Topic 1

Artificial Intelligence

EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
• Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a new technology, but it may
also refer to the continuing development of an existing technology.
• It has slightly different meanings when used in different areas, such as media, business,
science, or education.
• The term commonly refers to technologies that are currently developing, or that are
expected to be available within the next five to ten years.
Definition Of Emerging Technology
Emerging technologies refer to science-based inventions that have the potential to either
transform an already existing industry or to build a new one – Srinivasan (2008)

An Overview of Artificial Intelligence:

AI is touching us in all aspects of our daily lives, most of the time unknowingly. Whenever
we shop online, use our mobiles, drive to work daily, check our mailbox, or exercise, AI is
coming into play and helping us, prodding us, or controlling us. Since AI is already such an
integral part of our lives, it makes sense to get more knowledge of this emerging technology.
From chess-playing computers to self-driving vehicles, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is
progressing rapidly and touching every aspect of our lives. In this module, you will learn how
machines can be made to learn from data and carry out human tasks.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(AI)
• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial device.
• The term was coined by John McCarthy in 1956.
• Intelligence is the ability to acquire, understand, and apply knowledge to achieve goals in
the world.
• AI is the study of the mental faculties through the use of computational models
• AI is the study of intellectual/mental processes as computational processes.
• AI programs will demonstrate a high level of intelligence to a degree that equals or exceeds
the intelligence required of a human in performing some tasks.
• AI is unique, sharing borders with Mathematics, Computer Science, Philosophy,
Psychology, Biology, Cognitive Science and many others.
• Although there is no clear definition of AI or even Intelligence, it can be described as an
attempt to build machines that like humans can think and act, able to learn and use
knowledge to solve problems on their own.
Meaning of AI
Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines that can think like humans. It can do
things that are considered "smart."
AI technology can process large amounts of data in ways, unlike humans. The goal for AI is
to be able to do things such as recognize patterns, make decisions, and judge like humans. To
do this, we need lots of data incorporated into them.
Definition of AI
It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human
intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable
–John McCarthy in 1950.
How does AI work?
To begin with, an AI system accepts data input in the form of speech, text, image, etc. The
system then processes data by applying various rules and algorithms, interpreting, predicting,
and acting on the input data. Upon processing, the system provides an outcome, i.e., success
or failure, on data input. The result is then assessed through analysis, discovery, and feedback.
Lastly, the system uses its assessments to adjust input data, rules and algorithms, and target
outcomes. This loop continues until the desired result is achieved
1. Machine learning: Machine learning is an AI application that automatically learns and
improves from previous sets of experiences without the requirement for explicit
programming.
2. Deep learning: Deep learning is a subset of ML that learns by processing data with the help
of artificial neural networks.
3. Neural network: Neural networks are computer systems that are loosely modeled on neural
connections in the human brain and enable deep learning.
4. Cognitive computing: Cognitive computing aims to recreate the human thought process in
a computer model. It seeks to imitate and improve the interaction between humans and
machines by understanding human language and the meaning of images.
5. Natural language processing (NLP): NLP is a tool that allows computers to comprehend,
recognize, interpret, and produce human language and speech.
6. Computer vision: Computer vision employs deep learning and pattern identification to
interpret image content (graphs, tables, PDF pictures, and videos).
History of AI
Birth of AI: 1950-1956
This range of time was when the interest in AI really came to a head. Alan Turing published
his work “Computer Machinery and Intelligence” which eventually became The Turing Test,
which experts used to measure computer intelligence. The term “artificial intelligence” was
coined and came into popular use.
Dates of note:
• 1950: Alan Turing published “Computer Machinery and Intelligence” which proposed a
test of machine intelligence called The Imitation Game.
• 1952: A computer scientist named Arthur Samuel developed a program to play checkers,
which is the first to ever learn the game independently.
• 1955: John McCarthy held a workshop at Dartmouth on “artificial intelligence” which is
the first use of the word, and how it came into popular usage.
Here's a very brief history of artificial intelligence (AI):
• 1950s: The term "artificial intelligence" was coined. Early AI research focuses on problem-
solving and symbolic methods.
• 1960s-1970s: The development of expert systems and rule-based AI. Key events include
the creation of the General Problem Solver (GPS) and the development of the LISP
programming language.
 • 1980s: The emergence of neural networks and machine learning approaches. Expert
systems continue to be prominent. AI winter begins due to over-hyped expectations and
underwhelming results.
• 1990s: Rise of practical AI applications in industries like finance, healthcare, and logistics.
Machine learning gains traction, particularly with the development of algorithms like
Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and decision trees.
• 2000s: Expansion of AI into everyday life with technologies like virtual assistants,
recommendation systems, and autonomous vehicles. Deep learning becomes increasingly
important, fueled by the availability of large datasets and powerful GPUs.
• 2010s: Breakthroughs in natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, and
reinforcement learning. AI systems achieve superhuman performance in tasks like image
recognition and game playing.
• 2020s: Continued advancements in AI, including ethical considerations and concerns about
AI bias and job displacement. Integration of AI into various aspects of society, from
healthcare to entertainment, has become more prevalent.

What is Machine Learning?

Machine Learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that develops algorithms by learning
the hidden patterns of the datasets used it to make predictions on new similar type data,
without being explicitly programmed for each task.
Traditional Machine Learning combines data with statistical tools to predict an output that
can be used to make actionable insights.
Machine learning is used in many different applications, from image and speech recognition
to natural language processing, recommendation systems, fraud detection, portfolio
optimization, automated task, and so on. Machine learning models are also used to power
autonomous vehicles, drones, and robots, making them more intelligent and adaptable to
changing environments.
AI and ML in Business
i. Virtual agents and chatbots
ii. Suggestive web searches
iii. Targeted advertising
iv. Pattern recognition
v. Predictive analytics
vi. Voice and speech recognition
vii. Machine translation
viii. Autonomous driving
ix. Automatic scheduling
Goals of AI
1. Problem Solving: AI aims to develop systems capable of solving complex problems,
often with greater efficiency and accuracy than humans. This includes tasks such as
decision-making, optimization, and reasoning.
2. Knowledge Representation: AI seeks to create systems that can represent and
manipulate knowledge in a meaningful way, enabling them to understand and reason
about the world.
3. Learning: AI aims to design algorithms and systems that can learn from data and
experiences, improving their performance over time. This includes machine learning
techniques such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement
learning.
4. Perception: AI endeavors to develop systems that can perceive and interpret sensory
information from the environment, including tasks like computer vision, speech
recognition, and natural language processing.
5. Reasoning and Planning: AI aims to create systems capable of logical reasoning and
planning, enabling them to make decisions and take action to achieve specific goals.
6. Natural Language Understanding and Generation: AI seeks to enable machines to
understand and generate human language in a way that is meaningful and contextually
appropriate.
7. Autonomy: AI aims to develop autonomous systems that can operate independently and
adapt to changing environments without human intervention.
8. Creativity: AI aims to explore the realms of creativity, enabling machines to generate
novel ideas, artworks, and solutions to problems.
9. Ethical and Responsible AI: AI research increasingly focuses on developing systems
that are ethically aligned and socially responsible, considering issues such as fairness,
transparency, privacy, and bias.
10. Human-Machine Collaboration: AI aims to augment human capabilities and enhance
collaboration between humans and machines, leveraging the strengths of each to achieve
better outcomes.

AI in Business How is AI being used by businesses?

Today, businesses are using AI in various ways to help in decision-making, across all levels
of management. The following are the key areas –

For reasoning: Reasoning is the ability to solve problems through logical deduction. For eg.,
AI is used for financial asset management, legal assessment, financial application processing,
autonomous weapons systems and games.
To present knowledge: AI can help in presenting knowledge about the world. For eg.,
financial market trading, purchase prediction, fraud prevention, drug creation, medical
diagnosis and media recommendation.

In planning: AI helps in helping to set and achieve goals. For eg., inventory management,
demand forecasting, predictive maintenance, physical and digital network optimization,
navigation, scheduling and logistics.

To facilitate communication: AI uses translation to make business processes easier to

conduct, regardless of the geographical location. AI uses its ability to understand spoken and
written languages to do this. Some applications of this aspect of AI are being used to facilitate
real-time transition of spoken and written languages, real-time
transcription, and voice control.

SCOPE OF AI
Artificial Intelligence has seen so much growth in recent years. People are finding ways to use
this technology to help human beings in one or the other task. Being a field of research there
are enormous opportunities and possibilities. The ultimate effort is to make computer programs
that can solve problems and achieve goals in the world, as well as humans. There is a scope
for developing machines in game playing, speech recognition machines, language detection
machines, computer vision, expert systems, robotics, and many more. Artificial Intelligence is
a copy of human intelligence by machines. In other words, we can say that it is the only way
by which machines demonstrate certain aspects of human intelligence like reasoning, learning,
and self-correction. There are various scopes of Al in the modern-day scenario. Some of them
are as follows:

1. Artificial Intelligence in Data Analysis The scope of Al in data analytics is rising rapidly.
One of the ways Artificial Intelligence will improve business is in the field of Data
Analysis. Al would be able to perceive patterns in data, whereas humans are not able to do
so. Al can help data analysts with handling and processing large data sets.

2. Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security Cyber security is another field that's benefitting
from Al. As organizations are transferring their data to IT networks and the cloud, the threat
of hackers is becoming more significant. Another field is fraud detection. Al can help in
detecting fraud and help organizations and people avoid scams. Credit card scam is one of
the most common cybercrimes.

3. Artificial Intelligence in Science and Research Al is making lots of progress in the scientific
sector. Artificial Intelligence can handle large quantities of data and process it quicker than
human minds. This makes it perfect for research where the sources contain high data
volumes.

4. Artificial Intelligence in Home Al has found a special place in people's homes in the form
of Smart Home Assistants. Amazon Echo and Google Home are popular smart home
devices that let you perform various tasks with just voice commands. One can use these
smart assistants for various tasks such as playing a song, asking a question, buying
 something online, opening an app, etc. Technology has advanced in terms of Emotional
Quotient. Virtual assistants Siri, Cortana & Alexa show how the extent to which Artificial
Intelligence comprehends human language. They are capable of understanding the meaning
from context and making smart judgments.

5. Artificial Intelligence in Advertising With the help of Artificial Intelligence, anyone can
increase the efficiency of sales and marketing organizations. The main focus of Artificial
Intelligence will be on improving conversion rates and sales. Personalized advertising,
knowledge of customers, and their behavior shine through facial recognition and can
generate more revenue.

6. Artificial intelligence in marketing-enabled platforms can easily help in managing

marketing operations across various channels like Google AdWords, Facebook, and Bing.

7. Artificial Intelligence in Transport Artificial Intelligence-guided transport will no longer be

confined to the pages of sci-fi literature. Airplanes have been using autopilot to steer them
in the air since 1912. Without drivers, cars have already populated the market. With Google,
Uber, and General Motors trying to establish themselves at the top in this market, the day
is not so far when driverless vehicles become a reality as we all know that this will only
happen with the help of Machine Learning which ensures that these Automated Vehicles
operate smoothly and efficiently.

8. Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture Farmers can use Artificial Intelligence to determine

the optimal date to sow crops, and precisely allocate resources such as water and fertilizer.
With the help of Artificial Intelligence, farmers can identify crop diseases for swifter
treatment and detect and destroy weeds. It can also help farmers forecast the year by using
historical production data, long-term weather forecasts, genetically modified seed
information, and commodity pricing predictions, among other inputs, to recommend how
much seed to sow.

9. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare The medical sector also uses this technology for its
advantages. Al is helping medical researchers and professionals in numerous ways. For
example, the Knight Career Institute and Intel have made a collaborative cancer cloud. This
cloud takes data from the medical history of cancer (and similar) patients to help doctors
make a better diagnosis. Preventing cancer from moving to higher stages is its most
effective treatment at this time.

10. Artificial Intelligence in CRM platforms embedded with Al functionality can do real-time
data analysis to provide predictions and recommendations based on the company's unique
business processes and customer data.
How artificial intelligence helps in business functions
AI has revolutionized various business functions, including marketing strategies, product
development, sales efficiency, customer support, human resources, operations and security.
Marketers and business professionals leverage AI to create stronger campaigns, make smarter
decisions and streamline workflows. AI is changing the game and setting new benchmarks for
business excellence.

AI in Business Management
1. Spam filters
2. Smart email categorization
3. Voice to text features.
4. Smart personal assistance
5. Automated responders and online customer support.
6. Process automation
7. Sales and business forecasting.
8. Security surveillance.
9. Smart devices that adjust according to behaviour.
10. Automated insights.

AI in E-commerce
1. Smart searches and relevance features.
2. Personalisation as a service.
3. Product recommendations and purchase predictions.
4. Fraud detection and prevention for online transaction.
5. Dynamic price optimisation.

AI in Marketing.
1. Recommendations and content creation
2. Personalisation of news feeds.
3. Patterns and image recognition.
4. Language recognition.
5. Ad targeting and optimisation
6. Predictive customer service.

AI in Business How is AI being used by businesses?

Today, businesses are using AI in various ways to help in decision making, across all levels of
management. The following are the key areas –
• For reasoning: Reasoning is the ability to solve problems through logical deduction. For
e.g., AI is used to financial asset management, legal assessment, financial application
processing, autonomous weapons systems and games.
• To present knowledge: AI can help in presenting knowledge about the world. For e.g.,
financial market trading, purchase prediction, fraud prevention, drug creation, medical
diagnosis, and media recommendation.
• In planning: AI helps in helping to set and achieve goals. For e.g., inventory management,
demand forecasting, predictive maintenance, physical and digital network optimization,
navigation, scheduling, and logistics.
• To facilitate communication: AI uses translation to make business processes easier to
conduct, regardless of the geographical location. AI uses its ability to understand spoken
and written languages to do this. Some applications of this aspect of AI is being used to
facilitate real-time translation of spoken and written languages, real-time transcription,
intelligent assistants and voice control
• To enhance perception: AI uses the ability to infer things about the outer world through
images, sounds and other sensory inputs. This is useful in fields like medical diagnosis,
surveillance and autonomous vehicles.