Contents Serial

No.
UNIT - 2
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1. Physical and Chemical Changes 1

CHEMISTRY
Class-VII
DFGFF
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
1
CHANGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 PHYSICAL CHANGES
2.1 Introduction to Physical changes
2.2 Examples of physical changes
2.3 Characteristics of a physical change
3.0 REVERSIBLE AND NON-REVERSIBLE CHANGES
4.0 CHEMICAL CHANGES
4.1 Introduction to chemical changes
4.2 Examples of chemical changes
4.3 Determining whether a change is Physical or Chemical
5.0 RUSTING
5.1 Introduction to rusting
5.2 Conditions necessary for rusting
5.3 Prevention of Rusting
5.4 How Galvanised Iron is protected from rust?
6.0 CRYSTALLISATION
EXERCISE-1

EXERCISE-2

EXERCISE-3
DFGGFGF
 Physical and Chemcial changes

1.0 INTRODUCTION
We know that nothing on this earth ever really disappears. It may be seen like snow disappears in
the sun, or the flames that wood makes vanish in a fire, but that is not what is happening. Snow
melts and becomes liquid which on evaporation turns into gas that rises into the atmosphere, and
burnt wood turns into ash and smoke.
Matter is never created or destroyed. It just changes form. All matter is made up of tiny molecules,
and when these molecules are changed or moved around, the matter changes its form.
When a change occurs in an object there may be some alteration in it. The alterations can be in the
form of shape, size, colour, physical state, position, chemical composition of the substances etc.,
For example changes in-
1. Shape- You can change the shape of a rubber ball by squeezing it.
2. Size- Increase in the number of cells which causes our body to grow.
3. Position- When you kick a football, it moves from its position.
4. Colour- If you heat a piece of iron, it becomes red hot.
5. Internal structure- When we cook food, the structure of the molecules change. Even burning
brings about changes in the molecules of fuel.
We classify these changes into two categories

Changes

Physical Chemical

2.0 PHYSICAL CHANGES

2.1 Introduction to physical changes
When any substance undergo changes, then some changes are there, in which nature of the
substance does not change. For example, when a glass tumbler breaks into pieces, its shape and
size changes. But the substance of which the glass is made does not change. The broken pieces
continue to be of the same substance as glass tumbler. Such changes are known as physical
changes.
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So, a physical change is a temporary change in which the physical appearance of a substance
may change but its chemical composition remains unchanged.
In a physical change, the particles of a substance may move closer together or farther apart, or
they may mix with particles of other substances. However, no new kinds of particles are produced.
2.2 Examples of physical changes
a . Kicking a football- When you kick a football its position changes but remains a football. No
new substance is formed. The molecules that make up the football remain same.
b. Tearing of paper- On tearing, a paper changes its shape and size but it remains paper. No
new substance is formed. The molecules of paper remains the same. We can demonstrate it by
the following activity:-
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Class VII : Chemistr y

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take a piece of paper and cut it into four pieces. Lay these pieces on the table so as to get the same
shape as they had it originally.

Same properties
are retained by
the paper

Paper After cutting

Though, the pieces once form cannot be joined together to make the original piece, but the properties
remain the same. Thus cutting of paper is a physical change because same properties are retained.
c. Melting of a solid and freezing of a liquid
You can easily get ice from water by freezing it and water from ice by melting it.
melting
Ice (s) water (l)
Freezing
In this example, only the appearance of matter has changed from solid to liquid and vice versa.
However, the composition of the molecules of ice or water remains same i.e. for every 1 kg of
hydrogen there is 8 g of oxygen. Thus, only a physical change has occurred. This can be
demonstrated by following activity:

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take few cubes of ice in a glass and keep it at room temperature. You will find that, the cubes of ice
melts to form water.

Melting of a solid and freezing of a liquid

Ice cubes will melt to form water but if water is kept in a freezer, the same amount of ice and same
number of cubes will be formed. Thus, we conclude that the change is temporary and reversible.
d. Dissolution of sodium chloride in water
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To see the effect of dissolution on sodium chloride

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 Physical and Chemcial changes

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take some water in a porecelain dish and dissolve some common salt in it. The salt disappears in
water and forms a salt solution. So a change has taken place. Now, pour this solution in a china
dish and heat it for a long time till all the water evaporates. A white powder is left behind in the
porcelain dish. This is sodium chloride. This means that no new chemical substance has been
formed by dissolving common salt in water to make salt solution. Thus making of a solution is a
physical change.
e. Glowing up electric bulb and heating of heater is a physical change
When a electric current is passed through a bulb or a heater, the filament glows.

Filament of an electric bulb and heater glows when electric current is passed.
But once the electric supply is cut off the bulb glow and filament of heater stops to emit heat and
light. Thus, emitting of light by bulb is temporary and reversible.
f. Heating of metallic knife is a physical change
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take an ordinary knife and heat the metallic part of the knife in flame till it becomes red hot.

To see the effect of heat on metal

Thus, the knife absorbs heat and becomes red hot but as soon as the knife is brought out of the
flame it gets cooled and lose its glow. Thus, we see that heating of knife is a temporary and reversible
change.
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g. Heating of Zinc oxide is a physical change

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take a pinch of zinc oxide in a flask and heat it. Zinc oxide is white in colour but when you heat it
white colour will get converted into yellow. On cooling, it will again converted into white colour.
Thus, we see that heating of zinc oxide is temporary and reversible.

To see the effect of heat on zinc oxide

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Class VII : Chemistr y
h. The mixing of two solids is a physical change
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take iron filings and sulphur powder, mix the two in the solid state. If magnet is brought near it, all
the iron fillings will cling to the magnet and sulphur component will dissolve in carbon disulphide.
So they can be separated out easily.

+
Pass
Put in magnet
carbon
Iron Sulphur Mixture of iron
disulphide
and sulphur

Iron will cling

to the magnet
Sulphur will
dissolve
To see the behaviour of two different solids after mixing
This indicates that in physical change the components retain their individual property and can be
separated easily.
i. Sublimation is a physical change
Certain substances, such as ammonium chloride, camphor, iodine, naphthalene etc. on heating
sublime i.e change directly from solid to gas and on cooling change back to solid. Thus, during
sublimation, only the physical state of the substance changes and no new substance is formed.
j. Magnetization of iron is a physical change
A piece of iron can be magnetized by rubbing a bar of magnet over it several times. The magnetic
properties of iron are lost if it is heated or dropped on the floor.
k. Stretching of a rubber band

Stretching of a rubber band

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When a stretched band is released, it regains its original shape, hence the change is physical
change.
Some other examples of physical change are:-
1. Formation of dew 2. Drying of wet clothes
3. Bending of glass tube 4. Crushing of iron
5. Melting of wax 6. Crystallisation of sugar
7. Beating aluminium to make aluminium foil 8. Cutting of nails
9. Condensation of steam 10. Making of soda water by dissolving carbon
dioxide
11. Rotation of fan 12. Breaking of a wooden stick
13. Cutting of log of wood into pieces 14. Formation of clouds
15. Conversion of chalk stick into chalk dust 16. Hammering of metals to form sheets
17. Stretching of metals to form wires 18. Change of seasons
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 Physical and Chemcial changes
2.3 Characteristics of a physical change
1. A physical change is a temporary change and is generally reversible. For example
a. When water is heated, it converts into steam, if we condense the steam, it will again convert
into water.
b. Common salt can be easily recovered from its solution by evaporating the water.
2. In a physical change, no new substance is formed and the chemical composition
of the substance remains the same. For example:-
a. The conversion of chalk stick into small chalk particles is a physical change because both,
chalk stick and chalk dust are just the same substances, only their size is different.
b. When iodine is heated, it sublimes and changes directly from solid to gaseous state. During
this change, the physical state of iodine has changed but its chemical composition in both
the state is the same. Thus no new substance has formed.
3. Very little energy is either absorbed or evolved in physical changes. For example:-
a. When common salt is dissolved in water, the heat changes involved during the process are
not very large.
b. The addition of washing soda into water is a physical change. But the test tube in which it
takes place becomes slightly hot. Means it involves the evolution of energy but only to some
extent.
4. There is no change in the mass of the substance during a physical change. For
example:-
a. If 10 gm common salt is dissolved in water to form a salt solution then on evaporation of
water, 10 gm common salt will be left behind.
b. When a platinum wire is heated in a bunsen flame, it glows and becomes white hot. If it is
removed from the flame and cooled, it regains its original appearance. During this change,
the mass of platinum wire does not change.
c. The solid wax on heating melts to form the same amount of molten wax.

3.0 REVERSIBLE AND NON-REVERSIBLE CHANGES

Changes that can be reversed are called reversible changes. Physical changes are often reversible,
but not always. You can reverse the physical change that occurs when you melt ice by cooling the
water until it freezes again. You cannot reverse the physical change that occurs when wood is
sawed into pieces. Changes that cannot be reversed are called non-reversible changes.
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Illustration 1. Dissolving sugar in water is a physical or a chemical change? Explain.

Solution Dissolving is a physical change. When you dissolve sugar in water, the sugar particles
spread out and mix with the water particles, but they are still there. You can reverse
the process by evaporating the water and collecting the sugar.
Physical changes are usually caused by some form of motion or pressure, or a change
in temperature.
(i) When water boils and turns into steam, it is undergoing a physical change caused
by a change in temperature.
(ii) When wool is spun into thread, the physical change is caused by a motion.
(iii) A sheet of metal is the result of powerful pressure machines that flatten the steel.

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Class VII : Chemistr y

1. A physical change may involve :

(A) a solid substance changing to liquid (B) formation of a new substance
(C) a chemical reaction (D) all of the above

2. In a physical change,
(A) State of matter can change (B) Colour of matter can change
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Composition of molecule can change

3. Which is not a physical change?

(A) Digestion of food (B) Formation of dew
(C) Sublimation of camphor (D) Ringing of an electric bell

4. Shredding of paper is :
(A) reversible chemical change (B) reversible physical change
(C) irreversible chemical change (D) irreversible physical change

5. Which of the following is physical change :

(A) Melting of candle (B) Formation of salt–water solution
(C) Cutting of log of wood into pieces (D) All of the above

4.0 CHEMICAL CHANGES

4.1 Introduction to chemical changes
The second way matter can change, is through a chemical change. Chemical changes occur when
two or more substances combine and react with each other. In a chemical change, matter doesn’t
just change its form as it does in a physical reaction. Chemical changes cause the molecules of
matter to change.
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This is more than a change in shape or state. Most of the time, an entirely new kind of matter is
created.
Burning a piece of paper is also a chemical change. The basic substance of the paper is changed
into something new: smoke and ashes. These new substances have very different molecules than
the original piece of paper.
Chemical changes always involve the production of new substances. Most chemical changes are
difficult to reverse.
A chemical change is a permanent change in which the composition of the substance
changes giving rise to one or more new substances with different properties.
We all have seen our mother setting curd from milk in night and by the early morning we obtain
curd. This is a pure chemical change. Let us all try to understand chemical change through this
example :
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 Physical and Chemcial changes
Conversion of milk into acid

to (Change
Milk Curd in state)

(Liquid) (Solid)

Characteristic Properties Inference

Contains Lactose sugar Contains Lactic acid (Change in composition)

Free flowing Fibrated texture liquid (Change in texture)

Sweet to taste Sour to taste (Change in properties)

Milk to Curd (Permanent change)

Thus, conversion of milk to curd is an example of chemical change because new substances are
formed which have different composition and properties. The change is permanent and irrevers-
ible. The products formed are entirely different from the initial substance.
Another example, which can be studied to understand the nature of chemical change is rusting of
iron.
Rusting of iron

Kept in air for

Iron long time Rusted Iron
Iron Chemical change Rusted Iron

(i) Bright and Dull with no luster

possess luster
Change in
(ii) Composed of iron Iron oxide is formed
composition

(iii) Solid substance Texture Powdery substance

is produced
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Permanent and irreversible

(iv) Element Compound
change

Thus, we see that iron gets a coating of oxide on its surface due to which it lose its lusture, change
in compositon is observed and the change is permanent and irreversible.

4.2 Examples of chemical changes

1. Burning of fuels
a. Coal burns to produce ash and smoke, entirely new substances whose properties are quite
different from those of coal. Let us demonstrate it with the help of following activity:-
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Class VII : Chemistr y

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take a small piece of coal and ignite it. You will see that coal burns with golden yellow flame leaving
behind some ash.

C + O2 CO 2
Coal Oxygen Carbon dioxide
(solid) (from air) (gas)
We observe that the change is permanent and irreversible. At the end the mass of coal decreases. It
is accompanied by heat and light. From coal (C) which is a solid we obtain a new gaseous product
(CO2) which have entirely different properties and hence, burning of coal is a chemical change.
b. LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is commonly used as a fuel for cooking. It burns with a blue
flame to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour which are entirely new substances. LPG
cannot be obtained back from carbon dioxide and water vapour.
c. Natural gas consists of mainly methane. It is used as a fuel for cooking, for running automo-
biles and in industry. It burns with a blue flame to form carbon dioxide and water vapour.
These are entirely new substances and cannot be converted back into natural gas.
2. Burning of magnesium ribbon
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take a thin strip of magnesium ribbon. Clean its tip with sand paper and ignite it with the help of
candle flame. Magnesium ribbon burns with dazzling white light. When it is completely burnt, it
leaves a white coloured solid residue behind, which is also known as ash.
2Mg + O2 ¾® 2MgO
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide
(Metal) (from air) (ash)
As we see that burning of magnesium ribbon results in the formation of a compound whose
composition and properties are entirely different from the magnesium metal, along with heat and
light. This change is permanent and irreversible and hence, a chemical change.
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take magnesium ribbon and burn it some white coloured ash is produced
2Mg + O2 ¾® 2MgO
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Burning of magnesium
Now, collect the ash and mix it with small amount of water. Stir the mixture well.
MgO + H2O ¾® Mg(OH)2
Magnesium oxide Water Magnesium hydroxide
The nature of the above solution can be tested by using litmus as an indicator. When litmus
solution is added to magnesium hydroxide solution

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 Physical and Chemcial changes
Mg(OH)2 + litmus solution ¾® Solution turns blue

Thus, it is observed that a new substance is formed with evolution of energy. On dissolving it in
water we get another compound with entirely different properties. The change is permanent and
irreversible and hence, we conclude that, burning of magnesium is a chemical change.
3. Reaction of Iron and Sulphur

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take some iron filings and small amount of sulphur powder. Mix it thoroughly so that we get a
mixture of iron and sulphur. It represents a physical change. Now heat this mixture strongly over the
flame. Iron and sulphur combine chemically in fixed proportion to form iron sulphide. At the high
temperature, iron reacts with sulphur to form iron sulphide.(FeS)
Reaction
Fe + S ¾® FeS
Iron Sulphur Iron sulphide
This reaction results in the formation of new compound that is iron sulphide. It is entirely different
from original substances. This compound is not attracted by magnet nor it dissolves in sulphur. The
change is irreversible and permanent.
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Formation of Iron Sulphide

4. Heating of Sugar
If we heat some sugar strongly, it chars and forms a black substance called sugar charcoal and
water is eliminated in the form of water vapour. This sugar charcoal and water are entirely new
substances. Thus, new chemical substances are formed by the charring of sugar. So, charring of
sugar is a chemical change.

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Class VII : Chemistr y
5. Mixture of vinegar and baking soda
ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Take small volume of vinegar in test tube and add a pinch of baking soda to it. Brisk effervescence
will be observed with evolution of a gas. When this gas is passed through lime water, it turns milky.

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ¾® CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 ­

Vinegar Baking soda Sodium-acetate Water Carbon dioxide

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ¾® CaCO3 + H2O

Lime water Carbon dioxide Milkiness
Since new products are formed with different properties and the change is permanent and irrevers-
ible hence, the above change is chemical change.
6. Fermentation- Yeast is a fungus which consists of millions of tiny living cells. When yeast is
added to sugarcane juice, an enzyme present in yeast breaks down the glucose into ethyl alcohol
and Carbon dioxide. The process is called fermentation Ethyl alcohol and CO2 cannot be con-
verted back into glucose.
7. To show the reaction of copper sulphate with iron.

Green colour

Water + dilute sulphuric Iron rod immersed

acid + copper sulphate in the solution
Displacement reaction Take copper sulphate in a beaker and add water to it.

Illustration 2. How chemical changes are important for us?

Solution. We rely on chemical changes to survive. The clothes we wear and the food we eat are
the results of chemical changes. There are millions of chemical changes going on around
us. Some are even happening in our body. Plants use energy from the sun to combine
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water and carbon dioxide, which react to form sugar and oxygen. When we eat these
plants and inhale oxygen from the air, the sugar and oxygen react in our cells to produce
water, carbon dioxide, and energy. From this reaction the energy generated is used for
our daily activities.

4.3 Determining whether a change is Physical or Chemical

It is difficult to see the chemical change in wax by looking at a burning candle. We can often see the
results of a chemical change, however we can see the light from a candle, and the colour and
firmness of a cooked egg. So, how can we tell if a chemical change has occurred?
In order to tell the difference between a chemical change and a physical change, we need to observe
some evidences. Following figures show the clues that a chemical change has occurred.

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 Physical and Chemcial changes

A new colour Heat, light or sound Bubbles of gas A solid material The change is
appears is given off are formed. A (called as precipitate) difficult or impossible
(or absorbed) new odour may forms in a liquid. to reverse
be noticed.
Evidences of a chemical change.

Illustration 3. Look at the following figures and classify them as physical and chemical changes.

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v) (vi)

Solution. (i) Physical change (ii) Chemical change

(iii) Chemical change (iv) Chemical change
(v) Chemical change (vi) Physical change
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Class VII : Chemistr y

1. Which is not a chemical change ?

(A) Rusting of iron (B) Evaporation of water
(C) Clotting of blood (D) Burning of wood

2. Which of the following are chemical change?

(i) Ripening of food (ii) Liquefication of gas (iii) Digestion of food
(iv) Dissolution of sulphur in carbon disulphide (v) Freezing of water
(vi) Electrolysis of water
(A) i, iii and vi (B) iv and ii (C) ii, iii, iv (D) All of these

3. Which of the following statement is correct?

(A) Chemical change never be reversible
(B) Physical change are reversible
(C) New compounds are formed during physical change
(D) Chemical changes are temporary

4. A change is said to be a chemical change when :

(A) energy change occurs (B) new substances are formed
(C) the change cannot be easily reversed (D) all statements are correct

5. Dissolving sugar in water is an example of :

(A) Physical change (B) Chemical change
(C) Redox reaction (D) None of these

5.0 RUSTING
5.1 Introduction
As we all know that the eating up of metals by the action of air, moisture or a chemical (such as an
acid) on their surface is called corrosion. So when most of the metals corrode, it is called corrosion
but when iron corrode, it is called rusting.
Iron is one metal which is used extensively in making buildings, bridges, rails, machinery and host
of other articles. However, the problem with iron is that, when it comes in contact with moist air, it
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slowly reacts with oxygen to form ferric oxide and ferric hydroxide, a brown powdery substance,
commonly called rust. The rust is flaky, non-sticky in nature and hence, easily crumbles from the
surface of metal. Thus, fresh iron is exposed for attack of moist air to form more rust. The rust not
only corrodes iron, but weakens the iron structures, thereby causing great economic loss. So rusting
can be defined as-
Rusting — The slow conversion of iron into its hydrated ferric oxide in the presence of moisture
and air is called rusting.
Rust — The flaky, non-sticking brown powder formed on the surface of iron, when the iron is
exposed to the moist air is called rust.
Rust is soft and porous, and it gradually falls off from the surface of iron object, and then the iron
below starts corroding.
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 Physical and Chemcial changes

During the rusting of iron, iron metal combines with the oxygen of air in the presence of water to
form hydrated iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.xH2O. This hydrated iron (III) oxide is called rust. So, rust is
mainly hydrated iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3.xH2O (the number of molecules of water x varies, it is not
fixed). Rusting of iron can be shown by the following reaction–
2 Fe (s) + 3 O2 (g) + x H2O (l) Fe2O3 .xH2O- (s)
2
Iron from air Moisture hydrated ferric
oxide (Rust)
5.2 Conditions necessary for rusting
Rusting of iron (or corrosion of iron) needs both, air and water. Thus, two conditions are necessary
for the rusting of iron to takes place :
(i) Presence of air (or oxygen) (ii) Presence of water (or moisture)
We know that iron rusts when placed in water. Now, damp air (or moist air) also contains water
vapour. Thus, damp air alone supplies both the things, air and water, required for the rusting of
iron. Again, ordinary water has always some air dissolved in it. So, ordinary water alone also
supplies both the things, air and water, needed for rusting. We will now describe an experiment to
show that air and water together are necessary for the rusting of iron.
5.3 Prevention of Rusting
The rusting of iron can be prevented, if moist air is not allowed to come in contact with its surface.
Following methods are employed in the prevention of rusting :
(1) By coating with red lead oxide paint (Pb3O4) or Tar : The underside of the ships,
bridges, electric poles, etc., is coated with tar or red lead oxide paint, which does not allow the
moist air to come in contact with iron. Thus, rusting is prevented. It is a fairly inexpensive
method and is widely used.
(2) By painting : Articles, such as iron doors, windows, bodies of buses, cars, motorcycles, etc.,
are first given a coating of red lead oxide, followed by a coat of paint of desired colour. This
effectively cuts out the moist air and prevents rusting.
(3) By enamelling : Enamelling is the process of baking a mixture of silicates on the surface of
iron at high temperature. Articles, such as bodies of cooking stoves, refrigerators, cups, plates,
wash basins, etc., are enamelled.
(4) By oil and grease : Moving parts of machines cannot be given a protective layer, because it
wears off quickly. These moving parts of the machines are protected from rusting by coating
them with a thin layer of oil or grease, which not only prevents them from rusting but also
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lubricates them.
(5) Plastic coating : Iron furniture and fixtures are given a thin coating of plastic, which cuts off
the moist air and prevents rusting.
(6) By galvanising : In this process iron sheets are dipped in the molten zinc and then passed
through heavy rollers, when zinc metal forms a protective layer over iron. The galvanised iron
is extensively used in making roofs of sheds, buckets, tubes, iron trunks and suit cases.
(7) By tinning : In this process iron sheets are dipped in molten tin and then passed through hot
and heavy rollers, when tin forms a protective layer over iron. Tinned iron sheets are extensively
used for making containers for edible substances, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, etc.
(8) By coating with chromium or nickel electrolytically : This method is highly expensive,
but gives a very bright finish. Chromium or nickel are deposited on iron articles by electroplating.

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Class VII : Chemistr y

Articles such as, bicycle handles, rims, bumpers of the cars, etc., are coated with nickel or
chromium.
(9) By converting iron into stainless steel : When 12% to 20% chromium is incorporated in
iron with 0.1% to 0.7% of carbon, it develops a special property due to which it does not rust
in the moist air, Such a sample of iron is called stainless steel. Stainless steel is used for making
surgical instruments, kitchen utensils, cutlery, tools, etc.
(10) Anodising of aluminium : A layer of aluminium oxide is formed on aluminium upon
exposure to air. This prevents corrosion of aluminium. This is done by the process of Anodising.
It consists of passing an electric current through sulphuric acid using aluminium as anode.
Oxygen is evolved at the anode which reacts with aluminium to form a protective layer of
aluminium oxide.
5.4 How Galvanised Iron is protected from rust ?
Zinc is more active metal than iron in electrochemical series. Thus, in case of oxidation, the zinc
will get oxidised first. The rusting of iron is prevented because.
(i) Zinc will get oxidised first. Thus, as long as zinc is present, rusting of iron is not possible.
(ii) The zinc combines with oxygen to from zinc oxide, which is highly sticky in nature. Thus it
forms impervious layer over the zinc metal and prevents its corrosion and in turn the rusting of
iron.
6.0 CRYSTALLISATION
Sea water contains large amount of dissolved salts. Since, the concentration of these salts is very
high, the sea water can simply be evaporated to produce crystals of sodium chloride (i.e., common
salt). But the crystals obtained in this manner are not pure, small in size and cannot be seen clearly.
In order to obtain large crystals of pure substances, the solution has to be concentrated and then
cooled. This type of crystallisation will yield prominent crystals.

"The process of obtaining large crystals of pure substance from a concentrated solu-
tion is known as crystallisation."

Amorphous substance : Those substances which are powdery and possess no definite geo-
metrical shape are known as amorphous substances.
Example : Talcum powder.
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Cystalline substance : Substances which possess definite geometrical shape are known as
crystalline substances.
Example : Sodium chloride crystals.

ACTIVE CHEMISTRY
Aim-To obtain crystals of copper sulphate
Take 100 mL of water in a beaker and add few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to it. Heat the beaker.
When the water starts to boil, add copper sulphate powder. Keep on adding copper sulphate pow-
der until no more salt (CuSO4) dissolves in it. Filter the warm solution to remove any unwanted
impurity present. Now, keep the filtered solution in a water bath containing ice. Do not disturb the
solution. Beautiful blue crystals will be formed at the base of beaker.

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 Physical and Chemcial changes

To see the preparation of crystals of copper sulphate

1. Common salt is produced from sea water by :

(A) evaporation (B) crystallisation
(C) combination of (A) and (B) (D) none of these

2. Galvanisation process involves :

(A) coating of nickel over zinc (B) coating of zinc over copper
(C) coating of nickel over iron (D) coating of zinc over iron

3. The process that takes place when a supersaturated solution of urea is cooled is called –
(A) Evaporation (B) Crystallisation (C) Condensation (D) None

4. The formula of blue crystals of Copper sulphate (Blue vitriol or neela thotha)
(A) CuSO4.7H2O (B) CuSO4.5H2O (C) CuSO4.3H2O (D) CuSO4
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l "Water changes to crystals of varying shapes and sizes depending on the temperature."

l Crystals are the purest solid form of a substance having a definite geometrical shape.

l A chemical change occurs when two chemical substances interact to produce a new substance (or
substances) with a different set of properties.

l When classifying changes, do not jump to conclusions too quickly.

l The clues may suggest that a new substance has been produced, but any one of them could also
accompany a physical change. So it is always better to consider several clues in order to determine
what type of change has taken place.

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Class VII : Chemistr y

1. Which among the following is not a physical change?

(A) Melting of solids to liquids (B) Vaporisation of liquids to gases
(C) Liquefaction of gases to liquids (D) Decay of matter

2. Which among the following is not a chemical change?

(A) Melting of ice (B) Carbon cycle
(C) Dehydration of substances (D) Fermentation of substances

3. Physical changes are _______.

(A) temporary (B) permanent (C) irreversible (D) endothermic

4. An example of a chemical change is _____.

(A) formation of clouds (B) glowing of an electric light
(C) dropping sodium into water (D) dissolving of salt in water

5. Which of these will cause a chemical change to occur ?

(A) Grinding of wheat into flour (B) Lighting of a gas stove
(C) Evaporation of water from a lake (D) Ringing of an electric bell

6. Chemical changes are __________.

(A) temporary, reversible and a new substance is produced
(B) always accompanied by exchange of light
(C) permanent, irreversible and a new substance is produced
(D) never accompanied by exchange of light and heat energy

7. Which of the following is a physical change?

(A) Solubility in water (B) Combustibility (C) Aerial oxidation (D) Reaction with water
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8. When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, then lime water becomes :
(A) Milky (B) Shiny (C) Silvery (D) Golden yellow

9. Photosynthesis is
(A) Chemical change (B) Physical change
(C) Both physical and chemical (D) None of the above

10. Anaerobic bacteria digest animal waste and produce biogas (change A). The biogas is then burnt
as fuel (change B). The following statements certain to these changes. Choose the correct one.
(A) Process B is a chemical change. (B) Process A is a chemical change.
(C) Both A and B are chemical changes. (D) Both A and B are physical changes.

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 Physical and Chemcial changes

Very short answer type questions

1. In which changes do substance undergo chemical transformation - physical or chemical?

2. Which gas is given off when calcium carbonate is heated?

3. What method will you use to get a pure liquid if it has dissolved impurities present in it?

4. What is the displacement reaction? Give one example.

Short answer type questions

5. Why are water pipes galvanized?

6. When water is frozen, it forms ice that has different properties. Why then do we say that freezing
is a physical change?

7. Define crystallization. How can the crystals of sodium chloride be prepared from table salt?

Long answer type questions

8. Discuss the methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented.

9. Diffferentiate between physical and chemical changes by giving examples.

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Class VII : Chemistr y

Classify the following as physical or chemical change

1. Dissolving zinc metal in hydrochloric acid.

2. Making cheese from milk

3. Making wine from grapes.

4. Obtaining milk powder from milk.

5. Burning of paper.

True or false
1. Chemical changes are usually irreversible

2. Heat or light is generally given out during a chemical change.

3. During a physical change, only the physical properties of the substance undergo a change.

4. Making cloth from yarn is a chemical change.

5. Making ice from water is a chemical change.

Match the columns

1. Column-I Column-II
(1) oxygen and water (a) Chemical change
vapour are needed
(2) Salts can be obtained (b) Prevents from rusting
(3) Salt water of the sea (c) A process to form large crystals
(4) Cooking of chapati (d) By the evaporation of sea water
(5) Galvanisation (e) For rusting to occur
(6) Crystallisation (f) Makes rusting process faster
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 Physical and Chemcial changes

ANSWERS
CHECK POST-1
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5.(D)

CHECK POST-2
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5.(A)

CHECK POST-3
1. (C) 2. (D) 3.(B) 4.(B)

EXERCISE - 1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D A A C B C A A A C

EXERCISE - 3

Classify the following as physical or chemical change.

1. Chemical 2. Chemical 3. Chemical 4. Physical
5. Chemical
True or false
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False
Match the columns
1. (1) ® e ; (2) ® d ; (3) ® f ; (4) ® a ; (5) ® b ; (6) ® c

*****
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Class VII : Chemistr y

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