .. centrati m
............ ....c..a..n..b..e asses hows ..th..e....co..n........g....o..n a tread
www.cgpbooks.co.uk
Includes Answers ............
............
............
............
............
..........s..e's f it
............ h a racehor ......g..e..x..e..rc..is
n e s s
e. F
..
ig
..u..r..
e
........rs..e..s while th
.. 2
.. ..s
.. .. .. .. w e r e
ey ................
r u n n in
......F..ig..u
.. .. ..
re 2
.. .. .. ..
............ in w ..h..ic........ d d u r in h o .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
......O..n..e..way s blo.. ....o........ ifferen t ............ ....
......tr..a..ti..on in it ..o..d........ ............ horse 1
............
............
2
concen ........e..b..lood of tw ............ tes
m in u
.. .. .. ..
............
.. .. .. .. ..
............ tic acid in th .. ............ three .. ............ .. ..
lac................ r..u..n..f..o..r .. ct ............ horse 2
..h..o..r..s..e..2 both uld yo..u..e..x..p..e....?.......... ............
mol/L)
1.2 De .... ............ .. .. .. .. .. ..
scribe tw nd o e run
o ways Horse 1 a hor..s..e..w......y..a..f..te..r..th ............
and i Which il ... .....
P
G
C
C
G
P
CGP
The only A-Level Science books
you’ll ever need!
The UK’s No. 1 range for
Grade 9-1 GCSE Science!
With in-depth Student Books, concise Complete Revision & Practice books
and brilliant guides to Essential Maths Skills, we have A-Level Science sorted!
Order from CGP now:

www.cgpbooks.co.uk • 0800 1712 712
Out now at cgpbooks.co.uk

Or you’ll find our range in any good bookshop, including:
1117 - 16861
Beef up your Biological brains with CGP!
Put those electrodes away — if you really want to stimulate your cerebral cortex,
aiming for Grades 8-9 in AQA GCSE Biology will do the trick. It’s a big challenge.
Luckily, CGP is here to help with a book full of questions as tough as any you’ll
face in the real exams. They’ll test your knowledge to the limit, topic by topic —
and there are two mixed practice sections to give your skills an exam-style workout.
Better still, we’ve included step-by-step answers at the back, so it’s easy to mark your
work and find out which topics need most attention ahead of the real exams.
CGP — still the best! J

Our sole aim here at CGP is to produce the highest quality books —
carefully written, immaculately presented and dangerously close to being funny.
Then we work our socks off to get them out to you

— at the cheapest possible prices.
Published by CGP
Editors:
Ellen Burton, Rachael Rogers, Emily Sheraton, Camilla Simson
Contributors:
Amy Beale, Gillian Bridger, David Martindill
With thanks to Phil Armstrong and Karen Wells for the proofreading.
With thanks to Jan Greenway for the copyright research.
Graph of lung cancer rates on page 9 from Cancer Research UK, http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/
cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/lung-cancer/incidence#heading-Two. Accessed November 2017.
Photo on page 16, Dutch Elm Fungal Attack (Ulmus spp) © Richard. Licensed for re-use under the Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0
Table on page 24 contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
Image on page 40 (Figure 1) Wikimedia Commons by Benjamin A Sheppard.
Data contained in evolutionary tree on page 43 © 2013 Geneviève Girard, Bjørn A. Traag, Vartul Sangal, Nadine Mascini,
Paul A. Hoskisson, Michael Goodfellow, Gilles P. van Wezel. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Data used to construct the graph on page 45 from Physiological & Biochemical Zoology, Thomas Park, July 1954, Volume 27.
Published by The University of Chicago Press.
Human population data on page 50 from Office for National Statistics, licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
ARPKD data on page 52 from NHS England © Copyright. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government
Licence v3.0. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
UK birth data on page 52 contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0
Data contained in evolutionary tree on page 54 © Kriegs et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007. Licensed for re-use under the
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
With thanks to Science Photo Library for images on pages 22, 35 and 43.
Every effort has been made to locate copyright holders and obtain permission to reproduce sources. For those sources where it has
been difficult to trace the originator of the work, we would be grateful for information. If any copyright holder would like us to
make an amendment to the acknowledgements, please notify us and we will gladly update the book at the next reprint. Thank you.
BA9Q41DK
Clipart from Corel®
Based on the classic CGP style created by Richard Parsons.
Text, design, layout and original illustrations © Coordination Group Publications Ltd. (CGP) 2017
All rights reserved.
0800 1712 712 • www.cgpbooks.co.uk

Contents
Use the tick boxes to check off the topics you’ve completed.
Topic 1 — Cell Biology

Cells and Cell Differentiation............................................................................................................................................................................1
Exchanging Substances ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Topic 2 — Organisation
Organisation and Non-Communicable Diseases ...........................................................................................................................7
Organisation in Plants ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Topic 3 — Infection and Response

Communicable Diseases in Animals ........................................................................................................................................................13
Communicable Diseases in Plants ............................................................................................................................................................16
Topic 4 — Bioenergetics
Photosynthesis ............................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Respiration .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Mixed Questions for Paper 1

Mixed Questions for Paper 1.......................................................................................................................................................................22
Topic 5 — Homeostasis and Response

Homeostasis, the Nervous System and the Eye...........................................................................................................................28
Hormones in Humans.......................................................................................................................................................................................30
Plant Hormones .......................................................................................................................................................................................................34
Topic 6 — Inheritance, Variation and Evolution

Reproduction and DNA .................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Inheritance .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................37
The Evolution of Organisms ........................................................................................................................................................................40
Topic 7 — Ecology
The Organisation of Ecosystems ................................................................................................................................................................44
Biomass Transfer .......................................................................................................................................................................................................47
Environmental Change and Humans....................................................................................................................................................49

Mixed Questions for Paper 2......................................................................................................................................................................52
Answers .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
Exam Tips
Exam Basics
1) For AQA GCSE Biology, you’ll sit two exam papers at the end of your course.
Each exam will last 1 hour 45 minutes and each paper will be worth 100 marks.
2) Paper 1 tests you on Topics 1-4 and Paper 2 tests you on Topics 5-7.
However, you’re expected to know the basic concepts of biology in both papers.
Be Prepared to be Tested on Your Maths and Practical Skills

1) At least 10% of the total marks for AQA GCSE Biology come from questions that test your maths skills.
The maths questions won’t always be straightforward. For example, for some of the harder maths questions
you might need to interpret some tricky data or do a multi-step calculation. If you’re aiming for a top grade
you need to make sure you’re comfortable with all the maths skills you’ve used in your course.
2) Around 15% of the total marks will be from questions testing practical skills. For example, you might be asked
to comment on the design of an experiment (the apparatus and methods), make predictions, and analyse or
interpret results. You’ll be tested on some of the required practical activities you’ll have done as part of your
course, but you’ll also be expected to apply your practical knowledge to unfamiliar experiments — acing these
questions will really show the examiners you know your stuff.
Here are a Few Handy Hints

1) Always, always, always make sure you read the question properly.
This is a simple tip but it’s really important. When you’ve got so much knowledge swimming
round in your head it can be tempting to jump right in and start scribbling your answer down.
But take time to make absolutely sure you’re answering the question you’ve been asked.
2) Take your time with unfamiliar contexts.
Examiners like to test you really understand what you’ve learnt by asking you to apply your knowledge in
different ways. Some of these contexts can be quite tricky but don’t let them trip you up — read all the
information you’re given really carefully and, if you don’t understand it, read it again. You can make notes
alongside the question or underline certain bits if it helps you to focus on the important information.
3) Look at the number of marks a question is worth.
The number of marks gives you a pretty good clue as to how much to write. So if a question is worth four
marks, make sure you write four decent points. And there’s no point writing an essay for a question that’s
only worth one mark — it’s just a waste of your time.
4) Write your answers as clearly and accurately as you can.
For some open response questions, as well as being marked on the scientific content of your answer,
you’ll also be marked on the overall quality of it. So always make sure your answers have a clear
and logical structure, you include detailed, relevant information and you answer the question fully.
5) Show each step in your calculations.
You might be a bit of a whizz at maths and be confident that your final answer to a question will be right,
but everyone makes mistakes — especially when under the pressure of an exam. Always write things out
in steps then, even if your final answer’s wrong, you’ll probably pick up some marks for your method.
| || | | | | | | | | | | | | |
6) Pay attention to the time. These handy hints mi
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
ght help you pick

|| | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
After all those hours of revision it would be a shame to miss out on marks up as many marks
|
as you can in the

because you didn’t have time to even attempt some of the questions. exams — but they’r
e no use if you
haven’t learnt the stu
If you find that you’re really struggling with a question, just leave it ff in the first place.
So make sure you rev
and move on to the next one. You can always go back to it at the ise well and do as
many practice quest
|
end if you’ve got enough time. ions as you can.

| | | | | | | | |
||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Exam Tips
Topic 1 — Cell Biology 1
Cells and Cell Differentiation

1 Louis Pasteur was a founder of microbiology. In the nineteenth century he carried out
experiments to investigate how microorganisms grow. He placed a nutrient broth in a flask with
a curved neck. He boiled the broth and then left the flask untouched for a long period of time.
After this, he broke the neck off the flask and left the flask untouched again.
The results of his experiment are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
1 long period 2
of time
water vapour condenses broth remains clear

heat to and collects here
boil broth
4 3
short period
of time
broth becomes
cloudy, suggesting
microorganisms have grown neck broken off
1.1 Suggest why the fresh broth was boiled in the flask at the beginning of the experiment.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
1.2 Suggest an explanation for the results of Pasteur's experiment.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
1.3 Suggest how the results may have been different if the flasks were stored at a cooler temperature.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]

2
Pasteur's work led to the aseptic techniques we now use to grow bacteria in the laboratory.
Figure 2 shows the results of an experiment used to test the effectiveness of four antibiotics
(P, Q, R and S) against a strain of bacteria.
Figure 2
1.4* Describe a method that could have
been used in the experiment. Paper disc
You should describe: soaked in
Agar plate
antibiotic
• Full experimental details, containing
including aseptic techniques. nutrient
• How you would determine the medium
effectiveness of the antibiotics. P R
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
Q S
........................................................................... Bacteria
growing
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
1.5 Antibiotic S is widely used to treat bacterial infections.

Suggest two reasons why antibiotic S may have produced the results shown in Figure 2.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 13 marks]

3
2 Herbicides are chemicals that are used to kill plants.

2.1 Some herbicides stop a plant's growth by disrupting the cell cycle of meristem cells.
For example, they may interfere with DNA replication.
For each of the following stages of the cell cycle, suggest one other way in which herbicides
may disrupt a plant's growth:
Before mitosis: ...................................................................................................................................
During mitosis: ..................................................................................................................................

[2]
2.2 Dinitroanilines are herbicides that prevent meristem cells from multiplying, but still
allow them to differentiate. Bipyridiliums are herbicides that destroy cell membranes.
Explain why plants treated with dinitroanilines may survive longer than those treated
with bipyridiliums.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
3 Stem cells can be used in medicine to treat diseases.

Scientists think it may be possible to treat diabetes with stem cells by replacing beta cells
in the pancreas. Beta cells are specialised cells that secrete the protein insulin.
3.1 Suggest one subcellular structure that there are likely to be many of in each beta cell.
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
3.2 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are found in the core of most human bones.
Suggest why HSCs can't be used to treat diabetes.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
3.3 Research has shown that adult body cells can be changed into cells that have the same features
as embryonic stem cells. These are called iPS cells. Using iPS cells to treat diseases would have
fewer medical risks than using stem cells produced in therapeutic cloning.
Explain one other reason why using iPS cells may be preferable to therapeutic cloning.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 4 marks]

4
4 In an investigation, a microbiologist inoculated 10 000 mm3 of a nutrient broth

solution with 10 000 bacterial cells. He then incubated the broth for 1 hour.
Figure 3 shows the bacteria that were found in 1 mm3 of the nutrient broth solution after
incubation. The bacteria were viewed on a microscope slide using a light microscope.
Figure 3
magnification x 1500
bacterial cell
4.1 Calculate the mean division time of the bacteria in this investigation.
Give your answer in minutes.
............................ minutes
[4]
4.2 Use Figure 3 to calculate the area on the slide taken up by each bacterial cell.
Give your answer in micrometres squared (µm2) to 2 significant figures.
Use the following equations to help you:
image size
magnification =
real size
area of a circle = πr2
................................... µm2
[6]
4.3 It was not necessary for the scientist to use an electron microscope in his investigation.
Suggest one possible explanation for this.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 12 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

If you want a top grade in your exam, you need to be prepared to tackle some pretty tricky maths Score:
questions. For longer maths questions that include multiple steps, there are more places you could go
wrong in your calculation — that's why it's extra important that you clearly show all your working. 35

5
Exchanging Substances
1 All organisms need to exchange substances with their environment in order to survive.
Single-celled organisms such as bacteria exchange substances with their environment
directly across their outer surface. The rate at which they exchange substances is
affected by their surface area to volume ratio.
A student carried out an experiment to model the relationship between the surface
area to volume ratio of a bacterial cell and the rate of exchange of substances.
To model bacterial cells, agar was used — agar is a material that absorbs substances from
its surroundings. The agar contained an indicator dye and sodium hydroxide solution (an alkali).
The indicator dye is pink at a pH greater than 8, but becomes colourless when pH falls below 8.
Figure 1 shows an agar block as well as some of the other equipment used in the experiment.
Figure 1
Hydrochloric Prepared Scalpel

Beaker
acid agar
1.1* Describe a method that the student could have used in her experiment.
Include details of:
• what she should have measured,
• the variables she should have controlled.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
1.2 Describe two ways in which the agar in this experiment did not accurately model a bacterial cell
and how it exchanges substances with its environment.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]

6
Figure 2 shows two rod-shaped bacterial cells, drawn to scale.
Figure 2
A B
1.3 The height of cell A is 0.4 µm.

Which of the following is the most realistic estimate of the height of cell B? Tick one box.
1 × 10-3 mm
8 × 10-3 mm
1 × 102 µm
8 × 10-1 µm
[1]
1.4 Both cells need to absorb substances from their environment in order to carry out metabolic
reactions. Based on this information, which cell (A or B) do you think will have a faster
metabolic rate? Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 11 marks]
2 Samples of plant and animal tissue were each placed into separate beakers containing a sugar
solution. Table 1 shows the starting sugar concentrations of the cells and of the solutions
in the beakers. Due to differences in their structures, the plant and animal cells responded
differently to being placed in the solutions. The animal cells burst, but the plant cells did not.
Table 1
Sugar concentration inside cell (M) Sugar concentration in beaker (M)
Plant 0.3 0.1
Animal 0.4 0.2
Suggest an explanation for why the animal cells burst but the plant cells did not when placed in
the sugar solutions.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[Total 3 marks]
Score:
14
Topic 2 — Organisation 7
Organisation and Non-Communicable Diseases

1 Fat is a vital component of a healthy diet.
The digestion of fat and the absorption of its products can be affected by a range of disorders.
1.1 One of these disorders is coeliac disease, which is characterized by a flattening of the villi in
the small intestine. Explain how coeliac disease may affect the absorption of fat.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
Another disorder that can affect fat digestion and absorption is pancreatitis.
In this disorder, the pancreas secretes fewer enzymes than it normally would.
1.2 Explain why people with pancreatitis might produce fatty stools.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
1.3 Pancreatitis can be treated with enzyme supplements. People need to take these tablets at
every meal, with a cold drink. Suggest why the tablets shouldn't be taken with a hot drink.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
1.4 People with chronic pancreatitis are at greater risk of developing an obstruction in the tubes
that connect the gallbladder to the small intestine.
Explain how this could lead to further problems with the digestion and absorption of fat.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
1.5 Some experts believe that too much saturated fat in a person's diet can lead to an increase in the
level of LDL cholesterol in the blood. Suggest how this may raise a person's blood pressure.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 13 marks]
8
2 One way to treat a patient who has suffered advanced heart failure is to fit a
left ventricle assist device (LVAD). This mechanical device assists the left
ventricle by pumping blood through a tube from the left ventricle to the aorta.
Figure 1 shows a diagram of the heart with an LVAD attached.
Figure 1
Aorta
Left atrium
Valve to the aorta
Left ventricle
Wire to power
source outside Tube
the body
LVAD pump
2.1 It is less common for this sort of device to be fitted to the right ventricle of patients
with advanced heart failure. This is because the right ventricle is less likely to need
support from a mechanical device. Suggest an explanation for this.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
Another treatment for advanced heart failure is a heart transplant.
2.2 Suggest two benefits of treating advanced heart failure with an LVAD rather than a heart transplant.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
2.3 Before it is implanted, a donated heart is stored in a special solution to prevent it from drying out.
Explain why it is important that the concentration of this solution is carefully controlled.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
2.4 With reference to its structure and function, describe why the heart is described as an organ.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 10 marks]
9
3 Smoking is a significant risk factor for lung cancer.
Figure 2 shows the rate of lung cancer in the UK between 1993 and 2014, per 100 000 people.
Figure 2
150
120
94
Rate per 100 000
90 Male
All people
60 Female
30
0
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Year of Diagnosis
3.1 Suggest why the data on lung cancer is provided as a rate per 100 000 people, rather than the total
number of cases per year.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
3.2 A health study conducted at the start of 2014 included 3000 randomly selected men.
Use Figure 2 to estimate how many men in the study would be expected to be diagnosed with
lung cancer that year.
.................................. men
[2]
3.3 Lung cancer can develop in people who have never been smokers. Suggest one reason why.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
The UK government spends millions of pounds each year on anti-smoking campaigns.
3.4 Using Figure 2 and your knowledge of the health effects of smoking, suggest two reasons why
anti-smoking campaigns may particularly target young women.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
3.5 Despite their high cost, suggest two reasons why anti-smoking campaigns may have a positive
effect on the UK economy overall.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 9 marks]
10
4 Blood is constantly pumped around the body and performs many important functions.
4.1 1991 cm3 of blood passed through one artery in 5.5 minutes.
Calculate the volume of blood that would flow through this artery in one day.
............................ cm3/day
[2]
4.2 Aplastic anaemia is a condition that results in the body not producing enough red blood cells.
Suggest why a symptom of the condition is muscle weakness.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
Blood plasma carries many different proteins around the body.
Some of these proteins and their roles are outlined in Figure 3.
Figure 3
Factor V (a protein that helps to
convert prothrombin to thrombin)
Prothrombin Thrombin (an enzyme
(a protein) that activates platelets)
4.3 Suggest why surgery might be risky for a person with a deficiency in Factor V.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
4.4 Thrombin is a protease enzyme.
Suggest why is it important that the shape of thrombin's active site is very specific to its substrate.
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
4.5 Solutions of thrombin can be useful in surgical procedures. To be most effective, the pH of the
solutions should not be greater than pH 7. Suggest an explanation for this.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 11 marks]
Score:
43
11
Organisation in Plants
1 A study was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of transpiration
in two varieties of palm tree. One is native to the Middle East, the other grows in South Asia.
• A scientist took a young sapling of the Middle Eastern tree and Figure 1
secured it inside a flask with a tube attached, as shown in Figure 1.
• She used a lamp to control the light intensity the plant was exposed to. Palm tree
• She investigated the rate of transpiration by recording how far sapling
an air bubble in the tube moved in a set period of time. Air bubble
• She repeated the experiment at different light intensities and
then repeated the whole experiment with the South Asian sapling.
• She controlled the humidity and the temperature throughout
the experiment. Ruler
• Her results are shown in Table 1. Water
Table 1
Middle Eastern Palm Tree South Asian Palm Tree

Light intensity
25 50 75 100 125 25 50 75 100 125
(lux × 1000)
Distance moved
4 7 10 10 10 8 12 14 15 15
by bubble (mm)
1.1 Plot a graph on Figure 2 to show the results for both palm trees.
You should:
• Select suitable scales and labels for the axes.
• Plot the data given in Table 1.
• Draw and label two separate curves of best fit.
Figure 2
[6]
12
1.2 It was important that the total surface area of both saplings’ leaves was approximately the same.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
1.3 Give one way in which the scientist could improve the validity of the results.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
The palm trees both have adaptations that make them suited to their environment.
Table 2 shows the average humidity for two regions in which the palm trees are found.
Table 2
Average Humidity (%)
Iraq (Middle East) 43
Bangladesh (South Asia) 78
1.4 Using your knowledge of leaf structure and the process of transpiration, explain the results of the
study, shown in Table 1. As part of your explanation, include the information provided in Table 2.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
1.5 Young trees such as those used in this study do not need as much lignin in their xylem vessels as
mature trees. Suggest why.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 18 marks]
Score:
18
Topic 3 — Infection and Response 13
Communicable Diseases in Animals

1 In 2016, an estimated 36.7 million people worldwide were living with HIV.
Doctors use two blood tests to determine the extent of the effect of HIV on an infected person’s
body. One test measures the number of copies of HIV present in the blood (the viral load).
The other test counts the number of CD4 cells in the blood. Figure 1 shows the viral load
and CD4 cell count of a man over a ten-week period since he was infected with HIV.
Figure 1
1000 10⁶
viral load
CD4 cell count
CD4 cell count
(copies/cm³)
viral load
(cells/mm³)
500 10⁴
0 10²
0 2 4 6 8 10
weeks
1.1 Suggest the point on Figure 1 at which the man was most likely to pass the virus on.
Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
1.2 The viral load can be classed as 'high' when there are more than 100 000 copies of the virus in the
blood per cm3. For how long was the man's viral load classed as high? Tick one box.
1 week
2 weeks
4 weeks
6 weeks
[1]
1.3 Use your knowledge of how HIV affects the body to explain why CD4 cells could be a type of
white blood cell.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
1.4 Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that causes cervical cancer.
Explain why having HIV increases a person's risk of getting cervical cancer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]

14
2 Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men. Antigens

called prostate specific antigens (PSA) can be found in the blood of men
with this disease. Monoclonal antibodies can be used to test for PSA.
2.1 Name the two cell types that are fused together to produce monoclonal antibodies.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
Figure 2 shows the materials used in a test for PSA.
Figure 2
antibody
against PSA
blood
substrate A
sample
test well with antibodies enzyme A

against PSA attached
In the PSA test, the blood sample is added to the well. After 60 minutes, the well is washed out.
Then, antibodies against PSA with enzyme A attached are added to the well.
After 30 minutes, the well is washed out again. Finally, substrate A is added.
In a negative test, the end solution is colourless. In a positive test, the end solution is blue.
2.2* Explain how the PSA test can be used to test for prostate cancer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]

15
2.3 Approximately one new case of prostate cancer is diagnosed every 11 minutes in the UK.
Using this statistic, calculate the number of new diagnoses per year.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
new diagnoses = ........................... per year

[3]
[Total 11 marks]
3 Meningitis is a life-threatening disease that affects the brain and spinal cord.
The disease can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal pathogens.
3.1 In the 1930s, scientists produced an antitoxin serum to treat patients with meningitis.
Suggest why an antitoxin serum could treat meningitis.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
In 2015, a new vaccine was introduced in the UK to protect babies against a particular strain of
bacteria that causes meningitis — meningococcal B bacteria.
3.2* Explain why the vaccine gives a baby immunity against meningococcal B bacteria but not
meningococcal C bacteria.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

Command words are the bits of the question that tell you what to do — e.g. 'give', 'describe', 'explain',
etc. Take notice of the command words, because they give you an idea of the sort of answer you need Score:
to write to pick up marks. For example, if a question asks you to 'name' something, you'll only need
to write a brief response. But if you have to 'explain' something, then you'll need a longer answer, 24
which clearly gives the reasons why something happens, and links the points you make together.

16
Communicable Diseases in Plants

1 Some fungi and viruses cause diseases in plants. Table 1 shows some
of the most common infectious diseases that affected plants in European
woodlands in one year, and the type of pathogen that causes them.
Table 1
Disease Causative pathogen Number of infected trees
Ash dieback Fungus 1.2 × 106
Chestnut blight Fungus 9.5 × 105
Massaria disease Fungus 4.2 × 105
Little cherry disease Virus 3.0 × 104
Prunus ringspot Virus 1.1 × 105
1.1 Calculate the total number of trees that were infected by fungal pathogens in one year.
Tick one box.
257 000
2 570 000
25 700 000
4 100 000
[1]
1.2 Dutch elm disease is a fungal infection that killed most of the mature elm trees in Britain in the
late 1960s and early 1970s. The fungus that causes Dutch elm disease is spread by the elm bark
beetle, which feeds on the bark of living elm trees and elm tree logs after felling.
Give one method that could be used to distinguish Dutch elm disease from other fungal infections
that cause similar symptoms.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
Figure 1 shows an elm tree suffering from Dutch elm disease.

1.3 Explain how infection with this fungus may affect Figure 1
glucose production in the tree.
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
...................................................................................... discoloured and decaying

[2] elm tree leaves

17
Table 2 shows the number of elm trees in one area of Britain during the late 1960s and 1970s.
Table 2
Year 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Number of elm
3.70 0.95 0.35 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10
trees (millions)
1.4 Using Table 2, plot a graph on Figure 2 to show the decline in the number of elm trees
during this period. Draw a line of best fit.
Figure 2
[5]
1.5 Calculate the average rate of decline between 1967 and 1976.
Give your answer in millions per year.
average rate of decline = ........................... per year

[2]
1.6 Suggest why some elm trees that did not show symptoms of the disease were destroyed in
this period.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
1.7 Some elm varieties in Asia are resistant to Dutch elm disease.
Suggest two adaptations that resistant elm trees may use to defend themselves against this disease.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 14 marks]
Score:
14
18 Topic 4 — Bioenergetics
Photosynthesis
1 In the 17th century, a scientist called Jan Baptista van Helmont carried out an experiment to
investigate plant growth. He grew a willow tree for 5 years in a pot of soil. During this time,
the only thing he added to the soil was water. He weighed the pot and shoot at the start of the
experiment and again after 5 years. He found that the pot and soil had lost barely any mass,
but the tree had gained around 75 kg in mass. He concluded that plants must only need water
in order to increase in mass.
1.1 Explain why van Helmont's conclusion is incorrect.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
A scientific study recreated van Helmont's experiment over a 5-year period. In the study, three
trees were grown outside, each in a different part of the UK. Table 1 shows the results of the study.
Table 1
Initial mass Final mass % change % change

Initial mass Final mass
of pot and of pot and in mass of in mass
of tree (kg) of tree (kg)
soil (kg) soil (kg) pot and soil of tree
Location A 35.1 34.9 – 0.6 2.1 22.2 957.1
Location B 42.0 41.9 – 0.2 3.4 67.2 1876.5
Location C 33.7 33.0 – 2.1 2.0 44.4
1.2 Calculate the mean percentage change in mass for all the trees after 5 years.
mean = ......................................%
[3]
1.3 The scientists controlled as many variables as they could in order to get valid results.
Give two variables that the scientists should have controlled.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
1.4 The scientists predicted that the tree in Location B would increase in mass more than the tree
in Location A.
Suggest one reason which may have led them to make this prediction. Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 8 marks]
19
Figure 1
2 A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the
rate of photosynthesis. She set up the experiment shown
lamp
in Figure 1 and recorded the volume of oxygen collected syringe
in the syringe after 5 minutes. The light intensity was
altered by moving the lamp away from the pondweed.
pondweed
The experiment was repeated three times at each distance
from the lamp. The results are shown in Table 2. ruler
Table 2
Distance of pondweed Volume of gas produced (cm3)
from the lamp (cm) Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Mean
10 13.0 14.5 12.5 13.3
20 11.5 12.0 11.5 11.7
30 9.0 8.5 10.0 9.2
40 7.0 8.0 6.0 7.0
50 6.5 5.5 4.5 5.5
60 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.5
2.1 At which distance from the lamp are the readings most precise? Explain your answer.
Distance: ................ cm
Explanation: .......................................................................................................................................
[2]
Light intensity is inversely proportional to the distance from the lamp.
This is called the inverse square law. It can be calculated using the formula:
light intensity 1
distance2
2.2 At a distance of 60 cm the light intensity was 5.2 arbitrary units.
Using this information and the principle of the inverse square law, determine the light intensity
when the plant was 20 cm from the lamp.
light intensity = .................. arbitrary units

[2]
2.3 Table 3 gives information about three different types Table 3
of bulb the student could have used in her lamp. Temperature of bulb
Suggest which type of bulb the student should Type of bulb
when in use (°C)
have used to increase the validity of her results. Incandescent 168
CFL 55
Type of bulb: ................................................ LED 31
Explanation: .......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 7 marks]
20
3 A farmer is planning to alter conditions in his greenhouse to help improve the growth
of his plants. The current conditions in the farmer's greenhouse are shown in Table 4.
He is using the graph in Figure 2 to help him choose how to change the conditions.
Figure 2
25 °C, 0.12% CO2
15 °C, 0.12% CO2
rate of photosynthesis
Table 4
(arbitrary units)
Mean light intensity
3.2
(arbitrary units)
25 °C, 0.04% CO2
Mean temperature
15
(°C)
15 °C, 0.04% CO2
Mean carbon dioxide
0.04
concentration (%)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
light intensity (arbitrary units)
3.1 Sketch a line on Figure 2 to show the rate of photosynthesis at 15 °C and a carbon dioxide
concentration of 0.08%.
[1]
3.2 The farmer is considering doing only one of the following to change conditions in his greenhouse:
A Increasing the light intensity to 8 arbitrary units.
B Increasing the temperature to 25 °C.
C Increasing the carbon dioxide concentration to 0.12%.
Which one of the options, A-C, would be most beneficial to the farmer? Explain your answer.
Option: ............... Explanation: .......................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
3.3 Explain why it would not be economical for the farmer to increase the temperature in his
greenhouse to 25 °C and increase the carbon dioxide concentration to 0.12%.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

Even top students can find this topic tough — interpreting graphs showing the effect of limiting
factors on the rate of photosynthesis is especially tricky. If you're given a graph like this in the exam, Score:
a key thing to look at is where the lines on the graph level off. At that point, something other than
the factor on the graph that is increasing must be limiting the rate of photosynthesis. You should Score: 21
then be able to use a process of elimination to work out what that factor is...
20
21
Respiration
1 A student set up the experiment shown in Figure 1. Figure 1
She left the experiment set up at room temperature for one hour. thermometer
1.1 Place one tick in each column of Table 1 to show the changes air
that would have occurred in the flask after one hour.
yeast in
Table 1
glucose
C6H12O6 CO2 O2 H2O Temperature solution
Increased
Decreased
Remained constant
[3]
1.2 The student repeated the experiment but this time put a layer of oil on top of the yeast and glucose
solution. Suggest two similarities and two differences in the way that the conditions in the flask
would change after one hour compared to the first experiment.
Similarities: .......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Differences: .......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 7 marks]
2 One way in which a racehorse's fitness can be assessed is by measuring the lactic acid
concentration in its blood during exercise. Figure 2 shows the concentration of
lactic acid in the blood of two different horses while they were running on a treadmill.
Horse 1 and horse 2 both run for three minutes Figure 2

at 10 m/s. Which horse would you expect
concentration (mmol/L)
to be breathing more heavily after the run? horse 1

lactic acid
.......................................................................... horse 2
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
.......................................................................... speed (m/s)
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[Total 4 marks]
Score:
11
22 Mixed Questions for Paper 1
1 Marram grass can survive in dry, windy locations and is often found growing on sand dunes.
Despite being found near the sea, marram grass is not tolerant to high levels of salt.
Table 1 shows the salinity (the concentration of dissolved salt) of fresh water and salt water.
Table 1
Salinity (%)
Fresh water 0.5 × 10-3
Salt Water 3.5
1.1 Using Table 1, suggest how the rate of water uptake by marram grass is affected when it is exposed
to salt water in the ground, compared to when it is exposed to fresh water. Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
Marram grass has structural features that help prevent water loss. These are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Sunken stomata
STEVE LOWRY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Curled leaf
Upper epidermis Epidermal hairs

with thick waxy cuticle
1.2* Explain how the structural features of marram grass shown in Figure 1 help to slow water loss
from the plant.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]

23
1.3 Describe the processes involved in the transport of mineral ions from the ground to the leaves of
marram grass.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 10 marks]
2 Plum pox is a viral plant disease which affects the

production of stone fruit in Prunus plant species.
2.1 Explain how monoclonal antibodies could be used to identify whether plum pox disease is present
in plants that are yet to develop any visible symptoms.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
2.2 The plum pox virus is spread by aphids, which feed on the plants by probing their mouthpart into
the plant tissue. Give two plant defences this allows the virus to bypass.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
2.3 Currently there is no treatment for plum pox and it is not possible to control the spread of the
disease by killing aphids. Suggest one way in which the spread of plum pox could be controlled.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
2.4 The plum pox virus reduces the efficiency of chloroplasts to carry out their function.
Suggest how plum pox could reduce fruit production in Prunus plant species.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 9 marks]

24
3 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria which causes gonorrhoea,

has recently developed a highly drug-resistant strain.
Table 2 shows the number of cases of gonorrhoea diagnosed in England across four years.
Table 2
Number of cases of gonorrhoea

Year
diagnosed in England
2012 2.7 × 104
2013 3.1 × 104
2014 3.7 × 104
2015 4.1 × 104
3.1 Which of the following is the correct value for the percentage increase in the number of cases of
gonorrhoea diagnosed between 2012 and 2015? Tick one box.
61%
52%
53%
34%
[1]
3.2 Suggest one reason for the trend shown in Table 2.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
Scientists have discovered that the drug-resistant bacterial strain is particularly sensitive to
carbon monoxide, which blocks the active site of an important enzyme involved in respiration.
This finding may help scientists design a new drug to treat gonorrhoea infections.
3.3 If a new drug to treat gonorrhoea can be developed, it will have to undergo clinical testing before
it can be licensed. Explain what the next stage in testing would be after the drug had been trialled
on healthy volunteers.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
3.4 The new drug could be administered as a cream which releases carbon monoxide close to
the bacteria. Suggest how the new drug would function to stop the growth of the bacteria.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]

25
4 Yeast is a single celled organism that can carry out aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
The structure of yeast is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Cell membrane Mitochondria
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuole
4.1 Use Figure 2 to identify whether yeast is a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell. Explain your answer.
Type of cell: ......................................................................................................................................
Explanation: ......................................................................................................................................
[1]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a type of yeast used in wine making:
• Sugar, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fruit are added together and left uncovered for
a few days. During this time, an increasing number of gas bubbles can be seen as the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduce.
• In later stages, the wine mixture is sealed in airtight containers.
Although the amount of sugar present remains high, the rate of gas production slows down.
4.2 Suggest why gas production initially increases quickly, and then slows down once the containers
are sealed.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
4.3 The mean division time for a yeast population is 2 hours.
Calculate how many yeast will be present after two days, when starting with one yeast cell.
Give your answer in standard form.
number of yeast = .........................................

[4]
[Total 9 marks]

26
5 Marathon runners often adapt their diets to help improve their performance.
For example, they may increase their carbohydrate or protein intake.
5.1 An endurance runner is preparing for a marathon. The day before the marathon she eats meals
high in starch. Suggest why.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
5.2 Another marathon runner has had part of his small intestine removed following an injury.
He has since struggled to build muscle strength whilst training. Suggest why.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
Marathon runners also need to pay attention to their fluid intake. If they take on more fluid than
their kidneys can excrete, they risk developing exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH). Runners
at a higher risk of developing EAH are those who sweat less and drink excessive amounts of fluid
during the race to avoid dehydration. These fluids easily replace the small volume of water lost
in sweat. The large volume of excess water taken in dilutes the blood, causing the blood sodium
concentration to fall. This can have dangerous consequences as water moves from the blood into
the surrounding cells, causing them to swell.
5.3 Explain why having a low blood sodium concentration causes water to move from the blood into
the surrounding cells.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 9 marks]
6 Oxygen and carbon dioxide move between cells and the environment during gas exchange.
6.1 Fish are adapted for gas exchange underwater because the gill filaments and lamellae are
supported in position by water which flows freely between them. When fish are taken out
of water, the gill filaments and lamellae stick together. Suggest why fish are unable to respire
out of water as a result of the gill filaments and lamellae sticking together.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]

27
6.2 In humans, gas exchange in the lungs can be affected by various conditions.
For example, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) describes a group of lung
conditions, including emphysema and bronchitis. Emphysema causes the structural shape of
the alveoli to break down, and bronchitis causes the airways to become inflamed and narrow.
Suggest how these changes in the lungs may affect gas exchange in people with COPD.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
6.3 At rest, patient A takes 1 800 breaths in 2 hours, and patient B takes 750 breaths in 30 minutes.
Calculate the average breathing rate in breaths per minute for both patients.
Patient A: ............... breaths per minute
Patient B: ............... breaths per minute

[2]
6.4 Which patient is more likely to have COPD? Explain your answer.
Patient: ................................
Explanation: ......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
In the lungs, white blood cells produce enzymes in response to infections and toxins such as
cigarette smoke. These enzymes help the white blood cells to move through the lung tissue, and
break down proteins in the bacteria causing the infection. However, the enzymes can also damage
proteins that make up the cells in the lungs.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein that works in the lungs to limit the effect of the enzymes
produced by the white blood cells. Some people have an inherited disorder known as a
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). People with this disorder often produce lower levels
of AAT.
6.5 People with AATD have an increased risk of developing COPD. Suggest why.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
6.6 Smoking is known to increase the risk of developing COPD in people with AATD. Explain why.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 12 marks]
Score:
56
28 Topic 5 — Homeostasis and Response
Homeostasis, the Nervous System and the Eye
1 Every Boxing Day, hundreds of people in the UK take part in
charity events that involve them briefly running into the sea.
1.1 When people taking part in the charity events leave the water, parts of their skin may appear grey.
This is because there is a reduction in blood flow to the surface of the skin.
Explain in detail how being in the water leads to this response.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
1.2 A person's muscles may require more glucose when in cold water, compared to warm water.
Explain why.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 9 marks]
2 The eye is a complex sense organ.
2.1 The visual cortex is the area of the brain that processes information about what we see.
Describe how the visual cortex receives information that allows us to see.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
2.2 Paramedics may examine an unconscious patient by shining a torch into their eyes to see if the
pupils change size. Suggest why this examination helps to check for brain damage.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]

29
2.3 Describe the changes that would normally occur in an eye when a torch is shone into it.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 7 marks]
3 Some people develop visual defects which cause problems when focusing on near or distant objects.
3.1 Myopia is a common visual defect. Figure 1 shows how Figure 1

light rays enter the eye of a person with myopia.
Draw an artificial lens and extend the light rays on Figure 2 Light rays
to show how spectacles are used to correct myopia.
Figure 2
[2]
3.2 Pseudomyopia is a temporary condition caused by prolonged focus on near objects,

such as a computer screen. In pseudomyopia, the ciliary muscles do not relax.
Explain how pseudomyopia may affect a person’s vision when they try to focus on distant objects.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
3.3 Laser eye surgery is one possible treatment for vision defects.
In this process, a laser is used to heat and reshape the cornea.
Suggest why laser eye surgery can improve a person’s vision.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
Score:
23
30
Hormones in Humans
1 Progesterone is a sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle.
In a study, scientists looked at the secretion patterns of progesterone. The blood

concentration of progesterone was measured in three women over an eight-week period.
Figure 1 shows the results.
Figure 1
X
Female A
Blood concentration
Female B
of progesterone
Female C
1 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Day
1.1 Estimate the duration of one menstrual cycle in Female B.
.................................. days
[1]
1.2 Explain how the level of LH in the blood will differ between points X and Y on Figure 1.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
1.3 Female A became pregnant during the study.
Suggest an explanation for the secretion pattern shown for Female A from day 21.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
1.4 Once a woman has experienced the menopause, she will no longer ovulate.
Explain the secretion pattern for Female C, who experienced the menopause many years prior
to this study.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]

31
Sex hormones also control the reproductive cycle of other mammals, such as sheep.
It is advantageous to sheep farmers if all of their lambs are born around the same time.
Many sheep farmers impregnate their female sheep by injecting sperm into their uteruses.
For the months leading up to this procedure, they administer progesterone to all of their female
sheep. They then withdraw the progesterone approximately two weeks before the procedure.
1.5 Using your knowledge of the interactions between FSH and progesterone, suggest an explanation
for the farmers' use of progesterone.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 11 marks]
2 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects the normal functions of the kidneys. For example, it
means that the kidneys lose their ability to effectively filter waste products out of the blood.
2.1 People with CKD are advised to limit their dietary protein intake.
Explain how this may help to prevent their blood urea concentration from becoming too high.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[5]
People with advanced CKD may need dialysis treatment.
2.2 People on dialysis may not need to limit their protein intake. With reference to how kidney
dialysis works, explain how the treatment helps to stop the blood urea concentration becoming
too high.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
2.3 Suggest two reasons why it may be better to treat a CKD patient with a kidney transplant rather
than dialysis.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 10 marks]

32
3 Hormone levels in the blood regularly fluctuate to control the normal functioning of the body.
3.1 During a school day, the level of glucagon in a student's blood increased following his P.E. lesson.
Explain why this may have occurred.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
3.2 During the day, the level of ADH in the student's blood also increased following his P.E. lesson.
Explain why this may have occurred.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
3.3 Explain how the action of ADH illustrates the concept of negative feedback.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
3.4 Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that disrupts the usual control of water balance.
People with this condition often stop producing ADH. Explain why a person with diabetes
insipidus may need to drink more each day than a person without the condition.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes occur when the normal hormonal control of blood glucose
concentration is disrupted.
Metformin is a drug that works by increasing the sensitivity of body cells to insulin.
3.5 Explain why metformin can be used to treat Type 2 diabetes.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
33
3.6 Suggest why metformin may not be an effective treatment for Type 1 diabetes.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 16 marks]
4 IVF is a treatment that can be offered to couples who are finding it difficult to conceive.
4.1 Describe how IVF is carried out.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[5]
A couple in the US are considering fertility treatment. Table 1 shows the information they have
been given about IVF and another fertility treatment, gonadotropin injections.
Gonadotropin injections contain hormones that help a woman to ovulate. They are administered
at home by the couple for 10 days and then the couple try to conceive naturally.
Table 1
Predicted chance of
Treatment Cost per cycle ($)
success per cycle (%)
IVF 41 - 58 12 000
Gonadotropin injections 15 - 20 1 000 - 5 000
4.2* Using your knowledge and the information provided, evaluate which treatment you think
the couple should choose. Include a justified conclusion in your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 9 marks]
Score:
46
34
Plant Hormones
1 Plant hormones can control the growth patterns of plants.
1.1 Farmers use plant hormones for commercial purposes.

Which statement about the commercial use of plant hormones is false? Tick one box.
High concentrations of auxin are used to promote root growth in cuttings.
Low concentrations of auxin are used to promote shoot growth in cuttings.
Giberellins are used to increase the size of fruits.
Ethene is used to speed up the ripening of fruits.
[1]
A group of students investigated the concept of geotropism in germinating pea seedlings.
They used a piece of apparatus called a clinostat, which suspended and slowly rotated the
seedlings over several days. The experimental set up is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Rotating Pea seedlings

drum
Clinostat
Lamp
Roots
1.2 Explain why it was important to keep the lamp on and in the same position throughout the experiment.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
1.3 Describe a control that could be set up for this experiment and state the result you would expect
to see.
Control: ..............................................................................................................................................
Expected result: .................................................................................................................................

[2]
1.4 Explain why the roots of these seedlings grew horizontally.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
Score:
7
Topic 6 — Inheritance, Variation and Evolution 35
Reproduction and DNA

1* Basal rot is a fungal infection that causes the decay of daffodil bulbs.
Daffodils can reproduce sexually, by generating seeds, or asexually, by bulb division.

With specific reference to daffodils, explain the advantages of each method of reproduction.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[Total 6 marks]
Figure 1
2 Problems with meiosis can lead to health disorders.
L. WILLATT, EAST ANGLIAN REGIONAL GENETICS SERVICE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Figure 1 shows the chromosomes in a cell of an embryo
with Down syndrome.
2.1 Using Figure 1, suggest how the set of chromosomes

in an individual with Down syndrome differs from an
individual without Down syndrome.
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................
[1]
2.2 How many of the other cells in the embryo would you expect to contain the difference referred to
in part 2.1? Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]

36
Table 1 shows three other syndromes and information about the possible chromosomes that
could result.
Table 1
Number of
Syndrome Sex chromosomes
chromosomes
Turner syndrome 45 X only
Rett syndrome 46 XX
Klinefelter syndrome 47 XXY
2.3 If the sex chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis, an egg cell with XX or a sperm cell with XY
may be formed. Suggest how this could lead to one of the syndromes in Table 1.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 5 marks]
3* Cells in part of the brain called the hypothalamus produce anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
Figure 2 shows a short section of the DNA base sequence that codes for ADH.
Figure 2
A A T T A T A C A C
Describe the process by which the strand of bases is used to produce ADH in the cells
of the hypothalamus.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[Total 6 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

6-mark questions are the longest ones you'll come across in the exam. You need to include a lot of Score:
detail to get all of those marks, so it's a good idea to jot down a few bullet points before you start Score:
your answer. That way, you're less likely to forget about any important points while you're writing. 17
17
##
37
Inheritance
1 Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited disease that affects the development of haemoglobin.
This can cause red blood cells to distort into crescent shapes. Haemoglobin is made up of four
protein subunits. The HBB gene provides the instructions for making two of these subunits.
1.1 Figure 1 shows the base sequence for the first six amino acids coded for by the HBB gene.
Figure 1
base sequence GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG

amino acid Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu
There are 423 more bases after this in the gene.

Calculate how many amino acids the HBB gene codes for.
........................... amino acids

[2]
1.2 Sickle cell anaemia results when the A is replaced with a T in the base sequence for the sixth
amino acid shown in Figure 1. Suggest how this mutation causes sickle cell anaemia.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
The allele that causes sickle cell anaemia is recessive.
A family with a history of sickle cell anaemia consults a genetic counsellor for advice.
Their family tree is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Key
1 2
Unaffected male
Unaffected female
Affected male
3 4 5 6 7
Affected female
8 9 10 11

38
1.3 Explain how the genetic counsellor knew from Figure 2 that individuals 1 and 2 were
heterozygous for the allele that causes sickle cell anaemia.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
1.4 Individuals 5 and 6 in Figure 2 have a child with sickle cell anaemia and would like to know the
chances of having another child with the disorder.
Calculate the probability of individuals 5 and 6 having another child with sickle cell disease.
Construct a Punnett square to explain your answer.
The recessive sickle cell allele can be represented by the letter 'a'.
The dominant sickle cell allele can be represented by the letter 'A'.
Probability = .........................................
[3]
1.5 Individual 4 in Figure 2 claimed that she could not be a carrier of the recessive allele, because
she had already had three unaffected children. The genetic counsellor argued that this may not
be true. Explain why. Give two reasons.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 14 marks]

39
2 Gregor Mendel is sometimes referred to as the ‘father of genetics’. In the mid-1800s

he bred varieties of pea plants to investigate the inheritance of traits including height.
2.1 Describe the conclusions that Mendel drew from his studies.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
2.2 Most human traits, including height, do not follow the same simple patterns as observed
by Mendel. Suggest two reasons why.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
2.3 Around 40 years after Mendel’s work with pea plants, the biologists Walter Sutton and Theodor
Boveri investigated the theories of inheritance in the grasshopper and the sea urchin.
Sutton and Boveri made a number of important observations, one of which was:
If the nucleus is removed from an egg, and this egg fertilised by two sperm cells, the offspring
has some growth abnormalities and inherits characteristics from just the male parent.
Suggest two conclusions regarding chromosomes that Sutton and Boveri could have made from
this observation.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

Don't panic in the exam if you're not familiar with some of the information given in a question
— for example, you're not expected to already know about Sutton and Boveri's work for the Score:
question on this page. To get the top grades, you need to be able to read new information Score: 21
and relate it to the material that you have studied.
##
40
The Evolution of Organisms

1 For millions of years a marsupial called the thylacine (Figure 1) lived throughout mainland
Australia. However, about 3000 years ago, they became extinct on the mainland and only
existed on the smaller Australian island of Tasmania. When the British arrived there in 1803,
there were around 3000 individuals, but hunting led to the complete extinction of the species.
The dingo (Figure 2) was probably brought to mainland Australia around 4000 years ago by sea
traders from Asia. It is similar to the thylacine in that it has a comparable body mass and diet.
The thylacine population rapidly declined after dingoes were first brought to Australia.
Figure 1 Figure 2
1.1 Suggest two reasons to explain why the thylacine population rapidly declined in mainland
Australia after the arrival of dingoes.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
1.2 The last thylacine died in 1936. Calculate the average rate of decline of thylacines in Tasmania
between British settlement and their extinction.
................. thylacines per year

[2]
Scientists have so far been unable to extract a nucleus from biological material preserved from
a thylacine. However, if they could in the future, it may be possible to bring back thylacines
through adult cell cloning, using a related species such as the Tasmanian devil.
1.3* Explain how adult cell cloning could potentially be used to re-establish the thylacine species.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total 10 marks]

41
2 A teacher took her biology class to the school’s grass sports field for a lesson on natural selection.
She arranged some students into a circle and then threw 30 green paperclips and 30 red paperclips
onto the grass within the circle. The students were asked to collect as many paperclips as they
could in 5 seconds. The number of green and red paper clips that the students collected were then
counted. 25 of the red paperclips were found, and 13 of the green paperclips were found.
2.1 Explain how this demonstration models part of the theory of natural selection.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
2.2 Explain why this demonstration does not fully model the theory of natural selection.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 5 marks]
3 Scientists have produced genetically modified (GM) organisms

for use in both agriculture and in medicine.
GM crop plants have been grown since the 1980s. Scientists undertook a number of
steps in order to develop a variety of corn that produces Bt toxin, a pesticide that kills
insects that feed upon the corn plant. The process involves the use of a bacterium called
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which invades plant cells and inserts genes into the plant's DNA.
3.1 The following steps are not in the correct order:

1. The corn plant is dipped into the colony of Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
which inserts the Bt toxin gene into the corn plant's genome.
2. The Bt toxin gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid.
3. The bacterial plasmid is inserted into Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
4. Enzymes are used to isolate the toxin gene in Bacillus thuringiensis.
5. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens is left to multiply.
Identify the correct order of these steps.
Tick one box.
5, 3, 4, 2, 1
4, 2, 3, 5, 1
4, 3, 5, 2, 1
3, 5, 2, 1, 4
[1]

42
3.2 Suggest two reasons why some people may object to the production and growth of Bt corn.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
In medicine, many drugs are produced using genetically modified Figure 3
organisms, such as animals. For example, a disorder called DNA
hereditary antithrombin deficiency can be treated with a protein
called antithrombin. Scientists have developed a way to produce
high yields of antithrombin using goats. goat
embyro
This process is summarised in Figure 3 and described below.
1. DNA that codes for production of human antithrombin
in the mammary (milk producing) glands is extracted
female
from a human. goat
2. The DNA is injected into a goat embryo.
3. The embryo is implanted into a female goat.
4. When the offspring is born it is tested to identify
whether it produces the antithrombin protein.
5. If it does, selective breeding is used to produce a herd
of goats that produce antithrombin in their milk. offspring tested for
antithrombin production
The antithrombin is extracted from the milk and
selective
used to produce a drug that can be given to people breeding
with hereditary antithrombin deficiency.
3.3 Once a female goat that produces antithrombin is established,
scientists could potentially use this goat to produce cloned
herd
offspring that all produce antithrombin.
Describe how cloned offspring could be produced from the goat using embryo transplants.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
3.4 Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using cloned embryo transplants to establish a
herd of goats that produce antithrombin, rather than using the method outlined in Figure 3.
Advantage: .........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Disadvantage: ....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 9 marks]

43
4 Figure 4 shows an evolutionary tree produced by comparing the RNA sequences of some
species of bacteria. RNA is a molecule that carries genetic information. Species with a
greater number of differences in their RNA sequences are further from each other in the tree.
Figure 4
ramocissimus
Streptomyces
diastatochromogenes
Streptomyces
venezuelae
Streptomyces
clavuligerus
Streptomyces
!lipinesis
Streptomyces
fradiae
Streptomyces
granaticolor
Streptomyces
4.1 Identify the number of genera shown in Figure 4.
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
4.2 Which species has the greatest number of differences in its RNA sequences compared to
Streptomyces filipinesis?
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
4.3 Suggest one reason why the use of RNA sequences is a preferable method for classifying species
of bacteria, as compared with traditional methods.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 3 marks]
5 Conjugation is a process that can occur between bacteria. Figure 5 shows

conjugation occurring in E.coli. During conjugation, genetic material is
transferred from one organism to another via a conjugation bridge.
Suggest how conjugation speeds up the rate of Figure 5

DENNIS KUNKEL MICROSCOPY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
.......................................................................................... conjugation bridge

forms from this
..........................................................................................
structure
..........................................................................................
[Total 2 marks]
Score:
29
44 Topic 7 — Ecology
The Organisation
2009_PageHeader
of Ecosystems
1 Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems.
Sea bream are a type of fish. They form part of a stable community along with their prey,
sea urchins. Figure 1 shows the relationship between sea bream and sea urchins in one
community over a 6 year period.
Figure 1
Number of individuals
50
40
(× 1000)
30
A
20
10 B
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year
1.1 Which line on Figure 1 represents the sea bream? Give one explanation for your answer.
Line: ............... Explanation: ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
Figure 2 shows independent organisms in another marine ecosystem.
1.2 Explain what would be likely to happen Figure 2
to the number of zooplankton and mullet
Whale
in Figure 2 if cod became extinct. Sea trout Seal
.......................................................................
Mullet Cod
.......................................................................
Shrimp
.......................................................................
Zooplankton Shellfish Crab
.......................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total 8 marks]
Topic 7 — Ecology
45
2 An study was carried out to investigate competition between two beetle species, Tribolium confusum
and Tribolium castaneum. The beetle species were studied under six different laboratory conditions,
where both species were put together in the same environment and left until only one species
remained. The surviving beetle species was the 'winner' of the competition.
Figure 3 shows Figure 3

the outcome of 100
the competition.
80
Percentage wins (%)
60 T. confusum
T. castaneum
40
20
0
Temperature (°C) 24 24 29 29 34 34
Humidity (%) 30 70 30 70 30 70
2.1 Another scientist repeated the experiment 18 times at 29 °C and 70% humidity.
Calculate the number of times that T. confusum would be expected to win.
Number of times T. confusum expected to win = .........................................

[2]
2.2 Using Figure 3, suggest which beetle species is more likely to live in a hot and humid habitat.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
2.3 T. castaneum is able to fly short distances whereas T. confusum is not.
Based on this information, which species do you think would be more likely to survive if they
were found together in a natural environment. Give one explanation for your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
2.4 T. castaneum are common pests amongst stored foods, so pesticides are often used to control this
species. Suggest how this method of control could affect biodiversity in nearby areas of water.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
Topic 7 — Ecology
46
3 A student investigated the distribution of different plant species on a beach.

Table 1 shows the data she collected.
Table 1
Species (% cover)
Salt
Distance Bird's-
concentration of Sea Marram Sea
from the Restharrow foot Bramble
the soil couch grass holly
sea (m) trefoil
(arbitrary units)
50 20 5 0 0 0 0 0
100 18 10 30 0 0 0 0
150 17 5 10 10 0 0 0
250 14 0 10 5 5 5 0
350 12 0 5 5 20 5 10
3.1 Describe how the student could have collected the data in Table 1.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
3.2 At what distance from the sea are the plant species studied most abundant? Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
3.3 Explain how the biodiversity of plant species on the beach correlates with distance from the sea.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
3.4 Suggest an explanation for the distribution of sea couch.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
3.5 Another student repeated the investigation on the same beach. Her results were not the same as
the first student's. Suggest one reason why the data in Table 1 may not be reproducible.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total 13 marks]
Score:
27
Topic 7 — Ecology
47
Biomass Transfer
1 Figure 1 shows the primary and secondary consumer on a pyramid of biomass.
Figure 1
400 g m-2
1.1 The biomass of the producer is 5600 g m-2. Draw the bar representing the producer onto Figure 1.
[2]
1.2 Calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer between the producer and the primary consumer.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures. Use the following equation:
Biomass transferred to the next level
Efficiency = × 100
Biomass available at the previous level
.......................................%
[4]
[Total 6 marks]
2 Many different species of bacterial decomposers can be found in a woodland ecosystem.

2.1 In cold conditions, the enzymes secreted from bacterial decomposers become less efficient.
Based on this information, explain why bacterial decomposers may reproduce more slowly in
extended periods of cold weather.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
2.2 Explain how a reduction in the rate of activity of bacterial decomposers may affect biomass
transfer through a woodland ecosystem.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 7 marks]
Topic 7 — Ecology
48
3 Figure 2 represents the flow of biomass through a community. Values are in kJ m-2 yr-1.
Figure 2
1.25 × 106 energy from the sun
Losses
11 970 taken up by plants

Respiratory 1503 inedible parts
losses
1157 eaten by herbivores
losses 102 other losses
116 eaten by carnivores
losses
17 other losses
3 eaten by higher level carnivores
3.1 Use Figure 2 to calculate the percentage of energy from the sun that is available to the
higher level carnivores. Express your answer in standard form.
...................................... %
[2]
3.2 Are there likely to be more herbivores or carnivores in the community shown in Figure 2?
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
3.3 Explain how biomass is lost in 'respiratory losses'.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
3.4 Give two substances that could be included in 'other losses'.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 7 marks]
Exam Practice Tip

Watch out for maths questions that ask you to give your answer in standard form or to a certain
Score:
number of significant figures. Once you've done the calculation, re-read the question to check you've
expressed your answer properly — it won't take long and could stop you from missing out on marks. 20
Topic 7 — Ecology
49
Environmental Change and Humans

1 Different strategies are used to try to keep the world's fish stocks at a sustainable level.
One strategy is to ban fishing vessels from keeping any caught fish that are too small.
Table 1 shows the minimum length that different Table 1
fish species must be to be legally caught in the EU. Minimum length Length at
The table also shows the approximate length of Fish to be legally breeding
these fish species when they reach breeding age. caught (cm) age (cm)
The majority of cod and haddock caught by one Cod 35 60
fishing vessel were between 40 and 60 cm long. Haddock 30 40
1.1 Use Table 1 to suggest how catching fish of this size may affect the population size of each species.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
1.2 Using nets with a smaller mesh size would have meant that more fish were caught.
However, many of these fish would be too short and would be thrown back into the sea.
Catching and returning fish could still have a negative impact on the population size of the fish.
Suggest one reason why.
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
Another strategy to keep fish stocks at a sustainable level is the use of quotas.
1.3 In 2014, the EU quota for cod caught in the North Sea was 23 073 tonnes. This quota was
increased by 78.3% in 2016. Calculate the EU quota for cod caught in the North Sea in 2016.
Give your answer to the nearest tonne.
............................... tonnes
[2]
1.4 Suggest how ecologists could determine whether fish quotas help to maintain fish numbers.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
1.5 On fish farms, fish are kept in enclosures. In terms of biomass transfer, explain why it may be
easier to meet the human demand for food using farmed fish rather than wild fish.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total 12 marks]
Topic 7 — Ecology
50
2* For many decades, there have been captive breeding programmes in place to help
to save the giant panda from extinction. The long term aim of these programmes
is to restore the number of giant pandas in the wild.
To breed giant pandas in captivity, scientists usually have to impregnate the female by injecting
sperm from a male panda into her uterus, which is an expensive procedure.
Giant pandas often give birth to two cubs from each pregnancy. In the wild they usually only care
for one cub and rear it until it is around two years old, abandoning the other. In captivity, usually
both cubs are taken from the mother at about 6 months old so the mother can be used to breed
again. The cubs are cared for and can help to attract many visitors to the zoo.
Evaluate the use of captive breeding programmes as a method of saving giant pandas
from extinction. Include a justified conclusion.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[Total 6 marks]
3 The population of humans on Earth is constantly rising.
• In the UK, the population in 2013 was estimated to be 64.1 million.

• The birth rate during 2014 was roughly 12 per 1000.
• Approximately 570 000 people died in 2014.
3.1 Calculate an estimate of the UK population at the end of 2014.
Express your answer in standard form to two significant figures.
Population = .........................................
[3]
3.2 Explain how Fusarium can be used to meet the food demands of the growing human population.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total 8 marks]
Topic 7 — Ecology
51
4 A farm has recently changed its farming model.

Figure 1 shows the old farming model and the new one.
Figure 1
Fields Old model New model
Key: Barley Oats Wheat Hedgerow
4.1 Explain the likely impact of the new farming model on local biodiversity of animals.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
4.2 Suggest two reasons why the yield of crops may be lower in the new model than in the old model.
1. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
4.3 Part of the land used for the farm used to be a peat bog.
Explain how the draining of peat bogs could affect biodiversity on a local and global scale.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total 10 marks]
Score:
36
Topic 7 — Ecology
52 Mixed Questions for Paper 2
1 Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an inherited condition that
causes the kidneys and liver to develop abnormally. Over time, the condition can cause
a severe loss of kidney function. Around 0.005% of babies are born with ARPKD.
1.1 Approximately 7.75 × 105 babies were born in the UK in 2016.

How many of these would be expected to have ARPKD? Tick one box.
4
39
386
3875
[1]
1.2 A healthy couple are expecting a baby. Genetic tests reveal that the father is a carrier of the
recessive allele for ARPKD but the mother is not.
Construct a Punnett square diagram to determine the probability of the couple's child being born
with ARPKD. Use 'D' to represent the dominant allele and 'd' to represent the recessive allele.
Probability of child being born with ARPKD = .........................................

[4]
1.3 Phosphate is a mineral ion which is found in many foods. Excess phosphate in the blood can
cause health problems, such as problems with the bones and skin. Children with ARPKD may
have to take drugs that bind to phosphate in the stomach so that it can't be absorbed.
Explain why these drugs may help to protect children with ARPKD from health problems.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total 8 marks]

53
2 Friedreich's ataxia is an inherited disorder of the nervous system. Initial symptoms include
a lack of balance and coordination. It is possible to have embryos screened for the disorder.
Before they are diagnosed, people with Friedreich's ataxia might undergo tests to rule out
other problems, such as brain disorders.
2.1 Figure 1 shows a diagram of the brain.
Add a label to Figure 1 to show the name and location of the part of the brain
that might be disordered in someone with the symptoms of Friedreich's ataxia.
Figure 1
[2]
2.2 Explain one reason why it is difficult to investigate the causes of brain disorders.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]
2.3 The defect that causes Friedreich's ataxia is found in a section of DNA that does not code for
a protein.
Explain how a defect in non-coding DNA could cause a disorder such as Friedreich's ataxia.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
Throughout their life, people with Friedreich's ataxia generally require a lot of medical treatment
and care. Most people with Friedreich's ataxia have restricted mobility, but their mental
capabilities are not affected.
2.4* Describe the arguments for and against embryo screening for Friedreich's ataxia.
You should consider the economic, ethical and social issues in your answer.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total 11 marks]

54
3 The Indian male peafowl (peacock) has large, colourful tail

feathers that it uses to attract a female (peahen).
3.1 Using your knowledge of natural selection, explain how peacocks evolved to develop large,
colourful tails.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
The evolutionary tree in Figure 2 shows the relationship between peafowl species and other
species in the same family of birds.
Figure 2
Cabot tragopan
Grey partridge
Golden pheasant
Japanese quail
Indian peafowl
Green peafowl
Congo peafowl
3.2 Suggest which species is likely to share the most characteristics with Japanese quails.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
3.3 The habitats of the Indian and green peafowl species do not overlap in the wild.
Describe the order of events that may have led to the Indian and green peafowl evolving into
two separate species.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]

55
The Indian peafowl's diet includes seeds. At some point, some of the carbon in these seeds could
have been part of another peafowl.
3.4* Explain how the carbon could have become part of the seeds, following the death of another peafowl.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 14 marks]
4 Gujarat is a state in India. Most of its national parks have a high biodiversity
and are popular with tourists. Figure 3 shows a food web with a number
of interdependent organisms that live in one national park.
Figure 3
Asiatic lion
Eagle
Wild boar
Giant squirrel
Indian toad
Chital deer
Locust
Earthworm
Fig tree Flemingia herb
4.1 How many secondary consumers are shown in Figure 3?

Tick one box.
2
3
4
5
[1]

56
An environmental scientist conducted a study to determine the effect of tourism on the
distribution of Chloris barbata, a type of grass found in Gujarat. She surveyed two large
areas of one national park. Site A was fenced off to tourists, while Site B was visited
regularly by tourists.
4.2* Describe a method that the scientist could have used in her study.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
4.3 When an Asiatic lion runs towards a chital deer, the deer starts running away.
This is part of a 'fight or flight' response.
Explain how the deer's body prepares it for quickly running away when it sees the lion
approaching.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[6]
4.4 Using your knowledge of biomass transfer, explain why the number of Asiatic lions will always
be lower than the number of chital deer in this ecosystem.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 15 marks]

57
5 Insulin was the first human protein to be produced by genetic modification of bacteria.
5.1 Describe how genetic engineering may be used to produce a population of bacteria that secrete
human insulin.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
5.2 After it has been purified, the insulin produced by bacteria can be used to treat people with
Type 1 diabetes. A person with Type 1 diabetes must be careful not to inject too much insulin
into their bloodstream. Doing so could result in the person feeling incredibly tired.
Suggest an explanation for this.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[2]
5.3 Some people with diabetes have a mutation in the insulin gene, which disrupts the function
of the hormone. A mutation could, for example, swap one base triplet (set of three bases) for
another base triplet in part of the gene's DNA sequence.
Explain how such a mutation could make a person more likely to have diabetes.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total 11 marks]
6 Biogas is a renewable energy source made from the anaerobic decay of plant and animal waste.
6.1 Methanogens can be used in biogas production. These are single-celled organisms that produce
methane. They can only survive in environments with extremely low oxygen levels, and are
found in wetlands, marine sediments and hot springs.
Suggest how methanogens are classified in Carl Woese's classification system.
............................................................................................................................................................
[1]

58
Table 1 shows the rate of biogas production in a biogas generator at a range of temperatures.
Table 1
Temperature (°C) 15 25 35 45 55
Biogas yield (m3/day) 1.1 3.2 4.2 3.0 0.5
6.2 Estimate the volume of biogas that would be produced each day at 20 °C.
Use Figure 4 to plot a graph in order to make your estimate.
Figure 4
4
Biogas yield (m3/day)
0 Volume of biogas at 20 °C =
0 15 25 35 45 55
Temperature (°C) .................................. m3/day
[3]
6.3 Biogas is considered to be a carbon neutral source of energy. This is because the amount of
carbon dioxide it produces is the same as the amount the organisms used to make the biogas
took in when they were alive.
Explain why a widespread use of biogas as a fuel may be beneficial for global biodiversity.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total 8 marks]
Score:
67
Answers 59
Answers
Topic 1 — Cell Biology 3.2 HSCs are unlikely to be able to differentiate into all specialised
cell types, such as beta cells [1 mark].
Pages 1-4 — Cells and Cell Differentiation You should realise that HSCs are likely to be found in bone marrow, as you’re
1.1 To kill any microorganisms already present in the broth/flask told that they are found in the core of human bones.
[1 mark]. 3.3 Unlike therapeutic cloning, using iPS cells does not involve the
1.2 E.g. when the flask had a curved neck, microorganisms couldn’t use/destruction of embryos [1 mark], which some people may
enter the main body of the flask, so the broth stayed clear object to for ethical/religious reasons [1 mark].
[1 mark]. When the neck was broken off, microorganisms from 4.1 Estimate of number of cells in 1 mm3 sample before incubation
the air entered the flask and began multiplying in the broth, = 10 000 cells ÷ 10 000 mm3 = 1 cell.
making it cloudy [1 mark]. After incubation there are 8 cells in 1 mm3,
1.3 E.g. once the neck had been broken off the flask, the nutrient so there have been 3 divisions in one hour.
Mean division time = 60 ÷ 3 = 20 minutes.
broth may not have become as cloudy [1 mark], because
microorganisms don’t grow as quickly at cooler temperatures [4 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for 1 cell
[1 mark]. in 1 mm3 sample before incubation, 1 mark for 8 cells in
1.4 How to grade your answer: 1 mm3 after incubation, 1 mark for 3 divisions]
Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks] 4.2 E.g. radius of bacterium in image = 3 mm = 3000 µm
Level 1: There is a brief description of a suitable method but Real size = image size ÷ magnification
the answer is lacking in detail. There is little or no Real radius = 3000 ÷ 1500 = 2 µm
mention of aseptic techniques or how to determine Area of bacterium = π × 22 = 4π = 12.5663...
the effectiveness of the antibiotics. [1 to 2 marks] = 13 µm2 (2 s.f.) [6 marks for correct answer, otherwise
Level 2: There is some description of a suitable method, 1 mark for correct measurement of bacterial cell, 1 mark
including some detail on aseptic techniques for correct conversion of mm to µm, 1 mark for correct use
and how to determine the effectiveness of the of magnification formula, 1 mark for correct use of area
antibiotics. [3 to 4 marks] formula, 1 mark for 12.5663...]
Level 3: There is a clear and detailed description of a 4.3 E.g. bacterial cells only needed to be counted in this study /
suitable method, including a thorough description the scientist did not need to see the cells’ subcellular structures
of aseptic techniques and how to determine the [1 mark], so a light microscope had a high enough resolution /
effectiveness of the antibiotics. [5 to 6 marks] magnification [1 mark].
Here are some points your answer may include:
Sterilise the Petri dish and agar before use by heating to a high Pages 5-6 — Exchanging Substances
temperature. 1.1 How to grade your answer:
Use a sterile pipette to transfer bacteria to the agar plate. Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks]
Use a sterile spreader to spread the bacteria evenly over the Level 1: There is a brief description of a suitable method
surface of the agar. but the answer is lacking in detail. There is little
Take four paper discs that have each been soaked in a different or no mention of what should have been measured
antibiotic. Use sterile tweezers to carefully place each one onto or the variables that should have been controlled.
the agar plate. [1 to 2 marks]
Lightly tape on the lid of the Petri dish and store upside down. Level 2: There is some description of a suitable method,
Incubate the dish at 25 ºC. including some detail on what should have been
After incubation, measure the diameter of each zone of measured and the variables that should have been
inhibition. controlled. [3 to 4 marks]
Use this measurement to calculate the cross-sectional area of Level 3: There is a clear and detailed description of a
each zone of inhibition. suitable method, including a detailed description of
Compare the areas of the zones of inhibition — the larger the what should have been measured and the variables
zone of inhibition, the more effective the antibiotic. that should have been controlled. [5 to 6 marks]
1.5 E.g. the concentration of the antibiotic on the disc may have been Here are some points your answer may include:
too low to be effective against the bacteria [1 mark]. The student could have used the scalpel to cut the agar into cubes
The antibiotic may not be effective against the strain of bacteria of different sizes. She should have cut at least three cubes of
on the agar plate [1 mark]. each size.
2.1 Before mitosis: by preventing the growth of the cell / the She could have then placed one agar cube into a beaker, and
production of new subcellular structures (e.g. ribosomes and added enough hydrochloric acid to cover the cube.
mitochondria) [1 mark]. She should have then timed how long it took for the cube to
During mitosis: by preventing chromosomes from separating / become completely clear.
the nucleus from dividing [1 mark]. She should have repeated this at least three times, using a
2.2 Plants treated with dinitroanilines would still have specialised different agar cube of the same size each time.
cells [1 mark], meaning that they may still be able to perform She should have then calculated a mean result.
some specific functions essential for survival [1 mark]. She should have repeated the whole experiment with the
However, the cells of plants treated with bipyridiliums are different sized cubes and compared the results.
unlikely to be able to function at all [1 mark], as without a cell She should have made sure that the experiments were carried
membrane they would die/fall apart [1 mark]. out at the same temperature, that the same concentration of
Remember, one of the main functions of a cell membrane is to hold the cell hydrochloric acid was used, that the same type of agar block was
together. used, that she started recording the time at the same point after
3.1 ribosomes [1 mark] adding the acid to the beaker and that she was consistent in when
Remember, ribosomes are where proteins are made in a cell. she judged the agar block had become clear.
Answers
60
1.2 Any two from: e.g. the agar blocks were not the same shape as 3.3 E.g. people may have faulty genes which make them more
a bacterial cell [1 mark]. / The agar blocks were bigger than susceptible to cancer. / People may be exposed to other
bacterial cells [1 mark]. / Exchange of substances across the carcinogens which may cause lung cancer. / People may have
outer surface of a bacterial cell may involve active transport as lived or worked in environments where other people smoke.
well as diffusion [1 mark]. / The agar blocks did not have a cell [1 mark]
membrane [1 mark]. 3.4 E.g. the graph shows that there has been an upwards trend in the
1.3 1 × 10-3 mm [1 mark] number of females being diagnosed with lung cancer since 1993
If you measure the height of each cell, cell A is roughly 9 mm high and cell B [1 mark]. Young women may become pregnant and smoking
is roughly 22 mm high. So cell B is roughly 2.5 times taller than cell A. This can cause health problems for unborn babies [1 mark].
means it would be about 1 µm tall, which is the same as 1 × 10-3 mm. 3.5 E.g. it may be cheaper to run the campaigns than it is to treat the
1.4 Cell A, because it has a smaller surface area to volume ratio health problems caused by smoking [1 mark]. The campaigns
than cell B [1 mark]. This means it will be able to absorb the may mean that fewer people are unable to work due to health
substances it needs for metabolic reactions more quickly than problems caused by smoking [1 mark].
cell B, so it will have a faster metabolic rate [1 mark]. 4.1 E.g. 1991 ÷ 5.5 = 362 cm3/min
2 In both types of cell, water molecules would have moved into the 362 × 60 = 21 720 cm3/hour
cells via osmosis [1 mark] because the sugar concentration in 21 720 × 24 = 521 280 cm3/day [2 marks for correct answer,
the beakers was lower than it was in the cells / because the sugar otherwise 1 mark for correct working]
solution in the beakers had a higher water concentration than the 4.2 Fewer red blood cells means that less oxygen can be transported
cells [1 mark]. The animal cells may have become so swollen to the muscles [1 mark]. This means the muscles don’t have as
that they burst, whereas the plant cells had cell walls to support/ much oxygen available for respiration [1 mark], meaning they
strengthen them, which may have prevented them from bursting release less energy and so feel weak [1 mark].
[1 mark]. 4.3 If Factor V is deficient, not as much prothrombin can be
converted into thrombin, which may lead to fewer platelets
being activated [1 mark]. Having fewer active platelets may
Topic 2 — Organisation mean that the blood can’t clot as well as it should [1 mark], so a
person may be at risk of excessive bleeding during/after surgery
Pages 7-10 — Organisation and [1 mark].
Non-Communicable Diseases 4.4 E.g. so that it doesn’t break down other proteins in the blood
1.1 By flattening the villi, coeliac disease reduces the surface area [1 mark].
of the small intestine [1 mark]. This means that fewer products 4.5 If the pH is too high it may interfere with the bonds holding the
from the digestion of fat/fatty acids and glycerol molecules enzyme together [1 mark]. This would change the shape of the
would be absorbed into blood [1 mark]. active site, meaning the enzyme was less effective [1 mark].
1.2 Pancreatitis may cause less lipase to be secreted from the
pancreas [1 mark], meaning that less fat is digested/broken Pages 11-12 — Organisation in Plants
down (into fatty acids and glycerol) [1 mark]. Therefore, 1.1 E.g.
more fat will pass through the body and be present in the stools
16
Distance moved by bubble (mm)
[1 mark]. × ×
1.3 The enzymes may be denatured when exposed to a high 14 × South Asian
temperature [1 mark]. 12 × Palm Tree
1.4 An obstruction in the tubes leading from the gallbladder could
mean that less bile reaches the small intestine [1 mark]. This 10 × × ×
would mean that fats are not emulsified/broken down into tiny 8 × Middle Eastern
droplets as quickly [1 mark], so there is less surface area for × Palm Tree
6
enzymes to work on [1 mark]. This would reduce the rate at
which fat is digested and absorbed [1 mark]. 4 ×
1.5 Too much LDL cholesterol in the blood can lead to fatty material 2
building up [1 mark] inside arteries [1 mark]. This causes the
arteries to become narrower, meaning that blood flows through 0
them at a higher pressure [1 mark]. 25 50 75 0 100 125
2.1 The right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs (rather than Light intensity (lux × 1000)
the whole body) [1 mark]. Therefore, it does not need to pump [6 marks — 2 marks for all 10 points correctly plotted (or
blood with as great a force as the left ventricle, so is less likely to 1 mark for 8 or 9 points correctly plotted), 1 mark for a
need support from a mechanical device [1 mark]. suitable scale and label on the x-axis, 1 mark for a suitable
2.2 E.g. an LVAD would be available more quickly / there is a lack scale and label on the y-axis, 1 mark for two smooth curves
of donor hearts available [1 mark]. There may be less chance of of best fit, 1 mark for correctly labelled curves.]
rejection/complications with an LVAD [1 mark]. 1.2 It made the experiment valid / enabled a fair comparison
2.3 If the solution was too dilute or too concentrated, water would [1 mark]. This is because plants lose water vapour from the
move into or out of the heart cells by osmosis [1 mark]. This stomata in leaves [1 mark], so if one tree had a higher surface
would result in cell damage [1 mark]. area of leaves, it may have lost water more quickly [1 mark].
2.4 The heart is made up of different tissues [1 mark] such as (e.g.) 1.3 E.g. repeat the experiment several times at each light intensity
muscle tissue and connective tissue [1 mark]. The different and calculate a mean [1 mark]. / Repeat the experiment using
tissues work together [1 mark] to pump blood around the body another pair of palm tree saplings to see if the same results are
[1 mark]. obtained [1 mark].
3.1 E.g. the number of people in the UK will vary over time 1.4 Both palm trees lose more water by transpiration as light
[1 mark]. Giving the rate per 100 000 makes it easier to intensity increases [1 mark]. This is because as light
compare the number of cases between different years [1 mark]. intensity increases, more stomata open to maximise the rate
3.2 The graph shows that in 2014, there were 94 males diagnosed of photosynthesis and water vapour escapes [1 mark]. Both
with lung cancer per 100 000. Therefore: palm trees have a transpiration rate that reaches a plateau at
E.g. 94 ÷ 100 000 = 0.00094. 0.00094 × 3000 (number of males high light intensities [1 mark]. This is because at high light
in the 2014 study) = 2.82. Rounded up to get 3 men [2 marks intensities all stomata are fully open, so the rate of transpiration
for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for 2.82] can’t increase further [1 mark]. The Middle Eastern palm tree
Answers
61
has a lower transpiration rate than the South Asian palm tree at 3.2 How to grade your answer:
all light intensities [1 mark]. This may be because the Middle Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks]
Eastern palm lives in an environment where humidity is low, so Level 1: There is a brief explanation of how the vaccine
it might have adaptations to minimise water loss by transpiration gives a baby immunity against meningococcal B
[1 mark]. [Accept reverse reasoning for South Asian palm bacteria but little explanation of why it does not
tree having a higher transpiration rate.] give immunity against meningococcal C bacteria.
If the air is not very humid it means there’s not a lot of water in it. This means [1 to 2 marks]
there’s likely to be a bigger water concentration gradient between the inside and Level 2: There is a clear and detailed explanation of
the outside of the leaf, so water will diffuse out of the leaves more quickly. how the vaccine gives a baby immunity against
1.5 Lignin is needed to strengthen the xylem vessels because water meningococcal B bacteria and why it does not give
is drawn through them during transpiration [1 mark]. Small immunity against meningococcal C bacteria.
trees transpire less water so their xylem vessels don’t need to be [3 to 4 marks]
as strong [1 mark]. Here are some points your answer may include:
The vaccine will contain antigens found on the meningococcal
B bacteria (e.g. it may contain small amounts of dead or inactive
Topic 3 — Infection and Response meningococcal B bacteria).
The antigens will cause the baby’s immune system to react by
Pages 13-15 — Communicable Diseases in Animals producing antibodies when the vaccine is injected into the baby’s
1.1 At 5 weeks, as this is the point on the graph when he has the bloodstream.
most copies of the virus in his blood [1 mark]. These antibodies will attack the meningococcal B bacteria.
1.2 2 weeks [1 mark] If the baby is later infected with the meningococcal B bacteria,
100 000 is the same as 105, so using the scale on the right hand side of the its immune system will be able to rapidly mass produce
graph, you can see that the viral load was above 105 copies/cm3 from 4 weeks antibodies to attack the pathogen and will be able to get rid of it
after infection until 6 weeks after infection, so 2 weeks in total. quickly, before it causes meningitis.
1.3 HIV attacks/destroys the immune system [1 mark]. White blood However, the meningococcal C bacteria carries different antigens
cells are part of the immune system [1 mark] so CD4 cells could to the meningococcal B bacteria. This means that if the baby
be a type of white blood cell, because as the viral load increases/ is infected with the meningococcal C bacteria, its immune
HIV reproduces, the CD4 cell count falls [1 mark]. system won’t recognise the antigens, so it won’t be able to
1.4 E.g. HIV attacks the immune system, which means that if a quickly produce the specific antibodies needed to attack the
person was infected with HPV, their white blood cells would meningococcal C bacteria.
produce fewer antibodies against the virus [1 mark]. This would
mean they had less chance of destroying the virus, so there
Pages 16-17 — Communicable Diseases in Plants
would be more chance of it causing cervical cancer [1 mark]. 1.1 2 570 000 [1 mark]
2.1 (Mouse) lymphocytes [1 mark] and tumour cells [1 mark] This answer is calculated by adding together the number of trees infected by ash
2.2 How to grade your answer: dieback (1 200 000), chestnut blight (950 000) and Massaria disease
Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks] (420 000).
Level 1: There is a brief explanation of how this test can be 1.2 E.g. a testing kit containing monoclonal antibodies specific to
used to test for prostate cancer. [1 to 2 marks] the Dutch elm disease fungus could be used [1 mark]. /
Level 2: There is some explanation of how this test can be A sample of an infected tree could be taken to a laboratory to
used to test for prostate cancer. [3 to 4 marks] identify the pathogen [1 mark].
Level 3: There is a detailed explanation of how this test can 1.3 The fungus causes discolouring and decay of the leaves of the
tree, meaning that photosynthesis in the tree will be reduced
be used to test for prostate cancer. [5 to 6 marks]
Here are some points your answer may include: [1 mark]. This means glucose production in the tree is likely to
When a blood sample containing PSA is added to the well, the be reduced [1 mark].
PSA will bind to the antibodies. 1.4
4
Washing out the well will remove the blood, but the PSA
Number of elm trees (millions)
will remain bound to the antibodies, which are attached to 3

the well.
When the second antibodies against PSA with enzyme A 2
attached are added, they will bind to the PSA in the well.
When substrate A is added, enzyme A on the antibodies will 1
catalyse a reaction with substrate A, which will lead to a colour
change. 0
If the blood sample did not contain PSA, the solution would not 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Year
change colour when substrate A was added. This is because if
there were no antigens present for the antibodies to attach to, [5 marks — 2 marks for all 10 points correctly plotted (or
enzyme A (and the antibodies) would have been removed when 1 mark for 8 or 9 points correctly plotted), 1 mark for a
the well was washed out. suitable scale and label on the x-axis, 1 mark for a suitable
Whether or not the colour change happens shows whether or not scale and label on the y-axis, 1 mark for a suitable curved
PSA are present. line of best fit.]
The presence of PSA may indicate that the person the blood 1.5 3.70 – 0.10 = 3.60
sample was taken from has prostate cancer. 3.60 ÷ 9 years = 0.4 million per year [2 marks for correct
2.3 60 ÷ 11 = 5.4545... per hour answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct working]
5.4545... × 24 = 130.9090... per day 1.6 E.g. the bark of the trees might have had elm bark beetles
130.9090... × 365 = 47781.8181... = 47 800 per year (3 s.f.) capable of spreading the disease on them [1 mark]. / The trees
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct might have been infected without yet showing the symptoms
working and 1 mark for 47781.8181...] [1 mark].
3.1 Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, which may harm the 1.7 Any two from: e.g. a thicker waxy cuticle / thicker cell walls /
body by secreting toxins [1 mark]. An antitoxin serum would more regular shedding of dead cells on stems / production of
counteract the toxins and minimise the damage done to the body fungicide to kill the fungal pathogen / production of insecticide
[1 mark]. to kill the beetles that feed on them [2 marks].
Answers
62
Topic 4 — Bioenergetics Page 21 — Respiration
1.1
Pages 18-20 — Photosynthesis C6H12O6 CO2 O2 H2O Temperature
1.1 In order for a plant to increase in mass it also needs carbon
Increased ✓ ✓ ✓
dioxide, light and mineral ions [1 mark].
1.2 Percentage change in mass for Location C = Decreased ✓ ✓
44.4 – 2.0 Remained
× 100 = 2120.0%
2.0 constant
Mean percentage change in mass =
(957.1 + 1876.5 + 2120.0) ÷ 3 = 1651.2% [3 marks for all five ticks correct, otherwise 2 marks for
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct four ticks correct or 1 mark for three ticks correct.]
working to calculate percentage change, and 1 mark for 1.2 Similarities: Any two from: the temperature would also increase.
/ The C6H12O6/glucose level would also decrease. / The CO2/
correctly calculating percentage change]
1.3 Any two from: e.g. the amount of water given to each tree. / The carbon dioxide level would also increase. [2 marks]
type of tree grown. / The size of the pot the tree was grown in. / Differences: Any two from: the O2/oxygen level would remain
The type of soil used. / The position of the tree outside (e.g. how constant/not decrease. / The H2O/water level would remain
exposed to sunlight it was). [2 marks] constant/not increase. / Ethanol would be produced. [2 marks]
1.4 E.g. Location B might have had higher average temperatures / Putting a layer of oil on top of the yeast and glucose solution would prevent the
yeast from being able to use the oxygen in the air for respiration. This means
more hours of sunlight than Location A [1 mark]. This would
the yeast would respire anaerobically (rather than aerobically) in the second
mean the tree planted at Location B would have had a higher
experiment.
rate of photosynthesis, leading to a greater increase in mass
2 Horse 1 because this horse is producing more lactic acid
[1 mark].
than horse 2 at 10 m/s [1 mark]. The more lactic acid that is
2.1 Distance: 20 cm [1 mark]. Explanation: the readings at
produced, the larger the horse’s oxygen debt will be [1 mark].
this distance have the lowest range/are all close to the mean
This means horse 1 will need to breathe more heavily after the
[1 mark].
run in order to get more oxygen into its blood [1 mark] to react
2.2 E.g. the plant is three times closer to the lamp when it is 20 cm
away compared to when it is 60 cm away. This means the light with the lactic acid and remove it from its cells [1 mark].
intensity will be 9 (32) times greater at 20 cm than it is at 60 cm.
So the light intensity at 20 cm = 5.2 × 9 = 46.8 arbitrary units.
[2 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for working
out how many times greater the light intensity will be at Pages 22-27 — Mixed Questions for Paper 1
20 cm than at 60 cm]. 1.1 To take up water by osmosis, there needs to be a higher water
2.3 Type of bulb: LED [1 mark]. Explanation: The change in
concentration outside of the roots than inside the cells [1 mark].
temperature as the lamp moves further from the pondweed
Salt water has a higher salinity/lower water concentration than
affects the rate of photosynthesis, so would affect the volume of
fresh water, reducing the concentration gradient between the
gas given off by the plant/the results of the experiment [1 mark].
outside of the roots and the inside of the cells [1 mark]. This
Using the LED bulb would have the least effect, as it operates at
means that the rate of water uptake will be lower when marram
the lowest temperature [1 mark]. grass is exposed to salt water compared to when it is exposed to
3.1 E.g.
25 °C, 0.12% CO2 fresh water [1 mark].
1.2 Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks]
rate of photosynthesis
15 °C, 0.12% CO2 Level 1: There is a brief explanation of how the structural
(arbitrary units)
features of marram grass help prevent water loss

15 °C, 0.08% CO2 from the plant. [1 to 2 marks]
25 °C, 0.04% CO2 Level 2: There is a detailed explanation of how the structural
features of marram grass help prevent water loss
15 °C, 0.04% CO2 from the plant. [3 to 4 marks]
Here are some points your answer may include:
The thick waxy cuticle prevents water loss by evaporation. The
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 curled leaves and epidermal hairs reduce air flow around the
light intensity (arbitrary units) stomata. Air flow around the stomata is also reduced as they are
[1 mark for drawing a line that increases at a faster sunken.
Reduced air flow means that water vapour surrounds the stomata
rate than for 0.04% CO2 but at a slower rate than for
and doesn’t move away.
0.12% CO2, and that plateaus at a higher light intensity
This reduces the concentration gradient between the outside of
than for 0.04% CO2 but at a lower light intensity than for the leaves, and the inside of the leaves.
0.12% CO2] This slows the diffusion of water out of the stomata, reducing
3.2 Option: C [1 mark]. Explanation: Increasing the light intensity water loss.
to 8 arbitrary units would not be beneficial as temperature and 1.3 Minerals are absorbed from the ground into the root hair cells
carbon dioxide concentration are limiting factors at the current by active transport [1 mark]. Mineral ions then travel in xylem
light intensity of 3.2 arbitrary units [1 mark]. Increasing the tubes [1 mark] from the roots to the leaves in the transpiration
temperature to 25 °C would increase the rate of photosynthesis,
stream [1 mark].
but not as much as increasing the carbon dioxide concentration
2.1 Monoclonal antibodies are made that will bind to the antigen on
to 0.12% [1 mark].
the plum pox virus [1 mark]. The antibodies are then bound to a
3.3 At the current light intensity, increasing the carbon dioxide
fluorescent dye [1 mark]. If the plum pox virus is present in the
concentration to 0.12% would result in the same rate of
sample being analysed, the monoclonal antibodies will attach to
photosynthesis whether the temperature was 15 °C or 25 °C
them and can be detected using the dye [1 mark].
[1 mark]. Therefore, it would be a waste of money for the
2.2 Any two from: e.g. the waxy cuticle / cell walls / layers of dead
farmer to increase the temperature to 25 °C [1 mark].
cells around the stem/bark [2 marks].
2.3 E.g. by destroying any plants known to carry the virus / by
checking that any new seeds/plants to be planted in an area don’t
carry the plum pox virus [1 mark].
Answers
63
2.4 Reduced efficiency of the chloroplasts to carry out their function 6.5 People with AATD have low levels of AAT, which means the
means that the rate of photosynthesis will be reduced [1 mark]. alveoli could become damaged by the enzymes produced by
This results in less glucose being produced [1 mark], which the white blood cells [1 mark]. This could result in the alveoli
in turn lowers fruit production as less glucose will be available changing shape, leading to emphysema/COPD [1 mark].
[1 mark]. 6.6 Cigarette smoke causes the white blood cells to produce more of
3.1 52% [1 mark] the enzymes that may damage the lung cell proteins [1 mark].
To calculate the percentage increase, you first need to find the difference The more a person smokes, the more enzymes will be produced,
in the number of cases between 2012 and 2015 (4.1 × 104 – 2.7 × 104 increasing the risk of damage to cells in their lungs, which can
= 1.4 × 104). Then, divide the difference by the original number of cases, and lead to emphysema/COPD [1 mark].
multiply by 100 to convert the answer into a percentage —
(1.4 × 104 ÷ 2.7 × 104) × 100 = 52% (2 s.f.)
3.2 E.g. the number of cases of gonorrhoea has increased, so more Topic 5 — Homeostasis and Response
people are getting diagnosed / health campaigns may have
increased awareness, therefore more people are getting checked Pages 28-29 — Homeostasis, the Nervous System
and diagnosed [1 mark]. and the Eye
3.3 The drug would be trialled on patients that are infected with 1.1 The skin contains temperature receptors [1 mark], which detect
gonorrhoea [1 mark] to see if it works [1 mark], and to check the cold temperature of the water and send nervous impulses via
the correct dosage/amount needed [1 mark]. sensory neurones [1 mark] to the thermoregulatory centre in
3.4 The drug would prevent the transfer of energy by blocking the the brain [1 mark]. Nerve impulses from the thermoregulatory
active site of the enzyme involved in respiration [1 mark]. This centre are then sent along motor neurones [1 mark], which
means the bacteria would be unable to obtain energy to carry out stimulate effectors/muscles surrounding the blood vessels
processes such as reproduction [1 mark]. that supply the skin capillaries [1 mark]. This causes
4.1 Type of cell: eukaryotic cell vasoconstriction/the blood vessels to constrict, which restricts the
Explanation: e.g. it has a nucleus / mitochondria [1 mark]. blood flow to the surface of the skin [1 mark].
4.2 E.g. initially Saccharomyces cerevisiae carry out aerobic 1.2 When the body gets cold, the muscles may contract rapidly
respiration [1 mark] so have more energy to reproduce, so (shivering) to warm the body up [1 mark]. The increased
gas production increases as their number increases [1 mark]. muscle contractions mean that more energy is needed [1 mark],
Once the containers are sealed, Saccharomyces cerevisiae so the rate of respiration in the muscles increases, meaning more
use anaerobic respiration [1 mark], therefore they release glucose is required [1 mark].
less energy, so reproduction slows down and gas production 2.1 Light entering the eye is detected by receptors on the retina
decreases [1 mark]. [1 mark]. Nervous impulses are then sent from the receptors to
4.3 2 days = 48 hours the visual cortex, via the optic nerve [1 mark].
48 ÷ 2 = 24 divisions 2.2 When bright light is shone into the eyes, the pupils should
224 = 16777216 respond automatically/via a reflex arc [1 mark]. If the pupils
number of yeast = 1.7 × 107 (to 2 s.f.) don’t respond, it suggests that there is a problem with the central
[4 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for nervous system, which could indicate brain damage [1 mark].
‘48 hours’, 1 mark for ‘24 divisions’ and 1 mark for 2.3 The circular muscles in the iris would contract [1 mark] and
‘16777216’.] the radial muscles would relax [1 mark]. These changes would
5.1 Starch is broken down into glucose [1 mark] which is needed make the pupil smaller [1 mark].
for respiration/to transfer energy for muscle contraction during 3.1
exercise [1 mark].
5.2 He has a decreased surface area for absorption of
nutrients/less villi [1 mark], so fewer amino acids can be
absorbed/are available to build muscle [1 mark]. Fewer
enzymes will also be produced, so the rate of digestion of large
molecules to form smaller molecules, e.g. proteins into amino
acids, will decrease [1 mark], so fewer amino acids will be
available to build muscles [1 mark].
5.3 The sodium concentration of the blood will be lower than in the [1 mark for correct shaped lens, 1 mark for light rays
surrounding cells [1 mark], so the water concentration in the focusing on the retina]
blood will be higher than in the cells [1 mark]. Water will move 3.2 The ciliary muscles don’t relax, so the suspensory ligaments
into the cells by osmosis, causing them to swell [1 mark]. remain loose [1 mark]. This means that the lens remains thick/
6.1 When the gill filaments and lamellae stick together, the surface round [1 mark], so light from distant objects will not be focused
area for gas exchange is greatly reduced [1 mark]. The amount on the retina (and will appear blurry/unclear) [1 mark].
of oxygen that is able to diffuse into the capillaries in the 3.3 Reshaping the cornea will change the angle at which light is
lamellae will decrease [1 mark]. The fish will be unable to gain bent/refracted into the eye [1 mark], so light rays will focus on
enough oxygen for respiration to occur [1 mark]. the retina rather than in front of it or behind it [1 mark].
6.2 A change in the shape of the alveoli may reduce their surface
area, reducing gas exchange [1 mark]. Inflammation and Pages 30-33 — Hormones in Humans
narrowing of the airways restricts the airflow into the lungs, 1.1 21 days [1 mark]
reducing gas exchange [1 mark]. 1.2 The level of LH will be lower at point X than at point Y
6.3 Patient A: [1 mark] because high levels of progesterone inhibit LH
2 hours = 120 minutes. secretion [1 mark].
1 800 ÷ 120 = 15 breaths per minute [1 mark] 1.3 Female A’s progesterone level remains high [1 mark]. This
Patient B: 750 ÷ 30 = 25 breaths per minute [1 mark] is because progesterone maintains the uterus lining/prevents
6.4 Patient: B menstruation (which would terminate the pregnancy) [1 mark].
Explanation: Their breathing rate is higher to compensate for the 1.4 Progesterone is produced from the remains of a follicle after
reduced gas exchange they are experiencing, due to the changes
ovulation [1 mark]. As Female C doesn’t ovulate, there are
in the lungs [1 mark]. no eggs released and so no follicles present, meaning her
progesterone level is very low / doesn’t change [1 mark].
Answers
64
1.5 Progesterone inhibits the release of FSH [1 mark], which Here are some points your answer may include:
means that eggs cannot develop in the ovaries [1 mark], so The couple will more than double their chance of having a baby
ovulation does not occur [1 mark]. Simultaneous withdrawal if they choose IVF over the gonadotropin injections.
of progesterone allows FSH levels to rise at the same time in However, IVF is much more expensive per cycle than the
all female sheep, meaning they should all ovulate (and become injections, so the couple may find IVF more financially and
pregnant) around the same time [1 mark]. emotionally stressful.
2.1 Having too much protein in the diet would result in an excess of There are ethical issues around IVF as it can result in the
amino acids [1 mark]. Excess amino acids are deaminated in destruction of embryos, which the couple may feel is ethically
the liver [1 mark]. A waste product of deamination is ammonia wrong.
[1 mark], which is converted to urea [1 mark]. In a person with The couple would be likely to the find gonadotropin injection
chronic kidney disease, they may not be able to filter out all of treatment less invasive than IVF, so it may be less physically
the urea, meaning that their blood urea levels could become too stressful for the female.
high [1 mark]. Make sure you finish your answer with a conclusion about which option you
2.2 During dialysis, a patient’s blood is pumped alongside dialysis think the couple should choose. Your conclusion must be supported by the
line of reasoning in your answer. E.g. “I think the couple should choose IVF
fluid [1 mark]. The dialysis fluid will contain little/no urea
treatment — although the process is much more expensive, the success rate per
[1 mark], meaning that any urea present in the patient’s blood
cycle is higher than gonadotropin injections.”
(e.g. from eating too much protein) will diffuse into the dialysis
fluid (so it will not build up in the blood) [1 mark].
Page 34 — Plant Hormones
2.3 E.g. a kidney transplant cures the disease / only needs doing once
1.1 Low concentrations of auxin are used to promote shoot growth in
[1 mark]. A kidney transplant is cheaper than dialysis in the
cuttings. [1 mark]
long term [1 mark].
1.2 Because light can affect the direction of root growth/plant roots
3.1 During P.E. the student would have been exercising, meaning
that the glucose in his blood would have been used in respiration are phototrophic [1 mark], so altering the intensity or direction
[1 mark] so that his muscles had enough energy to keep of the light could have altered the results [1 mark].
1.3 Control: grow seedlings on a clinostat that is not rotating
contracting [1 mark]. After P.E., his glucagon level may
have risen so that glycogen stored in his liver and muscle cells [1 mark].
Expected result: seedling roots should grow downwards
[1 mark] could be converted into glucose, meaning his glucose
levels would return to normal [1 mark].
[1 mark].
3.2 During his P.E. lesson, water may have been lost from the 1.4 Continuous rotation of the clinostat prevented auxin [1 mark]
from building up on any particular side of the roots, so they
student’s body in sweat [1 mark]. This would have caused his
didn’t grow towards gravity [1 mark].
blood water content to fall [1 mark]. His body would have
responded by releasing more ADH so that more water would
be reabsorbed back into the blood from the kidney tubules Topic 6 — Inheritance, Variation and
[1 mark].
3.3 When the level of something in the body (e.g. water or Evolution
temperature) becomes too high or too low, negative feedback
brings the levels back to normal [1 mark]. Release of ADH Pages 35-36 — Reproduction and DNA
increases the water content of the blood [1 mark]. This is 1 How to grade your answer:
detected by a receptor in the brain, which results in less ADH Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks]
being secreted [1 mark]. Level 1: There is a brief explanation of the advantages of
3.4 If ADH isn’t produced, water in the blood won’t be reabsorbed sexual and asexual reproduction. [1 to 2 marks]
from the kidney tubules [1 mark]. This means the person will Level 2: There is some explanation of the advantages of
have a low blood water concentration [1 mark], so they may sexual and asexual reproduction, with specific
need to drink more to restore the normal water balance in the reference to daffodils. [3 to 4 marks]
body [1 mark]. Level 3: There is a clear and detailed explanation of the
3.5 Metformin makes cells more sensitive to insulin, so it helps advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction, with
glucose move into cells from the blood [1 mark]. This prevents specific reference to daffodils. [5 to 6 marks]
blood glucose levels from getting too high [1 mark]. Here are some points your answer may include:
3.6 In Type 1 diabetes the person doesn’t produce any insulin, so Asexual reproduction is much more time and energy efficient,
increasing the sensitivity of body cells to insulin won’t have any and faster than sexual reproduction, as only one parent is needed.
effect [1 mark]. This means that many daffodils can be produced in a short
4.1 IVF involves administering hormones to the female, including amount of time when conditions are favourable.
When daffodils reproduce sexually, they grow from seeds instead
FSH and LH [1 mark] to stimulate the development of eggs
of bulbs, so they are not at risk of basal rot, which affects bulbs.
[1 mark]. The eggs are collected from the ovaries and fertilised
Sexual reproduction produces variation in the offspring, whereas
by sperm in the laboratory [1 mark]. The fertilised eggs divide asexual reproduction does not. If the environment changes,
to develop into embryos [1 mark]. One or two embryos are then variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection. So,
inserted into the mother’s uterus [1 mark]. being able to reproduce sexually means that the daffodil
4.2 How to grade your answer: population would be more likely to survive diseases such as
Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks] basal rot, than if they just reproduced asexually.
Level 1: There is a brief comparison of the advantages and 2.1 There are three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two
disadvantages of IVF and gonadotropin injections, [1 mark].
but there is no overall conclusion as to which the 2.2 All of them [1 mark], because the cells in the embryo divide by
couple should choose, or there is a conclusion mitosis so they are genetically identical [1 mark].
which is inconsistent with the reasoning 2.3 It could cause Klinefelter syndrome [1 mark] if fertilisation
provided. [1 to 2 marks] takes place, as the cell would fuse with an egg or sperm that
Level 2: There is a clear comparison of the advantages already has one sex chromosome, producing offspring with three
and disadvantages of IVF and gonadotrophin sex chromosomes [1 mark]. / It could cause Turner syndrome
injections. A conclusion, which is consistent [1 mark] because if the chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis
with the reasoning provided, is given as to then one gamete won’t contain any sex chromosomes, so if
which treatment the couple should choose. fertilisation occurs with this gamete, offspring will only have one
[3 to 4 marks] sex chromosome [1 mark].
Answers
65
3 How to grade your answer: 1.2 1803 to 1936 = 133 years
Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks] 3000 thylacines ÷ 133 years = 22.6 thylacines per year
Level 1: There is a brief description of how the DNA base [2 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct
sequence is used to produce ADH. [1 to 2 marks] working]
Level 2: There is some description of how the DNA base 1.3 How to grade your answer:
sequence is used to produce ADH. [3 to 4 marks] Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks]
Level 3: There is a detailed description of how the Level 1: There is a brief explanation of how adult cell
DNA base sequence is used to produce ADH. cloning could potentially be used to re-establish the
[5 to 6 marks] thylacine species. [1 to 2 marks]
Here are some points your answer may include: Level 2: There is some explanation of how adult cell
A messenger molecule/mRNA copies the code for ADH from the cloning could potentially be used to re-establish the
DNA in the nucleus. thylacine species. [3 to 4 marks]
The messenger molecule/mRNA carries the code from the Level 3: There is a detailed explanation of how adult cell
nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. cloning could potentially be used to re-establish the
Each amino acid is coded for by a sequence of three bases. thylacine species. [5 to 6 marks]
Carrier molecules bring the correct amino acids to the ribosomes Here are some points your answer may include:
in the order that they appear on the code. A nucleus could be extracted from a body cell of preserved
The chain of amino acids is assembled and folds into the correct biological material from a thylacine.
shape. The nucleus could be removed from the egg cell of a related
species/a Tasmanian devil.
Pages 37-39 — Inheritance The nucleus of the thylacine could then be inserted into this
1.1 423 ÷ 3 = 141 enucleate egg cell/this egg cell with its nucleus removed.
141 + 6 = 147 amino acids An electric shock could be used to stimulate the egg cell to
[2 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct divide to form an embryo.
working] Once the embryo had developed into a ball of cells it could be
Dividing the number of remaining bases in the chain by 3 gives the number of implanted into the womb of an adult female of a related species/
amino acids left in the chain, as each amino acid is coded for by 3 bases. Then Tasmanian devil to continue to grow into a genetically identical
you just need to add on the first 6 amino acids. copy (clone) of the preserved thylacine.
1.2 This mutation changes the amino acid coded for/changes Glu to 2.1 This demonstration represents predation [1 mark]. Better
Val [1 mark]. This will lead to a change in the protein subunits camouflaged individuals (green paperclips on grass) are
needed to make haemoglobin [1 mark], which may affect less likely to be caught by predators (students), showing that
haemoglobin’s shape, resulting in sickle cell anaemia [1 mark]. individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more
1.3 Individual 7 is affected, so they must have inherited two recessive likely to survive [1 mark].
alleles from their parents (individuals 1 and 2) [1 mark]. 2.2 It does not illustrate how the better-adapted individuals are
However, both parents are unaffected, so they must both have one more likely to reproduce [1 mark] or how the number of
copy of the normal dominant allele [1 mark]. better-adapted individuals increases in the population over time
1.4 [1 mark] or how the species changes over time [1 mark].
A a 3.1 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 [1 mark]
3.2 Any two from: e.g. Bt corn production could affect the number
of wildflowers and insect populations in and around crops /
A AA Aa reduce farmland biodiversity [1 mark]. / Some people may think
that eating Bt corn could have a negative effect on human health
a Aa aa [1 mark]. / The transplanted gene could get out into the natural
Probability = 0.25 environment [1 mark].
[3 marks — 1 mark if all gametes are correct, 1 mark 3.3 An egg cell could be extracted from the female goat [1 mark]
if all offspring gametes are correct, 1 mark for correct and artificially fertilised with sperm from another goat [1 mark].
probability] The embryo that develops could be split many times (to form
1.5 E.g. individual 3 may have the genotype AA [1 mark], meaning clones) before any cells become specialised [1 mark]. These
none of his children would be affected, even if individual 4 is a cloned embryos could then be implanted into lots of other female
goats where they will then develop into genetically identical
carrier (Aa) [1 mark]. If both individuals 3 and 4 carried the
offspring [1 mark].
recessive allele (Aa) [1 mark], there is a chance that none of
3.4 Advantage: e.g. it may be quicker to establish the herd using
their children would be affected, if at least one of them passed on
cloned embryo transplants rather than selective breeding. / There
their dominant, normal allele every time [1 mark].
should be no uncertainty about whether each offspring will be
2.1 Characteristics in plants are determined by “hereditary units”
able to produce antithrombin using cloned embryo transplants
[1 mark]. Hereditary units are passed on to offspring unchanged
[1 mark].
from both parents [1 mark]. Hereditary units can be dominant
Disadvantage: e.g. there would be no genetic variation in the
or recessive [1 mark]. herd of goats produced using cloned embryo transplants. / Goats
2.2 E.g. most human traits are due to multiple genes interacting produced using cloned embryo transplants may be less healthy
[1 mark]. The effect of environment is likely to be greater on than ones produced by selective breeding. / There are likely to
human traits such as height than on pea plants grown under be more ethical issues with using cloned embryo transplants
controlled conditions [1 mark]. compared to selective breeding [1 mark].
2.3 E.g. chromosomes are found in the nucleus [1 mark]. 4.1 1 [1 mark]
Chromosomes must be inherited from both parents for normal 4.2 Streptomyces venezuelae [1 mark]
growth/development/functioning [1 mark]. 4.3 Any one from: e.g. it requires only small samples [1 mark]. /
It is not based on comparing structure or characteristics between
Pages 40-43 — The Evolution of Organisms individuals, which could be misleading [1 mark].
1.1 Any two from: e.g. thylacines suffered from introduced 5 E.g. plasmids containing resistance alleles [1 mark] can be
diseases. / Dingoes out-competed thylacines for food. / Dingoes transferred between individuals in the same generation, rather
out-competed thylacines for territory. [2 marks] than only being passed on to offspring when the bacteria
reproduce [1 mark].
Answers
66
Topic 7 — Ecology Pages 47-48 — Biomass Transfer
1.1
Pages 44-46 — The Organisation of Ecosystems
1.1 Line: A
Explanation: e.g. line A rises following a rise in line B [1 mark].
This is because once the prey population has risen (line B),
there is more food available, so the predator population (line
A) starts to rise [1 mark]. / On average, the population size of
the predators is smaller than that of the prey [1 mark]. This is
because biomass/energy is lost between trophic levels in food [1 mark for a bar 70 squares long and 5 squares high,
chains [1 mark]. 1 mark for the bar drawn in the correct position below the
1.2 If cod became extinct, zooplankton numbers might decrease other two bars]
[1 mark]. This is because crab numbers may fall as they become 1.2 Biomass of primary consumer = 4 × 400 = 1600 g m-2
the main prey for seals [1 mark]. Shellfish numbers might then (1600 ÷ 5600) × 100 = 28.571 = 29% (2 s.f.) [2 marks for
increase as there would be fewer crabs to predate on them, so correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct working]
more zooplankton might then be eaten by shellfish [1 mark]. 2.1 The enzymes secreted by bacterial decomposers break down
Mullet numbers might increase, as they would no longer be waste material into soluble food molecules [1 mark], which
eaten by cod [1 mark]. Whales might eat more sea trout in the then diffuse into the bacterial cells [1 mark]. If the enzymes are
absence of cod, which means there would be fewer sea trout to less efficient, the bacteria will absorb the nutrients they need for
predate on mullet and on shrimp [1 mark] and so more shrimp reproduction more slowly, meaning their reproduction rate will
might be available for mullet [1 mark]. fall [1 mark].
2.1 From the graph, T. confusum wins 18% of the time at 29 °C and 2.2 When bacterial decomposers decay waste, they return mineral
70% humidity. ions to the soil [1 mark]. If the rate of activity of decomposers
Number of times T. confusum expected to win is reduced, there will be fewer mineral ions in the soil which may
= 18% of 18 (number of tests) = 0.18 × 18 = 3.24 = 3 times. mean that plants don’t grow well/as quickly [1 mark].
[2 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for reading This may result in fewer/smaller plants in the woodland, meaning
18% from the graph] that the biomass of producers is reduced [1 mark]. This means
2.2 T. castaneum because this species won 100% of the competition less biomass will be available for the primary consumer, so less
experiments in the hottest and most humid conditions (34 °C and of the primary consumer will be available for the secondary
70% humidity) [1 mark]. consumer and so on [1 mark].
2.3 T. castaneum. E.g. the ability to fly provides more opportunities 3.1 1.25 × 106 = 1 250 000
to find food / find space / escape predators [1 mark]. (3 ÷ 1 250 000) × 100 = 0.00024 = 2.4 × 10-4% [2 marks for
These are the things that the beetles would compete for and that are needed for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for correct working]
survival. 3.2 Herbivores, because there is more energy available to them, so
2.4 Pesticides used to control the beetles may be washed into nearby more individuals can be supported [1 mark].
water and pollute these ecosystems [1 mark]. This may kill 3.3 Glucose is used in respiration, meaning it’s not used to make
some of the organisms that live in the water and therefore reduce more biomass [1 mark]. Also, during respiration carbon dioxide
biodiversity [1 mark]. and water are lost as waste products during respiration [1 mark].
3.1 E.g. the student could have set up a transect running from the 3.4 E.g. urine [1 mark], faeces [1 mark].
sea up the beach [1 mark], and then placed quadrats along the
transect at regular intervals/at the distances stated in the table Pages 49-51 — Environmental Change and Humans
[1 mark]. She could have then recorded the percentage of 1.1 The majority of cod caught wouldn’t have reached breeding age
the quadrat that each plant species covered [1 mark]. At each [1 mark], so the population size of cod could fall because there
quadrat, she could also have measured the salt concentration of would be fewer to produce offspring [1 mark]. The majority
the soil [1 mark]. of haddock caught are likely to have reached the breeding age
3.2 350 metres [1 mark], as this is the distance which has the [1 mark], so their population size may not be affected as they’ll
greatest cover of all the species combined [1 mark]. have had chance to reproduce [1 mark].
3.3 There is a positive correlation between biodiversity and distance 1.2 E.g. the small fish could be injured/killed when they are caught
from the sea [1 mark], because there are more species present as [1 mark].
the distance increases [1 mark]. 1.3 Quota increased by 78.3% = 23 073 × 0.783
3.4 E.g. sea couch may be able to tolerate higher concentrations of = 18 066.159 tonnes.
salt than other species [1 mark], so it is most abundant near So quota in 2016 = 18066.159 + 23 073 = 41 139.159 tonnes =
the sea [1 mark]. It may become less abundant further from 41 139 tonnes [2 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark
the sea/in lower concentrations of salt because other species are for correct working]
able to grow here [1 mark], meaning it faces more competition 1.4 E.g. they could use a net to collect a sample of fish from a
[1 mark]. specific location [1 mark] and count the number of each fish
3.5 E.g. different people may determine the percentage cover species caught [1 mark]. They could then repeat exactly the
differently / there may be different plant coverage if the student same procedure at a later date and compare the results [1 mark].
hasn’t sampled it in exactly the same place on the beach / it 1.5 Farmed fish are likely to use less energy than wild fish for
might be difficult to determine where the sea ends and the beach movement [1 mark]. This means that more energy can be used
begins (depending on whether the tide is in/ out) [1 mark]. for increasing their biomass, so there is more meat available for
humans to eat [1 mark].
2 How to grade your answer:
Level 0: No relevant content. [No marks]
Level 1: There is a brief description of one or two
advantages or disadvantages of captive breeding
programmes. There is no overall conclusion or the
conclusion given is inconsistent with the reasoning
provided. [1 to 2 marks]
Answers
67
Level 2: There is a clear explanation of several advantages 1.2 E.g.
and disadvantages of captive breeding programmes. D d
A conclusion is given that is consistent with the
reasoning provided. [3 to 4 marks] D DD Dd
Level 3: There is a clear, full and detailed explanation
of the advantages and disadvantages of captive D DD Dd
breeding programmes. There is a conclusion
which is fully supported by the reasoning provided. Probability of child being born with ARPKD = 0
[5 to 6 marks] [1 mark for correctly identifying the father’s gametes as
Here are some points your answer may include: Dd, 1 mark for correctly identifying the mother’s gametes
Giant pandas can be well looked after in captivity and may be as DD, 1 mark for correctly drawing the Punnett square to
less likely to die from injury/disease than they would in the wild. show the offspring’s genotypes, 1 mark for correctly stating
Panda cubs attract visitors to a zoo, which may mean the zoo can the probability.]
generate money to fund more conservation/research. Captive 1.3 Kidneys are responsible for filtering out excess ions from the
breeding can help to increase the population size of giant pandas, blood [1 mark]. If the kidneys aren’t working properly (as in
as two panda cubs per mother can be cared for in captivity, ARPKD), phosphate levels in the blood may become too high
whereas only one is cared for in the wild. [1 mark]. Phosphate-binding drugs will prevent phosphate from
However, some people think that captive breeding programmes entering blood via the digestive system, so the level should not
are cruel, as pandas are kept away from their natural habitat. get too high [1 mark].
Also, procedures such as injecting sperm into a female and 2.1
taking their cubs away at 6 months old may be distressing for the
pandas.
Captive breeding programmes are expensive and people may
think the money could be better spent elsewhere.
cerebellum
Although captive breeding programmes aim to restore numbers
in the wild, giant pandas bred in captivity may not be able to [1 mark for naming cerebellum, 1 mark for correct location
survive in the wild as the environments are very different. on diagram]
Overall, captive breeding programmes are a good way of saving 2.2 E.g. the brain is a very complex/delicate organ, so it can be risky
giant pandas from extinction, as the pandas can be cared for and to investigate it physically [1 mark].
protected from harm until there are enough of them to restore a 2.3 The defect could stop a gene from being expressed [1 mark],
natural wild population. so that a particular protein that is essential to the normal
3.1 Population in 2013 = 64.1 million = 64 100 000. functioning of the body is not produced [1 mark].
Approximate number of births in 2014 = (64 100 000 ÷ 1000) 2.4 How to grade your answer:
× 12 = 769 200 Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks]
Population at the end of 2014 = (64 100 000 + 769 200) – Level 1: There is a brief description of the arguments for or
570 000 (deaths) = 64 299 200 = 6.4 × 107 against some of the issues associated with embryo
[3 marks for correct answer, otherwise 1 mark for 769 200 screening for Friedreich’s ataxia.
and 1 mark for 64 299 200] [1 to 2 marks]
3.2 Fusarium can be grown in aerobic conditions [1 mark] on Level 2: There is a clear description of the arguments
glucose syrup [1 mark]. The fungal biomass can then be for and/or against some of the issues associated
harvested and purified to produce mycoprotein [1 mark]. with embryo screening for Friedreich’s ataxia.
Mycoprotein is a high-protein meat substitute [1 mark], which [3 to 4 marks]
can be produced quickly/cheaply, meaning it could help to Level 3: There is a detailed description of the arguments for
increase the food available for people to eat [1 mark]. and against the economic, ethical and social issues
4.1 Growing more varieties of crops and having hedgerows is likely associated with embryo screening for Friedreich’s
to increase the local biodiversity of animals [1 mark], as it will ataxia. [5 to 6 marks]
provide more habitats / food / shelter, which will attract a greater Here are some points your answer may include:
number of species to the area [1 mark]. Economic
4.2 E.g. there might be more animals/pests that damage or eat It is expensive to carry out embryo screening.
the crops when biodiversity is higher [1 mark]. Competition However, it may result in fewer people having Friedreich’s ataxia,
between plant species may mean that some plants don’t grow as meaning less money would be spent caring for people with the
condition.
well when biodiversity is higher [1 mark].
Ethical
4.3 The draining of peat bogs could reduce local biodiversity by
Embryo screening may lead to the decision to terminate
removing the habitat of different varieties of organisms (plants,
embryos, which some people believe is morally wrong.
animals and microorganisms) that live there [1 mark]. The
However, terminating embryos may reduce the number of people
draining of peat bogs could also reduce global biodiversity
that have Friedreich’s ataxia, and therefore the number of people
because when peat bogs are drained microorganisms start to
that have to live with the discomfort that the disorder may cause.
decompose the peat [1 mark]. When these microorganisms Social
respire, they produce carbon dioxide which releases the carbon Embryo screening may promote prejudice against people with
that had been stored in the peat [1 mark]. An increase in carbon disabilities.
dioxide in the air contributes to global warming [1 mark], which However, if parents know in advance that their child will develop
could cause some species to become extinct [1 mark] if they are Friedreich’s ataxia, it gives them time to prepare for having a
unable to survive a change in climate [1 mark]. child with a disability.
If parents decide to terminate the pregnancy after embryo
Mixed Questions for Paper 2 screening, it prevents the defective gene from being passed on to
future generations.
Pages 52-58 — Mixed Questions for Paper 2 3.1 Peacocks within a population show variation in tail length and
1.1 39 [1 mark] colour [1 mark]. The longer and more colourful a peacock’s
7.75 × 105 is the same as 775 000. tail, the more likely it is that a female will choose to mate with it
0.005% of 775 000 = 38.75, which rounds up to 39. [1 mark]. The alleles for the longer and more colourful tail are
more likely to be passed on to the next generation [1 mark], so
over time the alleles would have become more common, causing
the peacocks to evolve [1 mark].
Answers
68
3.2 Cabot tragopans [1 mark] because they have the most recent 5.2 Too much insulin in the blood could lead to a very low blood
common ancestor with Japanese quails [1 mark]. glucose concentration [1 mark]. This could mean that cells
3.3 The two populations of peafowl may have been isolated/ would not be able to obtain enough glucose for respiration,
separated [1 mark]. There would have been genetic variations leading to the person feeling very tired [1 mark].
in each population [1 mark]. Over time, natural selection would 5.3 Each base triplet/group of three bases codes for one amino
have occurred in the different environments, leading to some acid [1 mark], and amino acids have to be joined together in a
alleles/characteristics becoming more common in one population specific order to make a specific protein [1 mark]. The base
than the other [1 mark]. Eventually the two populations triplet/group of three bases replaced in the gene could code for
would have become so different that they couldn’t interbreed a different amino acid to the original base triplet/group of three
successfully [1 mark]. bases [1 mark], which may prevent the insulin from folding into
3.4 How to grade your answer: the correct shape [1 mark]. This may prevent the insulin from
Level 0: There is no relevant information. [No marks] functioning properly, resulting in diabetes [1 mark].
Level 1: There is a brief explanation how the carbon could 6.1 In the Archaea domain [1 mark].
have become part of the seeds. [1 to 2 marks] 6.2 E.g.
Level 2: There is a detailed explanation of how the
5
carbon could have become part of the seeds.
[3 to 4 marks]
Here are some points your answer may include: 4
When the peafowl died, other animals and microorganisms may
Biogas yield (m3/day)

have eaten its remains.
The carbon in the peafowl’s body would have then become part 3
of these organisms.
When these organisms respired, the carbon would have been
released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. 2
Plants would have used the carbon dioxide in photosynthesis to
make glucose.
The glucose would have been incorporated into other parts of the 1
plant, such as the seeds which the Indian peafowl eats.
4.1 5 [1 mark]
0
Secondary consumers eat primary consumers — so in this food web, the Indian 0 15 20 25 35 45 55
toad, wild boar, giant squirrel, eagle and Asiatic lion are secondary consumers. Temperature (°C)
4.2 How to grade your answer:
Level 0: There is no relevant information. [0 marks] Volume of biogas at 20 °C = 2.1 m3/day (allow
Level 1: There is a brief description of a suitable method 2.0-2.2 m3/day) [1 mark for plotting all 5 points correctly,
that could have been used. [1 to 2 marks] 1 mark for joining points with straight lines or drawing a
Level 2: There is a detailed description of a suitable method smooth curve of best fit, 1 mark for using line to estimate
that could have been used. [3 to 4 marks] yield for 20 °C]
Here are some points your answer may include: 6.3 Carbon neutral energy sources help to maintain stable levels of
The scientist could have divided Site A into a grid and then carbon dioxide in the atmosphere [1 mark], which may help to
randomly selected a set number of coordinates (e.g. by using a reduce the rate of global warming [1 mark]. This may benefit
random number generator). global biodiversity because fewer species would become extinct
She could have placed quadrats down at each of these [1 mark] as a result of being unable to survive in a different
coordinates and counted the percentage cover of Chloris barbata climate [1 mark].
in each quadrat.
She could have then calculated the mean percentage cover in
each quadrat.
She could have repeated this procedure in Site B and then
compared the mean results for each site to determine whether the
presence of tourists had any effect on the distribution of Chloris
barbata.
4.3 Nerve impulses are sent from the deer’s brain to its adrenal
glands [1 mark]. These respond by secreting adrenaline into
the blood [1 mark]. Adrenaline increases the deer’s heart rate
[1 mark], which increases the supply of oxygen and glucose
[1 mark] to its brain and muscles [1 mark]. This means the
deer will be able to release more energy/release energy more
quickly (through respiration), which will allow it to quickly run
away [1 mark].
4.4 There needs to be more chital deer to support all of the lions,
because not all of the biomass from the deer is passed on to the
lions [1 mark]. This is because the lions won’t eat all of the
chital deer [1 mark]. Also, not all of the material that the lion
ingests is absorbed, as some is egested as faeces [1 mark], and
some of the material that is absorbed is lost as waste, e.g. in
respiration or in urine [1 mark].
5.1 Enzymes may be used to cut out the insulin gene from the
human genome [1 mark]. The gene may then be inserted into
a bacterial plasmid/vector [1 mark]. The plasmid/vector would
then be inserted into a bacterial cell [1 mark]. The bacterial cell
would then reproduce, until a population of bacteria that secrete
BA9Q41
human insulin was produced [1 mark].
Answers
P
G
C
C
G
P
CGP
The only A-Level Science books
you’ll ever need!
The UK’s No. 1 range for
Grade 9-1 GCSE Science!
With in-depth Student Books, concise Complete Revision & Practice books
and brilliant guides to Essential Maths Skills, we have A-Level Science sorted!
Order from CGP now:

www.cgpbooks.co.uk • 0800 1712 712
Out now at cgpbooks.co.uk

Or you’ll find our range in any good bookshop, including:
1117 - 16861
CGP CGP
P
G
C
Going after a top grade in

AQA GCSE Biology? GCSE AQA
You’re in luck — this CGP book will help make sure you’re on the path to success!
• Exam-style questions at Grade 8-9 standard...

Biology
Yep, hundreds of them — and they’re tough
• Perfectly matched to the AQA course...

You bet your quadrat it is!
Excha
nging
• How about step-by-step answers?
1
All orga S ubstan
nis
Single-c ms need to ex
ell ch ces 5
directly ed organisms ange substance
We’re on it — they’re all in here affected
across th
eir oute
such as
bacteria
s with th
eir envir
by their rs exc on
surface urface. The ra hange substan ment in order 21
A stude a re a to te a t w h ces with to surviv
nt carrie v o lu me ratio ic h they ex the e.
area to d out an . change ir environmen
substan t
After all that, you’ll be ready for anything the final exams can throw at you To mod
volume
ratio of
experim
a bacteri nt to model th
e ces is
el
its surro bacterial cells, al cell a
n
e relatio
n
on
d the ra s
te of ex hip between th 1
rati
un ag
The ind dings. The ag ar was used —
Respi
change uree surfa
icator d
y
ar conta
ined an a g a r is a of suFbig stances omceeter
Figure e is pin indicato material that m.
k at a p
1 shows
an agar H greate r dye an absorbs er th
block a r th a n d s o d ium hyd s u b sta
s uwreell1a. 8, but air nces fr
F ig s sroomnee hour. becomes colou roxide solutio om
P.S. Good things come in threes, so make sure you pick up CGP’s shown
in re fo of the o rless wh st nin(an alkali).
riment mperatu ther equ
ipment en pyHeafa
Grade 8-9 Workbooks for AQA GCSE Chemistry and Physics too! u p th e expe up at room te F cig
h a
u n r ges u s e d in the e tionelow 8.
g lu collseb
s tu d ent set eriment set Beake to s h ow the e1
s oxlu p eriment.
A p 1
t the ex Tarble our.
1 Hydro
She lef h c o lu mn of k after one h chloric
eac las acid
tick in in the f Prepratu
Tempaega d
rere
P la ce one ave occurred T a ble 1 H O Scalpel
1 .1 ld h r
Grade 8-9 Targeted

at wou
2
th
1.1 O2
* Descri C O2
be a me
thodC 6H 12O 6 [3]
Include
details o that the stude c ose
• what f: nt could nd glu
• th d
she sho
u ld
have us
e d in f th e yeast a e flask
e h o th
Increeasvariables sh ave measured, her exp
oef riom
p
il eonn to onditions in
Exam Practice Workbook

..D ased e sho
....ec..r..e.... constant uld have contr e p u t a layer ay that.t the c
..e..d........ oblluetdth . is
tim the w ...........
Remain ............ ces in
............ ....e..e..x..p..eriment two differen periment. .. .. .. .. ............
............ epeated th .. ......s..an d st e x .... ..
t ..r .. ilaritie ....re..d....to....th..e....f ir ............ ............
.. h e studen g..e..s..t..t..w..o..s..im .. .. o m pa ............ .................... .. .. .. ............
.. ..T..
1.2 ......ti..o..n..... Su g ..
u ..
r c
..
o .............. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. ..
..........after one h .............................. .... .......... .........
..........w
solu
change ............................................ ............ ................ ............................................
o u ld
............ .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .......... ........
.......... .................. ................................ ..........................
............ ............ .................... [4]
............ Similarities: ............................................ ............
.. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. ..
.. ............ .. .. .... ..
.. .... .. .. ..........
............ ............ ..
.......... .................. .............................. ........................
............ .................. .......................................... ............ ............ ............ marks]
G
P
............ .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. [T
.. otal 7
.. .. .. ..
C
..........s..: ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. ...................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. ..

............ rence .......................................... ........................ ............
............ id
........D..if..fe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a..c....
............ .......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. th e lactic
For the Grade 9-1 Course ............
....................
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....ed....is....b y m e a s
..u..rin
.. g
.. .. .. .. ..
o ..
n ..o..f .. ......ill.
............ ............
............ s .. centrati m
............ ....c..a..n..b..e asses hows ..th..e....co..n........g....o..n a tread
www.cgpbooks.co.uk
Includes Answers ............
............
............
............
............
..........s..e's f it
............ h a racehor ......g..e..x..e..rc..is
n e s s
e. F
..
ig
..u..r..
e
........rs..e..s while th
.. 2
.. ..s
.. .. .. .. w e r e
ey ................
r u n n in
......F..ig..u
.. .. ..
re 2
.. .. .. ..
............ in w ..h..ic........ d d u r in h o .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
......O..n..e..way s blo.. ....o........ ifferen t ............ ....
......tr..a..ti..on in it ..o..d........ ............ horse 1
............
............
2
concen ........e..b..lood of tw ............ tes
m in u
.. .. .. ..
............
.. .. .. .. ..
............ tic acid in th .. ............ three .. ............ .. ..
lac................ r..u..n..f..o..r .. ct ............ horse 2
..h..o..r..s..e..2 both uld yo..u..e..x..p..e....?.......... ............
mol/L)
1.2 De .... ............ .. .. .. .. .. ..
scribe tw nd o e run
o ways Horse 1 a hor..s..e..w......y..a..f..te..r..th ............
and i Which il ... .....

CGP_GCSE_Biology_AQA_Grade_8_9_Targeted_Exam_Practice_Workbook_includes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CGP_GCSE_Biology_AQA_Grade_8_9_Targeted_Exam_Practice_Workbook_includes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CGP CGP

Going after a top grade in

• Exam-style questions at Grade 8-9 standard...

• Perfectly matched to the AQA course...

Grade 8-9 Targeted

Exam Practice Workbook

..........s..: ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. ...................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............ .. ..

Order from CGP now:

Out now at cgpbooks.co.uk

CGP — still the best! J

Then we work our socks off to get them out to you

With thanks to Jan Greenway for the copyright research.

Clipart from Corel®

Based on the classic CGP style created by Richard Parsons.

0800 1712 712 • www.cgpbooks.co.uk

Topic 1 — Cell Biology

Topic 3 — Infection and Response

Mixed Questions for Paper 1

Topic 5 — Homeostasis and Response

Topic 6 — Inheritance, Variation and Evolution

Mixed Questions for Paper 2

Be Prepared to be Tested on Your Maths and Practical Skills

Here are a Few Handy Hints

ght help you pick

as you can in the

end if you’ve got enough time. ions as you can.

Cells and Cell Differentiation

water vapour condenses broth remains clear

Topic 1 — Cell Biology

1.5 Antibiotic S is widely used to treat bacterial infections.

Topic 1 — Cell Biology

2 Herbicides are chemicals that are used to kill plants.

Before mitosis: ...................................................................................................................................

During mitosis: ..................................................................................................................................

3 Stem cells can be used in medicine to treat diseases.

Topic 1 — Cell Biology

4 In an investigation, a microbiologist inoculated 10 000 mm3 of a nutrient broth

Exam Practice Tip

Topic 1 — Cell Biology

Hydrochloric Prepared Scalpel

Topic 1 — Cell Biology

1.3 The height of cell A is 0.4 µm.

Organisation and Non-Communicable Diseases

3 Smoking is a significant risk factor for lung cancer.

Middle Eastern Palm Tree South Asian Palm Tree

Communicable Diseases in Animals

Topic 3 — Infection and Response

2 Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men. Antigens

test well with antibodies enzyme A

Topic 3 — Infection and Response

new diagnoses = ........................... per year

Exam Practice Tip

Topic 3 — Infection and Response

Communicable Diseases in Plants

Figure 1 shows an elm tree suffering from Dutch elm disease.

...................................................................................... discoloured and decaying

Topic 3 — Infection and Response

average rate of decline = ........................... per year

1.1 Explain why van Helmont's conclusion is incorrect.

Initial mass Final mass % change % change

light intensity = .................. arbitrary units

15 °C, 0.12% CO2

Option: ............... Explanation: .......................................................................................................

Exam Practice Tip