Batteries:

Electric vehicles (EVs) typically use rechargeable batteries to store and provide energy for
propulsion. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, there are several types of batteries
used in electric vehicles. Here are some common types:
1. Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries:
- Widely used in EVs.
- High energy density (good balance of weight and capacity).
- Variations: LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4.

2. Lithium-phosphate (Li-ph) Batteries:

- Emerging tech with higher energy density than Li-ion.
- Potential for lighter weight and lower cost.

3. Graphene Batteries:
- Include graphene for high conductivity.
- Promise faster charging and longer lifespan.

4. Flow Batteries:
- Store energy in liquid electrolytes.
- Scalable with quick recharging by replacing electrolyte.

5. Sodium-Ion Batteries:
- Use sodium ions (cheaper than lithium).
- Potential for lower-cost alternative in electrochemical reactions.
 Structure of Batteries:

1. Lithium-Ion Batteries:
For lithium-ion battery, we’ll use lithium-ion cells. There are 180 cells that will be
used in 60V 30 Ah battery. Each cell is of 3.2V and 3000 mAh. There will be 15 cells
will be installed in series and 10 cells will be installed in parallel. 10 Lines, each line
consists of 15 Cells in series are connected in parallel.
Battery Chemistry NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt)
Cell Type/Assembly Method Cylindrical cells/welded
Voltage (V) 60V
Capacity (Ah) 30Ah
Energy Stored (Wh) 1800 Watt-Hours
Weight 23.3 lbs. (10.60 kg)
Dimension Metric (L x W x H) 248 mm x 208 mm x 144 mm (+/-
2mm)
Dimension Imperial (L x W x H) 9.8 in. x 7.9 in. x 5.7 in. (+/-0.1in)
 Cycle Life 1000+ cycles
Normal Charged Voltage 71.4V
Normal Charge Current 5.0 Amps
Normal Battery Cutoff Voltage 47.6V
Nominal Continuous Discharge 15.0 Amps
Current
Maximum Continuous Discharge 30.0 Amps
Current
Charge Temperature 0°C to 45°C
Discharge Temperature -20°C to 60°C

Cells 3.2V
15 Cells 60V
(series)
10 Lines of 30Ah
15 cells each
line
(parallel)
Cost 65000
Charging 7 hours to 8 hours
time
Simulation:
  Lead Acid Batteries:
This battery has 9 plates in each of its 6 cells 30AH (20HR) and a right polarity. It is used
by the following brands: Suzuki Van & Subaru Van 600cc – 800cc (old models also).

Battery Type Lead Acid Battery

Voltage 12V
Plate QTY/Cell 9PL
Battery Capacity 30 Ah
Battery Length (mm) 197 +0/-4
Battery Width (mm) 197 +0/-4
Overall, Height (mm) 227
Battery Weight (kg) 6.7
Container Height (mm) 203

These all specifications are for single battery. We must use 5 batteries in series to make
this battery of 60V 30 Ah.

Battery 12V 30 Ah
5 Batteries 60V
(series)
Cost 23600
Charging 12 hours to 24
time hours

Pros and Cons of using Lithium-Ion over Lead Acid:

Using lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) comes with several advantages and
some drawbacks when compared to lead-acid batteries. Here's a breakdown of the pros
and cons:
Pros of Lithium-Ion Batteries in EVs:
1. High Energy Density: 2. Lighter Weight:
- Lithium-ion batteries have - Lithium-ion batteries are
higher energy density than lighter than lead-acid
lead-acid, enabling lighter batteries for a given
and more compact packs amount of stored energy.
for longer driving ranges.
3. Longer Cycle Life: 4. Faster Charging:
- Lithium-ion batteries have - Lithium-ion batteries can
longer cycle life than lead- be charged more quickly
acid, enduring more charge than lead-acid batteries.
and discharge cycles
 before degradation.

5. High Power Output: 6. Versatility:

- Lithium-ion batteries can
deliver high power output,
enabling rapid acceleration
and better performance in
terms of speed and torque.
- Lithium-ion batteries are
versatile and can be
designed in various shapes
and sizes.

7. Environmental Impact:
- Lithium-ion batteries
typically have a lower
environmental impact than
lead-acid, with ongoing
advances in recycling for
improved sustainability.

Cons of Lithium-Ion Batteries in EVs:

1. Cost:
- Lithium-ion batteries can
be more expensive than
lead-acid batteries.
2. Complex Manufacturing:
- The production process for
lithium-ion batteries is
more complex than that for
lead-acid batteries.

3. Limited Supply of Raw 4. Potential Safety Concerns:

Materials: - While lithium-ion batteries
- Lithium-ion batteries rely are generally safe, there
on certain raw materials have been incidents of
like lithium, cobalt, and thermal runaway and fire.
nickel. There are concerns
about the limited supply of
these materials.

In summary, lithium-ion batteries offer significant advantages in terms of energy density, weight,
cycle life, and charging speed, making them the preferred choice for mainstream electric
vehicles. However, cost, and certain environmental considerations are challenges.

Pros and Cons of Lead Acid Battery over Lithium-Ion Battery

Using lead-acid batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) comes with both advantages and
disadvantages compared to the more common lithium-ion batteries.
Pros of Lead-Acid Batteries in EVs:
1. Cost:
- Lead-acid batteries are less
expensive than lithium-ion,
making them attractive for
low-budget or specialized
electric vehicles.
3. Recyclability:
- Lead-acid batteries are
highly recyclable with
established infrastructure,
reducing environmental
impact compared to
improper disposal.
Cons of Lead-Acid Batteries in EVs:
1. Low Energy Density:
- Lead-acid batteries have
lower energy density than
lithium-ion, resulting in
limited driving range and
necessitating larger, heavier
packs for equivalent energy
storage.
3. Limited Cycle Life:
- Lead-acid batteries have a
lower cycle life than
lithium-ion, requiring more
frequent replacements and
increasing long-term
ownership costs.
5. Environmental Impact:
- Lead, a toxic heavy metal
in lead-acid batteries, poses
environmental risks if
improperly disposed.
Lithium-ion batteries are
often seen as more
environmentally friendly.
2. Maturity of Technology:
- Lead-acid batteries, with a
long history, are a mature
and well-established
technology, contributing to
reliability and a deep
understanding of their
behavior.
4. Availability:
- Lead and sulfuric acid,
primary components of
lead-acid batteries, are
readily available,
contributing to widespread
availability.
2. Weight:
- Lead-acid batteries are
heavier than lithium-ion,
impacting vehicle weight,
performance, and energy
efficiency.
4. Charging Time:
- Lead-acid batteries have
longer charge times than
lithium-ion, posing a
drawback, especially with
the rise of fast-charging
infrastructure.
6. Limited Application:
- Lead-acid batteries are
suitable for low-speed or
short-range electric
vehicles, but their
limitations make them
impractical for mainstream
cars with higher
performance and longer
ranges.
In summary, while lead-acid batteries may have some cost advantages and recycling benefits,
their lower energy density, heavier weight, and shorter cycle life make them less desirable for
mainstream electric vehicles. The industry trend has been towards lithium-ion batteries, driven
by their superior performance characteristics. However, lead-acid batteries may still find
applications in specific niche markets or specialized electric vehicles.