Gramatica Inglés

Programa de estudios
Módulo 1. ¡Encantado de conocerte!

o Presentarse y dar información personal
o Hacer preguntas sobre cosas y personas.
o Sugiriendo cosas para hacer
o Preguntar sobre objetos
o hablando de posesiones
o Encontrar cosas en común y diferencias.
o Gustos y disgustos
Módulo 2. Rutinas
o Discutiendo hábitos
o Comprando cosas
o Preguntar sobre información de viaje
o Vocabulario de viajes y preguntas
Módulo 3. Vivir el pasado
o hablando de situaciones
o Averiguar dónde estuvo la gente en el pasado
o Hacer y responder preguntas sobre el pasado.
o Dando opiniones
Módulo 4. Mis planes de futuro
o hablando de planes
o Ir a nuevos lugares, hacer cosas nuevas y enfrentar oportunidades de negocios
o Iniciar y finalizar una conversación
Saludos
Presentation structure
Greetings:
 Hello
 Hi
 I am Dani
Revisa a continuación cómo presentar a distintas personas:
Subject Verb Predicate
I am
You are
He
She
a student
It
is
My brother
The
manager
Phillip
Transcripción de video
1. Inicio de la transcripción. Saltar al final.
2. Let's introduce some more people:
3. They are Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith.
4. They are Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith.
5. Hello, Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith!
6. They work at the bank.
7. [Ellos trabajan en el banco].
8. We are Jorge and Andrea.
9. [Nosotros somos Jorge y Andrea].
10. We work at the university. [Nosotros trabajamos en la universidad].
11. As you can see, the verb to be conjugation 'are' is used for we [nostros] just like it is used for they
[ellos].
12. Finally, let's understand the pronoun 'you':
13. You are a student. [Tú eres un estudiante].
14. You are professionals. [Ustedes son profesionistas].
15. As you can see, in English
16. you [tú] and you [ustedes] use the same pronoun 'you'
17. and the verbs are conjugated the same way as for ‘we’ and ‘they’.
We
You
are students
They
Andy &
Linda
The verb to be can be used to describe the characteristics, nationalities, feelings, locations and more.
1. [las características, nacionalidades, sentimientos, ubicaciones y más].

2. For example:
3. I am happy.
4. I am mexican
5. I am from America
6. I am in the studio.
7. As well as to say what something or someone is.
8. He is a doctor.
9. Hachi is a dog.
10. This is the Earth.
11. With the verb to be you can introduce many people and things.
12. Practice introducing people and objects around you.
Present simple: Be
Verb to be structure
 noun + verb to be + adjec ve
 noun + verb to be + noun
 noun + verb to be + preposi ons + place
Use the verb to be to talk about:
 Who a person is or what an object is: I am James. That is a new app.
 Where a person or thing is from: She is Mexican. This so"ware is from Japan.
 People's jobs: I am a data analyst. My father is a lawyer.
 A person's age: I am eighteen. Joe is twenty-nine.
 Where something is: The Eiffel Tower is in France. My passport is in my office.
 Prices: It is twelve euros.
Posi ve form Ques on form Nega ve form Nega ve ques on
I am smart. Am I smart? I am not smart. Am I not smart?
You are smart. Are you smart? You are not smart. Are you not smart?
He is smart. Is he smart? He is not smart. Is he not smart?

She is smart. Is she smart? She is not smart. Is she not smart?
It is smart. Is it smart? It is not smart. Is it not smart?
We are smart. Are we smart? We are not smart. Are we not smart?
You are smart. Are you smart? You are not smart. Are you not smart?
They are not Are they not

They are smart. Are they smart?
smart. smart?
Business vocabulary
Work
(uncountable noun)
Where one is employed; labour, employment, occupation, job.
Example: My work involves a lot of travel.
Work
(verb)
To do a specific task by employing physical or mental powers.
Example: He’s working in a bar.

At work
(expression)
Example: He hasn't come home yet, he's probably still at work.
Workplace, Workplaces
(noun)
The place where someone works or is employed.
Example: My workplace is close to the train station.
Job, Jobs
(noun)
An economic role for which a person is paid.
Example: That surgeon has a great job.
Job centre, Job centres

(noun)
An official place that you can go to find employment.
Example: I have an appointment at the job centre tomorrow.
Job offer, Job offers

(noun)
An opportunity for somebody to work; a vacant job somewhere.
Example: He got a job offer yesterday but he rejected it.

Look for a job
(expression)
Example: She's been looking for a job for 3 months now.
Find, Found, Found

(irregular verb)
To encounter, to discover something.
Example: After 2 months of unemployment he finally found a new job.
Antonym: Lose.
Difficult
(adjective)
Hard, not easy, requiring much effort.
Example: It was difficult to get a job offer.
Synonym: Hard.
Labour
(uncountable noun)
Effort expended on a particular task; workers in general; the workforce.
Example: Vegetable picking is a manual labour.
Labour-market, Labour-markets
(noun)
The whole system which functions through the interaction of workers and employers; all the
jobs that are available.
Example: There are currently not many job offers available on the labour-market.
Synonym(s): Job market, Employment market
Employ
(verb)
To give someone work or a job.
Example: He's employed by a cutting edge business company.
Synonym: Hire.
Employer, Employers
(noun)
A person, firm or other entity which pays for or hires the services of another person.
Example: She didn't get along with her employer, so she resigned.
Employee, Employees
(noun)
The person who is employed by someone; who works for a company or another person.
Example: The boss meets with his employees every Tuesday.
Fast Track: trabajos en la oficina

1. According to dictionary.com, work or job is:
2. a) “a piece of work, a specific task done
3. as part of the routine of one's occupation.
4. For example:
5. His job is to confirm sales orders.
6. b) A full-time or part-time position:
7. For example:
8. She is looking for a job as a translator.
9. or c) the execution or performance of a task.
10. For example: She did a good job
11. So let's review how to talk about work.
12.
13. Estudia los siguientes términos para expandir tu vocabulario:
Jobs in the Office
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
A chief executive officer (CEO), is the most senior corporate, executive, or administrative
officer in charge of managing an organization.
Example: In the United States, the executive officers are usually the top officers of a corporation.
Chief Finance Officer (CFO)
A chief financial officer (CFO), is the officer of a company that has primary responsibility for
managing the company's finances, including financial planning, management of financial risks,
record-keeping and financial reporting.
Example: The chief finance officer typically reports to the chief executive officer.
Director
A director is a person from a group of managers who leads or supervises a particular area of a
company.
Example: The director usually reports directly to a vice president or to the CEO or CFO in order to
let them know the progress of the organization.
Manager
A person who is responsible for controlling or administering all or parts of a company is called
a manager.
Example: The manager can control each and every department in a company or lead the people in
taking major decisions in a group project.
Assistant
A person responsible for providing various kinds of assistance is called an Assistant.
Example: An assistant usually assists a specific person with their daily business or personal tasks.
Secretary
A secretary is a person whose work consists of supporting management, including executives,

using a variety of project management, communication, or organizational skills.
Example: In many countries, an executive secretary is a high-ranking position in the administrative

hierarchy.
Receptionist
A receptionist is an employee taking an office or administrative support position.
Example: Receptionists cover many areas of work to provide assistance, including setting
appointments, filing, record keeping, and other office tasks.
Boss
A boss, usually is someone with authority over a group of workers in charge of a workplace.
Example: Bosses are usually someone of the most senior position in the staff at a place of work.
Professions in the Office
Business Administrator
She has been in the business administration field as a recruiter for more than 5 years.
Accountant
I hope he has a good accountant because the state taxes are going up again.
Lawyer
Everytime we hire someone we call our lawyer.
Engineer
Engineers work with architects on very large projects.
Designer
Let’s hire a designer for our new logo.
Architect
The architect discussed his plans with the builders and the contractor.
Doctor
I am feeling ill, so I need to go to the doctor.
Inicio de la transcripción. Saltar al final.
THE SIMPLE PRESENT
1. So far we have used the simple present as the conjugation time.

2. Let's learn a little bit more this time.
3. We use the simple present to talk about
4. habits, routines, schedules and facts. [hábitos, rutinas, horarios y hechos]
5. Habits and Routines:
6. I exercise every day. [Yo me ejercito cada día].
7. Schedule: She starts work at eight. [Ella empieza el trabajo a las ocho].
8. Fact: It rains a lot in April. [Llueve mucho en Abril].
9. In the simple present we add -s to the verbs when we talk about people in the singular,
10. including the pronouns he, she and it.
11. He drives to work.
12. She works in an office.
13. The bank opens at 9 a.m.
14. Fast Track: Do not use the verb to be together with another verb in simple present.
15. He works at a bank.
16. He is work at a bank.
17. I write novels.
18. I am write novels.
19. They live in the city.
20. They are live in the city.
21. As you can see the simple present is simple because it only has one verb.
Use the verb be to talk about:
 Who a person is or what an object is: I'm James. It's a new app.
 Where a person or thing is from: She's Mexican. This so"ware is from Japan.
 People's jobs: I'm a data analyst. My father is a lawyer.
 A person's age: I'm eighteen. Joe is twenty-nine.
 Where something is: The Eiffel Tower is in France. My passport is in my office.

 Prices: It's twelve euros.
Note: The verb with the 3rd. person singular (he, she, it, my brother) always has an "s".
Example: works, plays, communicates, etc.
Use a subject pronoun (I, you, she, etc.) with a verb
 She is Bri sh.
 You is both singular and plural.
Use contrac ons in speaking, in emails and le&ers to friends.
An apostrophe (') = a missing le&er.
 I am Italian. I'm Italian.
 You are not Greek. You aren't Greek.
Affirmative
 I am fine, thanks. I'm fine, thanks.
 He/She/It is in the park. He's in the park. She's in the park. It's in the park.
 You/We/They are consultants. You're consultants. We're consultants. They're consultants.
Negative
 I am not fine, thanks. I'm not fine, thanks.
 He/She/It is not in the park. He/She/It isn't in the park.
 You/We/They are not consultants. You/We/They aren't consultants
Note:
Contractions are considered informal so use them with discretion.

He
She works
It
everyday
My brother
cooks
The
manager
Phillip exercises
You work
everyday
We
You cook
They
Andy &
exercise
Linda
Posi ve Form Nega ve Form
I am smart I am not smart
You are not smart

You are smart
You aren't smart
He is not smart
He is smart
He isn't smart
She is not smart

She is smart
She isn't smart
It is not smart
It is smart
It isn't smart
We are not smart

We are smart
We aren't smart
You are not smart

You are smart
You aren't smart
They are not
They are smart smart
They aren't smart
Tiempo
2. When we express the time, we only say the
3. time or if it is a closed hour without minutes, we add o’clock.
4. Example: What time is it?
5. It is 9 a.m. or It is 9 o’clock.
6. At what time do you start work?
7. We can say At 7:30, 7:30 a.m.
8. We don’t say: 7:30 o’clock.
9. At what time does the Doctor come to the office?
10. At 9 a.m. or at 9 o’clock.
11. Now I ask you. What time is it?
12. Perfect! Time to study.
13.
Hours without minutes

5:00 p.m. can be read as:
 Five p.m.
 Five in the afternoon.
 Five o'clock.
Quarters
5:15 a.m. can be read as:
 Five, fifteen a.m.

 Five, fifteen in the morning.
 Quarter past five.
5:45 a.m. can be read as:
 Five, forty-five a.m.

 Five, forty-five in the morning.
 Quarter to six.
Halves
8:30 p.m. can be read as:
 Eight, thirty p.m.

 Eight, thirty in the afternoon.
 Half past eight.
Hours with names

00:00 a.m. is called Midnight and 12:00 p.m. is called Noon.
Dar Información Profesional Personal

1. When we introduce ourselves to the working world, we not only say our name, but also our role or
position.
2. Let's look at these examples.
3. Hi. I'm Jason Abad.
4. I’m the sales manager for Silver Eyeglass Specialties.
5. Hi! I’m Dr. Paul Canin. - Thank you for receiving me Doctor.
6. What can I do for you today?
7. I want to talk to you about the glasses we're offering for children.
8. I understand that some of your patients use glasses and we specialize in that area.
9. OK. Let me register your number and I'll call you back. - Perfect.
10. It's 7-1-6-3-4-7-7
11. OK. Thanks! - Thank you!
12. TecSol, Good morning. Nelson Reiner speaking. How can I help you?
13. Hello. My name is Albert Doubletree. I’m the CEO of Intex Industries
14. A friend gave me your card.
15. I’m interested in learning about the solar panels you sell.
16. Nice to meet you Mr. Doubletree. Where are you located?
17. I live in England.
18. Very good news, I am in London at this moment
19. I can go personally to see what you need
20. and give you an estimate of how many you might need.
21.
Business cards:
When you meet people in the business world, usually you exchange business cards. The
cards include:
 The name of the person
 Surname (or family name)
 The company where they work
 Their posi on
 Some mes their academic Informa on
 Contact phone
 E-mail address
 Address
Example:
More examples:
Mr. A: Hello, my name is ___________
Mr. B: Nice to meet you. I am ____________
Mr. A: Are you Mexican?
Mr. B: No, I am Spanish, I am from Spain.
Mr. A: Who do you work for?
Mr. B: I work for Company X.

Tema: Aprendiendo el Alfabeto y a Deletrear
1. Learning the alphabet is easy and useful. When we try to explain or give
2. information, it's common to spell the words. For example:
3. names, surnames,
4. reservation codes, addresses,
5. email addresses, instructions
6. or indications. Let's look at the following situation:
7. Hello, Amazon?
8. I wanted to let you know my coworker will be receiving my order for me.
9. His name is Daniel Peraza.
10. Yes, I can spell his last name:
11. It’s P. E. R. A. Z. A.
12. Perfect. Thank you.
13.
You will see each letter of the alphabet and its pronunciation in English
Escrito en pantalla y con audio:
A (ei)
B (bi)
C (ci)
D (di)
E (i)
F (ef)
G (gi)
H (eich)
I (ai)
J (yei)
K (kei)
L (el)
M (em)
N (en)
O (ou)
P (pi)
Q (kiu)
R (ar)
S (es)
T (ti)
U (iu)
V (vi)
W (dobl iu)
X (ex)
Y (uay)
Z (dzi)
Haciendo cosas
1. Along with the verb 'to be',
2. the verb 'to do' is used as an auxiliary verb in many situations.
3. By itself it is the verb to do.
4. Let's see how to use it.
5. I do homework every day. [Yo hago tarea cada día].
6. Monica does all the work in the office. [Monica hace todo el trabajo en la oficina].
7. My teammates do business consulting.
8. [Mis compañeros de trabajo hacen consultoría de negocios].
9. It is worth noting that the verb 'do' is the verb to perform an action or concept,
10. not to build, create or cook something physical.
11.
Use do to talk about:
 Performing or taking part in an action: Let's do something fun.
 Achieving, completing or dealing with something: I do a sudoku everyday on the bus.
 Work and other tasks: Alice does the accounting in the office.
 Taking part in activities: The boss does yoga before work.
 Producing or creating: The design department does all our logos.
 Cleaning or making tidy: The cleaning lady does the office before we arrive. We are waiting for
Tania to do her hair.
 Be enough or acceptable: We need a bigger budget but this one will do for now.
I
a
do presentation
You
He
a course on
does digital
marketing
She
It
the revenue
report every
quarter
We
You do
charity work
in the name of
the company
They
Haciendo preguntas
2. Unlike in Spanish, when asking questions in English the order of the sentence changes.
3. For example the sentence "He lives in New York".
4. To make it a question, the order would be: "Does he live in New York?".
5. When formulating questions we rely on a question word and an auxiliary verb.
6. For present questions we use the conjugated verb
7. as the verb of the original sentence. Let's consider this sentence:
8. Alex reads books. How would we say it in a form of a question?
9. That’s right! "Does Alex read books?"
10. Did you notice how the do verb was conjugated in present simple
11. and then the original verb was not conjugated?
12. Karina works for Google. Does Karina work for Google?
13. We need more phone operators. Do we need more phone operators?
14. When we use the be verb for present tenses, we don't need to use the do verb:
15. Let's see more examples:
16. Daniel is the boss. Is Daniel the boss?
17. John and Peter are architects. Are John and Peter architects?
18. I invite you to practice the structure of the questions
19. saying them first in Simple Present and then changing it to a question.
20.
Present Simple
Subject + verb + predicate
He + lives + in New York

Question in Present Simple
Helping verb + subject + verb (base form) + predicate + ?
Does + he + live + in New York + ?
Drag and drop each word in the correct order to make a question.
1. Dan eats a cake.

2. Clients like feedback.
3. There is a problem.
4. You are ready to pay.
Hacer preguntas sobre personas y cosas.

1. When asking questions many times we don't just want a yes or no answer.
2.
3. When we need more information
4. we use WH questions, which are:
5. What
6. Who
7. When
8. Where
9. Why
10. How
11. They are called like this because most of the words starts with 'W' and 'H'.
12. Let's see how they are used:
13. Hello. Who is speaking? OK. And where are you calling from?
14. I see. What do you need? Oh, yes,yes.
15. When can I call you back? Next week?
16. Which day is best for you? Perfect.
17. How do you want to speak? On the phone or online?
18. Ok, thank you! Call you then.
19. With these two ways of asking questions, you can make your way in the
20. English-speaking world. Practice formulating the right question with the structures
21. you just learned.
22.
Most used WH words

What
Who
When
Where
Why
How
With auxiliary verb

This is the most common way:
WH Word + auxiliary verb (be /do /have) + subject + main verb + predicate + ?
 What + are + you + doing + here + ?

 When do you want to talk?
 Who is the boss talking to?
 Where is the meeting?
With auxiliary verb
What, who, which or whose as subject
Sometimes we use what, who, which or whose in the subject. In those cases, this is the structure:
 WH Word (used as subject) + verb + predicate + ?

 What + happened + here?
 Who uses my computer?
Países y Nacionalidades
We can apply what we have learned so far to ask and answer where people are from.
2. For example: To ask where you are from, you can say:
3. Where are you from?
4. To answer, you use the verb to be: I am from America.
5. So now I ask you: Where are you from?
6. Correct! And I am from Mexico.
7. Another way to express nationality as in Spanish,
8. that is to say that you are Mexican, Colombian, Salvatorian, etc.
9. I am Mexican. I am Colombian. I am Salvatorian, etc.
10. As you can see, when using ‘nationality’, we avoid using ‘from’.
11. Present yourself in this way:
12. Correct! And I am Mexican.
13. Finally, by using ‘from’, you can also say if you are from the city:
14. I am from the city
15. or I am from the town.
16. Practice with other places to say where you are from.
17.
Grammar structure:
Direct object (Where) + verb to be + subject + from
Where are you from?
Subject + verb to be + from + direct object (place)

I am from the United States
Countries and Nationalities

Countries and Nationalities are always written with capital letters
Here are some examples:
 People from Portugal are called Portuguese.

 People from Ireland are called Irish.
 People from Australia are called Australian.
 People from the United States are called American.
 People from Japan are called Japanese.
 People from Israel are called Israeli.
Encontrar nacionalidades
Finding Nationalities
A quick way of finding the correct way of expressing nationalities is using Wikipedia in
English.
Searching for a country gives you a lot of information about it,

including demonym, which is how you call people from that country.
An even quicker way is to use Google and search for the country + "demonym".
Brazil
Russia
Attention:
Nationalities are always capitalized
HOMEWORK:
Inves gate na onali es and fill in the blanks with the correct form:
Example:
Pizza comes from Italy.
It is Italian.
Complete with the full form of verb to be

Example:
You ___are____ late for the meeting (positive)
Complete with the contraction form of the verb to be
Example:
It's_ hot outside.
Complete the questions with the correct the forms of verb to be
Example:
___Are__ you ok?
Reply with a short answer
Example: Has Jack broken his leg? - Yes, he has .
Complete with the correct form of the verb:
Example: He deals (deal) with a lot of people in his business and goes (go)
through a lot of stress.
Introducción
From this module on, all the videos will be in 100% English. However,
1. it will have subtitles in both Spanish and English to support you.

2. It is important that you gradually get used to listening to English
3. so you can start building mental structures in this language, instead of just
4. mentally translate what you mean in Spanish and from the beginning
5. set your thoughts in English. I am Mónica López English teacher and
6. Spanish for foreigners and I invite you to continue taking advantage of this course to
7. making English your best professional tool.
adjetivos
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes the noun
1. it tells you more about it.

2. Adjectives never change and they can not be plurals.
3. They always go before the noun.
4. This is a nice city.
5. He is a handsome man.
6. I am working on a difficult project.
7. Mary is an efficient secretary.
8. Here are some examples:
9. Beautiful, ugly, hot, cold, old, young, big, small, thin, full.
10. Now let's practice.
11. Can you describe the following nouns?
12. This is a _____
13. beautiful car.
14. I ate a _____
15. big apple.
16. I live in a _____
17. small building.
18. My grandfather is _____
19. old.
20. Now is your turn!
21. Try to describe the objects in front of you and keep practicing!
22.
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that tells you something about a noun. It gives you information by telling
you what kind of noun, which noun, how many and more. Adjectives are words that describe,
identify or define nouns and pronouns.
Order of Adjectives
Puting the adjectives in a specific order
When we use more than one adjective before a noun in English, we often put the adjectives in a
specific order. It's very rare to use more than three adjectives before a noun, but they must be in
the correct order.
Here is the order that we generally follow:
1. Opinion: pre;y, horrible, lovely.
2. Size: huge, ny, big, li;le.
3. Age: old, young, new.
4. Shape: round, square, triangular.
5. Color: black, red, yellow.
6. Origin: Bri sh, Chinese, French.
7. Material: linen, wooden, silk, plas c.

8. Purpose: wri ng (paper), school (shoes).
Determiners
Words like ‘a’ or ‘some’ or ’several’ go at the beginning
1. A young CEO will arrive on Saturday for the mee ng.
2. We need some square plas c containers for last year's files.
3. I saw several French tourists near Chichen Itza.
We also put adverbs
Adverbs like 'really' and 'very' go at the beginning, though after the determiners
1. I carried a very small black suitcase.
2. They have some old French pain ngs.
3. She was wearing a new red silk dress.
4. That is a really ugly wooden chair.
5. We bought a new round kitchen table.
6. There are some new Portuguese students in the class.

Order of Adjectives
Drag each adjective and drop them in the sentence in the correct order:
1. The manager wanted __________________________________ (grey / a /

metal) table.
2. Mr. Warren bought __________________________________ (red / a / new)
car.
3. She went home and sat on ______________________________ (comfortable /
her / wooden / old) bed.
4. He bought __________________________________ (linen / a / British /
fabulous) suit.
5. They have __________________________________ (Dutch / black) bicycles.
6. He wants __________________________________ (some / French / delicious /
really) cheese.
7. __________________________________ (young / a / pretty) girl walked into the
room.
8. He has __________________________________ (a lot of / old / interesting)
books.
9. She bought __________________________________ (red / a / new) plastic
lunchbox.
10. He is looking for __________________________________ (leather /
stylish / a /black) bag.
Comparativos y superlativos
1. Remember adjectives are words we use to describe nouns,
2. to tell us more about some objects, persons, animals or places.
3. We can also use adjectives to describe the difference between two objects,
4. or to describe an object in a group of others.
5. If I want to compare two cars, we say:
6. The Ferrari is faster than a bus.
7. Or compare two animals:
8. The gorilla is larger than the chimpanzee.
9. When we compare one noun in a group of other nouns we use superlative adjectives.
10. For example in a group of men, one of the men is taller than the other two, so we say:
11. Paul is the tallest man in our office.
12. Please note that some adjectives use the helping words: "More" and "Most" for comparisons.
13. For example:
14. The new assignment is more important than our normal work.
15. Skydiving is the most dangerous thing I ever did.
16. Comparatives and superlatives use a simple structure
17. but can take some time to master.
18. Now it is your turn to get to practice!!
Comparative Adjectives
We use a comparative adjective + than to compare two things or group of things.
 A tiger is faster than a lion.

 Spiders are more dangerous than sharks.
We make comparative adjectives in different ways.
 With most short adjectives (one or two syllables) we add - 'er'.
cold – colder
high – higher
 With two syllable adjectives ending in – y, we change the '- y' to 'ier'.
happy – happier
easy – easier
 With long adjectives (three or more syllables) we put 'more' before the adjective.
difficult – more difficult

dangerous – more dangerous
 Some comparative adjectives are irregular.
good – better
bad – worse
Spelling
With short adjectives ending in - e, we add - r
safe – safer
With adjectives ending in one vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and add -
er
hot – hotter
big – bigger
Superlative Adjectives
We use a superlative adjective to compare one thing with all the other things in a group.
 The elephant is the heaviest animal. (= heavier than all other animals)
 Sharks are the biggest fish in the world. (= bigger than all other fish)
We often put 'the' before a superlative adjective.
We make superlative adjectives in different ways.
 With most short adjectives (one or two syllable) we add – 'est'.
slow – the slowest

short – the shortest
 With two syllable adjectives ending in -y, we change they to 'iest'.
tiny – the tiniest

happy – the happiest
 With long adjectives (three or more syllables) we put 'the most' before the
adjective.
difficult – the most difficult

dangerous – the most dangerous
 Some superlative adjectives are irregular.
good – the best

bad – the worst
We sometimes use a superlative without a noun when it is clear what we are talking about.
 I like all his movies, but Titanic is the best. (The best movie)
Spelling
With short adjectives ending in - e, we add - st.
safe – the safest
With adjectives ending in one vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and add -
est.
hot – the hottest

big – the biggest
TALKING ABOUT POSSESSIONS
1. We're going to learn about possessive pronouns.

2. We use possessive pronouns to show that something belongs to us,
3. or is owned by someone else.
4. This can be really confusing, but let's practice:
5. I have a marker. This is my marker.
6. The marker is mine.
7. This isn't yours, this is mine.
8. But with possessive pronouns you don't have to put a noun after it: It's mine.
9. This isn't yours; this is mine.
10. This boy has a bicycle, so we say:
11. this is his.
12. This isn't mine, this isn't yours.
13. This is his.
14. The girl has a tablet.
15. This is hers.
17. This is hers.
18. The cat has a ball.
19. This is its ball.
21. This is its ball.
22. With the pronoun “its” you still have to use a noun, therefore you can't say “this is its.”
23. The correct way is to say the noun again:
24. This is its ball; this is its bed; this is its food.
25. Now, we have two people, they have a house.
26. This is their house.
28. This is theirs.
29. Here, we have some books,
30. and we're going to say that they belong to these students,
31. so we're going to use the plural of the verb “be”.
32. These are theirs.
33. These aren't mine, these aren't yours.
34. These are theirs.
35. We have a house.
36. This is our house.
37. This is ours.
38. Practice saying what's yours and even go ahead and ask questions:
39. Is this YOUR favorite English course?
40.
Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns

Remember we use possessive pronouns to show that something belongs to us or
something is owned by us or someone else.
Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns show possession which means to

own something. Some thing belongs to me or to someone else; the only difference is
that they're used a little differently.
For possessive adjectives you have to put a noun after them.
For example: My (possessive adjective) dog (noun).
For possessive pronouns you don't have to put a noun after them. You can just say
mine.
So let's go through each one. You can see them on the chart.
Possessive Possessive
Personal Pronouns
Adjec ves Pronouns
I My Mine
You Your Yours
He His His
She Her Hers
It Its Its
We Our Ours
You Your Yours
They Their Theirs
Subjective pronouns (personal pronouns)

These are the most common & generic examples of subject pronouns used in writing.
Example:
Jacob bought lunch for Jane.

Here, "Jacob" is the subject doing the action of the sentence and "Jane" is receiving the
action. When "Jacob" is replaced with a subject pronoun, the sentence reads:
He bought lunch for Jane.
"He" is the subject pronoun replacing the personal noun, "Jacob."
Possessive adjectives
Example:
My computer is not working as fast as it worked in the beginning.
"My" is used as an adjective to modify "computer".
Your bike is blue.
"Your" is an adjective which modifies "bike".
Mary doesn't like her dress.
"Her" modifies the noun "dress".
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns show who or what something belongs to.
Example:
This is our house. It's ours.
This is my bedroom. It's mine.
This is my brother's bike. It's his.
Encontrar similitudes y diferencias

2. Every company has a philosophy, values, expectations and a way of doing things.
3. This is called Organizational Culture. This might be one of the most important
4. elements that make companies different. Schein, the author that first made this
5. abstraction, believe that organization culture includes:
6. Artifacts: Things that you can see or hear easily
7. and Values: What people actually think matters a lot for the organization.
8. When people consider some companies are similar,
9. those companies have similar artifacts, similar values or both.
10. And when companies don't have any of those in common, people consider them different.
11. Another way to say "same", could be: alike, similar, in common.
12. Another way to say "different" could be using NOT:
13. NOT alike, NOT similar, NOT the same.
14. Let's see some examples:
15. Windows and Apple are similar companies; both make computers.
16. Netflix and Uber are similar companies; both innovated in their business model.
17. Malls and Amazon are different shopping experiences. One is physical and the other is online.
18. Now it's up to you.
19. Try to find similarities and differences
20. between your company and others.
21.
Organizational Culture
Organizations form their culture as the employees go through various changes, adapt
to the external environment and solve problems. (Schein,1928)
This might be one of the most important elements that make companies
different. Schein, the author that first made this abstraction, believed that organization
culture includes:
1. Artifacts: Things that you can see or hear easily.

2. Values: What people actually think matters a lot for the organization.
When people consider some companies as similar, those companies have similar
artifacts, similar values or both.
Every company has these elements. Some may be the same and some may be
different.
Same and Different

Another way to say same, could be:
Alike, similar, in common.
Another way to say different could be using 'not':
Not alike, not similar, not the same.

Examples
I am similar to my sister
He is a different doctor
She is not similar to my other boss
It is similar to where I worked before
We are different companies
They are similar to the competition
You are not the same team
Encontrar similitudes y diferencias

Module 2 / Finding Similarities and Differences
Look at the pictures given below and compare the company culture (artifacts and values).
Let us discuss, what do you think is the same and what is different:
Same, alike, similar Different, not the same, not alike, not similar
Example: Clothes are similar Example: Distribution is different
Think about how you would fill the empty spaces in the following table by comparing the photos.
Then, write one of the answers in the discussion forum below:
Are they the same (alike,

similar) or are they
Question Your company Other company
different (not the same,
not similar)?
Example: Example: People
Example: People have different lunch
At what time do
People have have hours or lunch
people have lunch?
lunch at 2 p.m. lunch at 1 hours are not the
p.m. same.
What do people
People usually « Your
usually wear to « Your answer »
wear… answer »
work?
People … to
How do people « Your
greet each « Your answer »
greet each other? answer »
other.
Do people use their

« Your
first names or their People use… « Your answer »
answer »
academic title?
Do men and
women have the Yes, … « Your
« Your answer »
same role in the No, … answer »
company?
What are the The working « Your

« Your answer »
working hours? hours… answer »
Is the atmosphere
The « Your
more formal or « Your answer »
atmosphere… answer »
informal?
How do people
celebrate birthdays People « Your
« Your answer »
or company celebrate… answer »
anniversaries?
How is the
« Your
company The company… « Your answer »
answer »
decorated?
Does the company Yes, … « Your

« Your answer »
have a Mascot? No, … answer »
What are the The company « Your

« Your answer »
company's colors? colors are… answer »
Likes and Dislikes (Making choices)

2. Everyday we're confronted with making different choices.
3. Choices are decisions that keep you heading in the direction in which you want to go.
4. We make choices about the clothes we wear, the food we eat,
5. the appointments we schedule, the people we meet,
6. the time we turn up to work, which bus to catch,
7. where we sit on the bus, what we do after work, and so on.
8. When we know what we like or dislike it is easier to make those choices.
9. For example:
10. I like eating pizza.
11. I don't like spicy food.
12. I like vacations on the beach.
13. I dislike roller coasters.
14. When you want to talk about liking or disliking activities,
15. just add "-ing" to the verb.
16. For example:
17. I like watching movies.
18. I don't like exercising.
19. I like working on creative projects.
20. I don't like writing emails.
21. Now you can tell the world what you like or don't like,
22. or you can even ask what people like.
23. So, do you like learning English?
24.
Making Choices
When you make choices you analyze what you like and dislike, in order to take better
decisions.
Pronoun Verb Noun
I like
He
She likes
It
fruit
You
We
like
They
You
If you like fruit, it'll be normal that you choose that instead of another food.
Pronoun Verb Noun

dislike / don’t
I like
He
dislikes /
She
doesn’t like
It
insects
You
We
dislike / don’t
like
They
You
If you don't like insects you will choose not to be close to one.
To express likes or dislikes of actions you need to use the preposition: 'to'
Example:
 I like to read.
 I like to eat.
 We like to go to the beach.
 They like to listen to music.
 I dislike to argue.
 I dislike to go out when it's raining.
 You dislike to cook.
 They dislike to play videogames.
Like and Dislike can also can be followed by another verb.
When like/dislike are followed by a verb, you need to add '-ing' to the ending of the
verbs
Example:
 I like reading.
 I like eating.
 We like going to the beach.
 They like listening to the music.
 I dislike arguing.
 I dislike going out when it's raining.
 You dislike cooking.
 They dislike playing videogames.
To make choices we use 'would'.

Example:
Would you like a sandwich?
Affirmative:
 Yes I would. I like sandwiches.

 Yes, I like sandwiches.
Negative:
 No, I wouldn't. I dislike sandwiches

 No I wouldn't. I don't like sandwiches
Would you like to work in an office?
Affirmative:
 Yes, I would. I like to work in an office.

 Yes, I like working in an office.
Negative:
 No, I dislike working in an office. I like working outside.

 No, I dislike to work in an office. I like to work outside.
Discussing likes in the office
Read and think about the following options. Then, select the ones you identify with in the
survey.
I like working in an office I dislike working in an office
I like to study online I dislike to study online
I like travelling I dislike travelling
I like to talk with customers I dislike to talk with customers
I like to work in the computer I dislike to work in the computer
I like answering the phone I dislike answering the phone
I like eating in the office I dislike eating in the office
I like new activities I dislike new activities
I like my team I dislike my team

I like the designs I dislike the designs
SURVEY
I
I like…
dislike…
…working in an office
…to study online
…travelling
…to talk with customers
…to work in the computer
…answering the phone
…eating in the office
…new activities
…my team
…the designs
Share one more thing you like or dislike.
Remember to start with "I like…" or "I dislike…"
Make sentences with comparative adjectives. Don't forget to include the appropriate
verb
Example: She / him / tall ___________________________________________
Answer: She is taller than him.
Make sentences with superlative adjectives.
Example:
I am the tallest in my family.

Write the following numbers with letters:
Example: 4739
Answer: Four thousand seven hundred and thirty nine.
Complete the following sentences with the correct possessive adjectives and
possessive pronouns
Example: The history essay written by her was the best. (personal pronoun she)
Complete the sentences with the correct adjective in the box
 ancient
 ugly
 new
 hot
 cold
 old
 young
 big
 small
 thin
 round
 red
1. The company was founded in 1925. It is very ______________.

2. The document was written in Egypt in ____________ times.
3. The ________ product was accepted right away.
4. Santa Claus has a __________ suit and lives in a ________ place.
Discussing Habits
1. Present Continuous Tense expresses the idea that something
2. is happening now, at this moment.
3. Marcie is a very busy woman.
4. She does a lot of her design work in her atelier.
5. Today, she is multitasking
6. because the due date for her runway is very soon.
7. Marcie is working in her office.
8. She is measuring the mannequin now
9. and writing notes for her designs.
10. She is thinking about all of the wonderful opportunities
11. she will have after this event.
12. Marcie's assistant is learning French
13. because the fashion show will be in Paris.
14. Her team is choosing the different fabrics for the dresses.
15. They are cutting and sewing the different patterns.
16. The models are practicing for this important fashion runway.
17. Her secretaries are busy typing her schedule,
18. the program and her notes.
19. Everyone is making a great effort for her success.
20. Just like in Marcie’s life, verbs in present continuous are actions
21. that are happening as we speak.
22. You may have noticed that to make “present continuous”
23. you use the verb to be plus the verb,
24. and we add ‘-ing’ to the base form of the verb.
25. "Marcie works", becomes "Marcie is working"
26. "The models practice" become "The models are practicing".
27. Don't stop now and keep practicing.
28. I am sure that you are getting better.
29.
Present continuous
This tense is used to describe an action that is occurring right now (at this moment,
today, this year, etc). The action has begun and is still in progress.
Example:
We use the present continuous to talk about:
 An action you can see.

In the photo, Ralph Laurel is talking to a group of designers.
She is typing a paper for her class.
 An action happening now.
He can't talk. He is fixing the printer right now.
Mr. A: What are you doing?
Mr. B: I'm getting ready for the party.
 An action happening around the time of speaking.
Sara's looking for a new job.
 The present progressive can also be used to describe an action that is occurring
in the present but is temporary.
John is living in Milan, but he might move soon.
 A changing situation.
Environmentally friendly clothes are becoming more popular.
We form the present continuous with a form of the auxiliary verb be + the – ing form of
the main verb.
Ques ons & short

Pronoun Affirma ve Nega ve
answers
Am I
I'm not working?
I I'm working
working Yes, I am.
No, I'm not.
Are you
working?
You / We / We're They aren't
Yes, you are.
They working working
No, you
aren’t.
Is she
She isn't working?
He / She / It He's working
working Yes, she is.
No, she isn't.
With the present continuous we often use time expressions such as this week/month/
year, today, at the moment, or this morning.
Example:
I'm wearing my new dress today.
Some verbs describe states or feelings (for example like, love, hate, know, want). We
don't use these verbs with the present continuous
Example:
I am knowing a really nice café near here.
I know a really nice café near here.
Remember: Simple present and present continuous
We use both the simple present and the present continuous to talk about actions and
situations in the present.
We use the simple present to talk about facts and routines.
 The company gives workers a good salary. (fact)

 Luca always wears a suit to work. (routine)
We use the present continuous to describe an action now or around the time of
speaking.
 Luca is wearing a blue suit today.
Match the pictures with the activities:
Write present continuous sentences using these ideas:
When using contractions, use apostrophe (') and not accents (´).
Buying Things
1. Every country has paper money or coins
2. that are used for mercantile transactions.
3. For example: in Mexico, Argentina,
4. Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic,
5. Uruguay and Philippines we use pesos.
6. Other countries use dollars, euros,
7. rupees or shekels.
8. But we use money for the same reason, to be able to: Save it
9. Pay something
10. Or to lend or borrow it
11. Even if we pay cash or charge something to a credit card,
12. the reference we use is with money transactions.
13. When we say the amounts,
14. if the amount is in pesos, for example, we say:
15. -How much is this?
16. -That’s forty five pesos with fifty cents.
17. Or just -That is forty five, fifty.
18. Discounts and profits are often in percentages
19. This is how we say it:
20. These jeans are 20% off.
21. For profit we say:
22. Sales are great and we have a 30% profit.
23. When shopping, sometimes the price is not visible.
24. To ask for a price you can point and say:
25. How much is this?
26. Or How much does this cost?
27. This works for near objects,
28. but when you want to ask for something far,
29. just say: How much is that?
30. Now you know how to ask how much
31. do some products and services cost.
32. It is your turn to practice.
33.
How to ask for the price of something?

Singular objects
If the object is close
How much is it?

How much is this?
If the object is far
How much is that?
Plural objects
If the objects are close
 How much are these?

 How much are these blankets?
 How much do they cost?
 How much are they?
If the object is far
 How much are those?

Amounts
When we say the amounts we say:
Considering the amount is in pesos.
Example:
How much is this?

$45.50: forty five fifty or forty five pesos with fifty cents
Considering the amount is in euros:
How much does this cost?

€60: sixty euros
How much do the tractors cost?

or
How much do these tractors cost?

They cost $100.000 each. (one hundred thousand pesos)
They all cost $1,500,000. (one million five hundred thousand pesos)
Reading percentages:
'%' This symbol is the percentage symbol and is read: per cent, percent, per-cent
 100% one hundred per cent

 33% thirty three percent
 The percentage of new businesses is 3%
When we read numbers it is also important to know these signs:
 '+' This symbol is the plus symbol

 '-' This symbol is the minus symbol
 '=' This symbol is the equals symbol
 '.' This symbol is the point symbol
Example:
300 + 450 - 45% = 412.50
Three hundred plus four hundred and fifty minus forty five percent equals four
hundred and twelve, point fifty
To obtain a profit you add a percentage to your variable and fixed costs
Fixed costs
+ Variable costs
+ Percentage %
= Profit
Numbers
Números y Transacciones de Dinero
Answer one of these questions on the discussion forum.
What is common in your country?
 What percentage is the income tax for things you buy?
 What percentage are the interest rates from banks?
 How much does an average car cost?
 What is the name and symbol of the money in your country?
 What is the exchange rate of your coin to the American dollar?
 Is school free in your country?
 Do waiters receive tips for their service in the restaurants in your country? If yes, what
percentage of the bill?
Vamos de compras
1. cio de la transcripción. Saltar al final.
2. Lucy and Paula are about to start a business selling food.
3. They are comparing what would be better:
4. shopping for their products online or going directly with a supplier.
5. When you go shopping, there are a few basic transactions:
6. Somebody buys, Somebody sells
7. and there is a form of payment unless they give you something for free.
8. When shopping, both the seller and the customer
9. regularly ask for something or give instructions.
10. For example:
11. Please, gift-wrap it.
12. Or Insert your card now.
13. This is known as imperative.
14. To use it, we use the base form of the verb
15. like the present simple of the you pronoun,
16. Even when the imperative sentence
17. doesn't have a subject.
18. Let's see some examples:
19. Show me your receipt.
20. Don't eat inside the store
21. To use the imperative for asking formally for something
22. you just add "please".
23. For example:
24. Please insert you credit card now.
25. Don't close the door please.
26. Lastly, you can speak even more formally by asking,
27. instead of ordering using ‘can’ and ‘could’.
28. Like so:
29. Could you please pay for this in the counter?
30. Can you help me carry the bags to the car?
31. Now you can ask for anything you need,
32. so go on and tell the world exactly what you want.
33.
Imperative Form in English

Commands are also known as the imperative form. There is no difference if you give a
command to a single person or to a group of people - the form of the verb is the
same. You put the verb in the infinitive form without "to" at the beginning of the
sentence, you don't use a subject and end the sentence with an object.
Example:
Tell someone to do something
 Hold the papers.

 Open the door.
 Show me the contract.
 Explain the problem.
Tell someone not to do something

Negative form: to make commands negative, put "don't" or "do not" before the verb.
 Don't turn off the computer.

 Don't eat in the office.
 Do not work too late.
Polite form
If you want to use the polite form, then add the word "please".
 Please don't use my pencil.

 Please answer the phone.
 Hold the elevator for me, please.
 Help me with the PowerPoint presentation, please.
Vocabulary
Here is a list of things you need to buy, so that you are ready to do your next shopping:
Computer
Chair
Tables
Oven
Pans
Paper napkins
Disposable containers
Vegetables
Fruits
Fish
Meat
Sugar
Stove
Pots
Plastic Trays
Baking Trays
Spices
Flour
Fire extinguisher
Invoices
Make whole and coherent sentence by dragging the correct elements to the correct
place.
1. You have to ________ each customer their ___________ once they pay.
2. Don't ________ the refrigerator without a transformer.
3. Please ________ me the price of these ________.
4. When you connect the oven, ______ the manual and _____________ the
instructions.
5. ___________ the ___________ and the _____________ each morning before 7
a.m. so we can have them ready when we open.
What do you think?
Give your opinion on the advantages and disadvantages of shopping online or shopping directly in
a store with supplier.
Pick one of the topics from the following table and comment it on the discussion forum:
Advantages for Disadvantages Advantages for Disadvantages

Shopping
the buyer for the buyer the seller for the seller
experience
(positive ) (negative) (positive) (negative)
Shopping
online
Shopping
directly with a
supplier
Asking about Travel Informa on

1. nicio de la transcripción. Saltar al final.
2. Some types of work include travelling to different places
3. and by different means of transportation.
4. The most common used for travelling are:
5. car, bus, train, airplane and boat.
6. When you make a reservation for a hotel, a flight,
7. any transportation or event,
8. you say you book a room in a hotel,
9. you book a flight,
10. you book a car ride,
11. a train ride,
12. a boat ride,
13. or you book a seat for an event.
14. Planes take off when they leave the ground
15. and land when they finally come back to the ground.
16. When you arrive to your destination,
17. you can either take a taxi or rent a car.
18. When you get to your hotel,
19. you check in at the front desk.
20. To leave the hotel you check out of the hotel.
21. Just like in Spanish, when talking about plans,
22. we can use present continuous. For example:
23. Jenny is flying to New York on Sunday.
24. When are we leaving?
25. He is booking her flight on the internet
26. You now have enough English for any trip around the world.
27. Whether it’s business trip or a well-deserved vacation,
28. you are ready for take-off.
29.
Arrive / Leave
Check in (for a flight or a hotel)
Check out (for a hotel)
Take a taxi
Rent a car
Book a hotel or a flight
Remember present continuous:
Use the present continuous using the verb to be + verb + ing
 When are we leaving?

 Jenny is flying to New York on Sunday.
 When are you leaving for the airport?
 I am having lunch in the station later.
 They are writing their travel report.
 He is checking out of the hotel.
 She is booking her flight on the internet.
Remember the imperative form:
 Check in my bags, please.

 Tell them to rent a car.
 Pick them up as soon as they arrive.
 Confirm my flight.
 Eat something in the station.
You arrive at the airport. What do you do?
Order each step by giving them the correct number in the sequence.
Using the present continuous complete the following:
Example:
We in a taxi. (arrive)
are arriving
Complete with the correct form of the present con nuous with the verb given
in the parenthesis.
Example:
I __am working (work) on a new project.
Change the following affirmations to questions:
Example:
He is talking on the phone
Is he talking on the phone?
Change the following questions to affirmations:
Example:
Are they afraid of spiders? .
They are afraid of spiders
Fill in the gaps with the correct words from the box. Some of these imperative forms are
negative (-).
help - phone - go - leave - clean – hold - sit - drink - close - take – tell - call - need
Example:
I am having a headache, please leave me alone.
Speaking about Situations
1. We use the past simple to talk about what happened before.

2. Let’s review each case:
3. First we have things that happened once in the past:
4. For example:
5. The film started at seven thirty.
6. Then we have things that were true for some time in the past:
7. We stayed with our friends in London last winter.
8. When we talk about something that happened several times in the past,
9. we also use the past simple:
10. Most evenings, we stayed at home and watched DVDs.
11. Listen to the following conversation and identify how we talk about the past:
12. Hi Patrick where were you? It’s so late.
13. I’m sorry, I missed the bus.
14. I cooked all of your favorite food for dinner and I waited two hours.
15. I know I’m sorry,
16. I walked from my office all the way here!
17. I was so worried about you.
18. I called but nobody answered
19. Oh sorry I was in the shower.
20. Don’t worry, then.
21. Use these time expressions to talk about the past:
22. Last:
23. Last night
24. Last Sunday
25. Last week
26. Ago:
27. 10 minutes ago
28. An hour ago
29. Three days ago
30. Yesterday:
31. Yesterday morning
32. The day before yesterday
33. Now you know how to talk about the past.
34. Use this knowledge to make the present even better.
35.
Simple Past
We use the simple past to indicate exactly when an action or event took place in the
past.
Example:
 I visited my sister yesterday.

 We went out to dinner last night.
The simple past is used to describe actions and/or events that are now completed and
no longer true in the present.
 I attended Penn State University in 1998. (I no longer attend Penn State

University.)
 I saw a movie every weekend when I was a teenager. (I don't see movies very
much anymore.)
We use time expressions to say something happened in the past.
Last Ago Yesterday
10 minutes
Last night Yesterday
ago
An hour Yesterday
Last Sunday
ago morning
Last Ago Yesterday
Three days Yesterday

Last week
ago afternoon
Last Yesterday
A week ago
weekend evening
A month Yesterday at
Last year
ago night
The day
Last month A year ago before
yesterday
Simple past verbs

Most verbs have regular forms and we add 'ed' at the end to indicate we are talking
about the past.
Example:
 Jump - Jumped
 Work - Worked
 Stop - Stopped
 Text - Texted
 Wait - Waited
 Talk - Talked
He waited in line for three hours; he really wanted to attend the Star Wars premiere.
Many common verbs have irregular forms in the simple past. Their past forms do not
end in 'ed'.
Example:
 Go - Went
 Bring - Brought
 Build - Built
 Do - Did
 Have - Had
 Make - Made
 Eat - Ate
I / you / he / she / they grew up in a village.
I / you / he / she / they didn't have enough money to buy a drink.
Simple past verbs never change. We use the same form for all persons (I, you,
he, she, it, etc).
 I lived in Rome.
 You lived in Rome.
 She lived in Rome.
 He ate sushi.
 She ate sushi.
 We ate sushi.
Regular Verbs Spelling:
With some verbs, we change the spelling.
 With verbs ending in 'e', we add 'd'.

Live - lived
Dive - dived
 With the verbs ending in consonant + 'y', we change the 'y' to 'ied'.
Study - Studied
Dry - dried
 With verbs ending in vowel + consonant, we double the consonant and add 'ed'.
Stop - Stopped
Plan - Planned
 We never double the consonant w, x, or y.
Show - Showed
Play - Played
Fast Track:
As you practice, you will memorize the irregular verbs; in the meantime, to be sure, look
up any verb you don't know. A good resource is: pasttenses.com where you can select
‘verb conjugation for’ and look for any verb.
Simple past negatives

In negative sentences in the simple past, we use two verbs: the negative auxiliary
verb, "didn't" (did not) and a main verb. The main verb is in the base form.
Example:
Rest of the
Subject Auxiliary verb Main verb
predicate
to the
He didn't come
exhibition
We don't use the simple past form of the main verb in negative sentences.
We didn't visited visit the museum.
Fast Track:
A good way of learning the rule is thinking that: There can only be one verb in past in
simple past. It's either the main verb or the auxiliary verb, but never both.
Grammar simple past questions
To ask questions in the simple past, we also use two verbs: the auxiliary verb 'did' and
a main verb. The main verb is in the base form.
To form questions in the simple past, we add the auxiliary verb 'did' before the
subject. The main verb is in the base form.
Example:
Rest of the
Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb
predicate
Did he cook the pasta?
We use the auxiliary verb "did" or "didn't" in short answers. We don't repeat the main
verb.
Did you build this house? Yes, we built. Yes, we did.
 What did you do over the weekend? I met some friends.

 Where did you go? We went to a museum.
 Did you go to the movies? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't
Simple past questions
Ques ons Short answers
Did you see Yes, I did.

the movie? No, I didn't.
Yes, she
Did she like did.
the food? No, she
didn't.
Ques ons words

Answers
(WH)
Where did I went to the

you go? park.
Where did He went to

Mark go? the movies.
When did
I 5inished in
you 5inish
2014.
college?
She spoke to
Who did
the
Mrs. Jacobs
multimedia
speak to?
staff.
Write simple past sentences using these ideas.
Finding out Where People Were in the Past

1. Let’s go further to the past.
2. Was and were are the simple past forms of the verb to be.
3. We use them to describe how anyone or anything was in the past.
4. George Washington was the first president of the United States of America.
5. European colonizers were not the first to live in America.
6. Were they surprised to find people here?
7. There are no contractions of was and were
8. we only use contractions in the negative forms:
9. “Was not” becomes “wasn’t”
10. and “were not” becomes “weren’t”.
11. Listen to how some important companies were in the past:
12. LinkedIn was founded in December 2002 by Reid Hoffman with 4 other founding team members.
13. Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students were the founders
of Facebook.
14. “Me at the zoo” was the first video that was uploaded to YouTube.
15. It was uploaded on April 23th, 2005 by the site's co-founder Jawed Karim.
16. Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams.
17. In 2012, more than 100 (one hundred) million were users on the platform.
18. The ideas of CEO David Karp when he created Tumblr were to help people get their thoughts
19. and images up as quickly as possible, and to lower the barrier to publishing even more.
20. Instagram was developed in San Francisco by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger.
21. Systrom worked in marketing at that time and was in the beginning of learning how to code.
22. Where will you be tomorrow?
23. No one knows, but you are able now to tell where you were before.
24. Keep up the good work!
25.
Grammar was / were

We use 'was' and 'were' to talk about the past. 'Was' and 'were' are the simple past
forms of the verb to be.
Example:
 George Washington was the first president of the United States of America.
 The new notes were different from traditional money because there weren't any
famous people on them.
 Were they famous?
We use 'were' after you, they, and we. We use 'was' after I, he, she, and it.
Affirma ve Nega ve
Pablo Picasso
Vincent van
I / he / she / was a famous
Gogh wasn't
it Spanish
rich.
ar st.
We were on They weren't

You / they /
vaca on last at the
we
week. gallery.
Was Lisa at Yes, she was.

work No, she
yesterday? wasn't.
I / he / she /
it
The party
Were was the
was at my
party?
house.
Yes, they
Were they at
You / they / were.
the
we No, they
restaurant?
weren't.
We were late
Why were
because of
you late?
traffic.
There are no contractions of 'was' and 'were', we only use contractions in the negative
form.
 Was not = wasn't

 were not = weren't
Where were the employee and the manager this morning?

They were in the training department.
Who was the costumer with this afternoon?

She was with the salesperson. She was upset about her damaged box.
Last month we were in London presenting our new design app.

Mrs. Jones, the millionaire was also there.
She and her business partners were interested in the new project.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of was/were. Use the negative when you
see (-) in parentheses.
Asking and Answering Questions About the Past
1. Just like in the present simple, when you ask questions in the past tense, you have some options:
2. The past tense of the verb to do is: Did.
3. It is the same verb for all pronouns, and we use it as the helping verb in yes and no questions.
4. For example:
5. Did you go the work lunch yesterday?
6. For WH questions we use the same verbs, but in past:
7. What did Tiffany get as a present?
8. Who was with the boss during the presentation?
9. Let’s watch this interview and identify the questions and answers in past:
10. We’re here with Bogey who agreed to talk about her successful business.
11. Thank you for letting us talk to you. It is an honor to have you this morning.
12. Thank you for your interest and for letting me share my testimony.
13. I would like to ask a few questions, is that all right?
14. Yes, perfect.
15. Very well, let's begin then. When did you start your business?
16. I started when I was very young. It was 2005.
17. I learned how to sew in High School, and many of my friends asked me for ideas
18. and advice for their dresses for our graduation.
19. So one girl told another, and then another, and soon,
20. they didn’t only want my ideas or advice, but they wanted me to make the actual dresses.
21. Wow! And how did you become so successful?
22. I think that it is very important to listen and observe.
23. From the beginning, I listened to what my friends or clients wanted,
24. and I observed what people did and what made them feel beautiful and comfortable.
25. That's great advice in any business.
26. In your own words, what is the secret to your success?
27. I think to learn to follow your dreams.
28. To have a purpose in life and lots of respect. Specially for yourself, and other’s ideas.
29. Bogey, you’re lovely! Thank you very much for your time. I hope we can have another interview soon!
30. Thank you for having me over!
Questions without WH words in Simple Past

When you ask questions in the past tense you have the following options:
Auxiliary
Auxiliary Subject Verb Predicate Yes/No Subject
(+n't)
Jenny Yes, she did.

on
work
Saturday?
Jimmy No, he didn't.
Did
Yes, I did.
the
you bring cheque
book?
No, I didn't.
However, with the verb to be:

To be Subject Predicate Yes/No Subject Auxiliary (+n't)
Yes, I was.
Were you in Toronto last week?
No, I wasn't.
Questions with WH words in Simple Past
Ques on word Auxiliary Subject Verb Rest Answer
What
I watched a
(to ask yesterday
did you watch movie on
about evening?
TV
things or
actions)
When
She met
(to ask
did she meet her boss? him a year
things
ago.
related to
time)
Where
They went
(to ask after the
did they go to buy a
things meeting?
computer.
related to
places)
However, with the verb to be:
Ques on word To be Subject Rest Answer
Where were you yesterday? I was in the of5ice.
WH questions:
Ques on word Subject Ques on & Answer
Who was Steve Jobs?
Who People
He was the founder of Apple Computers.
What did she want?
What Things, actions
She wanted the pen.
When did you start your business?
When Time
In 2015.
Where Place Where did you eat yesterday?

I ate in a restaurant.
Why did you go to the of5ice?
Why Reason
I forgot my cell phone.
How many cakes did you sell?
How many Quantity
I sold 5.
Fast Track:
Use the linked list as a reference of verbs in the present and in the past:
List of Verbs (http://www.saberingles.com.ar/lists/verbs.html)
Fill in the blank with the correct answer:
Giving Opinions and Advice

2. Modal verbs express the speaker’s attitude towards an action.
3. Words like "can", "must", "should" and "have to"
4. can indicate characteristics in relation to the action expressed by the main verb.
5. Modal verbs are always followed by an infinitive:
6. Lisa can be the new manager.
7. They don't use an 's' for the third person singular.
8. She must accept the deal.
9. They make questions by inversion:
10. "She can go" becomes "Can she go?"
11. We use "should" and "shouldn't" to give advice
12. or to talk about what we think is right or wrong.
13. "You should" means something like:
14. I think it is a good idea for you to do it.
15. "You shouldn't" means something like:
16. I think it is a bad idea for you to do it.
17. An example would be:
18. The boss thinks you shouldn’t talk so loud on the phone.
19. We can use verbs such as "must"
20. to say when something is necessary or unnecessary,
21. or to give advice.
22. For example:
23. Clients must sign the agreement before trying the product.
24. We use ‘can’ to express ability, possibility or permission.
25. Examples are:
26. I can change the presentation by 5 o’clock.
27. Can I take monday off?
28. Lastly, we use "have to" when we express obligation, necessity,
29. strong probability, and when we have moral and legal obligation.
30. New employees have to take orientation.
31. Large companies have to obey the new tax law.
32. Let’s watch this scene and identify the modal verbs:
33. Hello everybody. Thank you for logging in.
34. I want to tell you all that this team is very important.
35. It is what has made the company so successful.
36. And now that our sales have gone down because of the pandemic,
37. I need everybody’s opinion on what you think would be the best measures to follow.
38. Ok, I think we can start by calling all our customers
39. and telling them when we will reopen.
40. Hmm. That's a good idea.
41. We should offer sales promotions for each day.
42. That’s another very good idea.
43. We must lower our prices.
44. And we have to guarantee our quality
45. Yes, we need to find a balance.
46. I can check on that with our supplier.
47. Alright, thank you all for your ideas and for your hard work!
48. Bye, Thank you!
49.
Modal verbs:
Modal verbs express the speaker's attitude towards an action. Modal verbs can
indicate obligation, opinion, desire, ability, capability, permission, possibility, probability
and repetition in relation to the action expressed by the main verb.
Example:
Must (af5irmative)
Can (a5irmative) Have to (af5irmative)
Mustn't (negative)
Should (af5irmative)
Can't (negative) Do not have to (negative)
Shouldn't (negative)
1. Modal verbs are always followed by an infinitive.

2. They don't use an 's' for the third person singular.
3. They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').
Should:
 We use 'should' and 'shouldn't' to give advice or to talk about what we think is
right or wrong.
 You should means something like: I think it is a good idea for you to do it.
 You shouldn't means something like: I think it is a bad idea for you to do it.
Should is used to express the opinion of a speaker and often follows I think or I don't
think.
Example:
You look tired. I think you should take a few days off.
Alice works very long hours. She should talk to her boss.
- I have an English test tomorrow.

- I shouldn't worry if I were you. You have worked really hard.
- I never have enough money.
- I don't think you should go out so much.
To give advice to someone you can also say:
 I should do it if I were you.

 I shouldn't be so rude when I'm tired.
Must:
We can use verbs such as 'must' to say when something is necessary or unnecessary,
or to give an important advice.
Example:
 Children must do their homework.

 You must pay with the correct format.
 You mustn't arrive late to the concert.
 Must I wear a coat and a tie?
We use 'must' to ask for and give permission. We also use modal verbs to say
something is not allowed.
 You can go but, you must be back by 1:30 PM

 Must we wear a life-vest to swim in the lake?
Can:
We use 'can' to express ability, possibility or permission.
Example:
 I can read very fast.

 I can't draw very well.
 Yes, you can take your vacation next week.
 No, you can't use my car.
Have to:
We use 'have to' when we express obligation, necessity, strong probability and when
we have moral and legal obligation.
Example:
 You have to be here by 10 PM.

 You don't have to give me the money now.
 You have to obey the law.
 You don't have to answer if your lawyer is not here.
Write your suggestions, advice, possibilities, rules using modal verbs:
 Have to / don't have to / should / shouldn't / can / can't / must / mustn't
 Example:
 If you don’t like the service, you always can write (write) in the suggestion box.
Complete the following ideas with the correct form of the verb in the past.
Fill the gaps with the correct form of the correct verb from the following list:
 Be
 Buy
 Do
 Go
 Eat
 Have
 Spend
 Want
Choose the correct answer with the past tense.
Write the correct question for these answers.
Change these sentences from negative to positive.
Talking About Plans: My Plans For Success

2. When talking about future plans or intentions,
3. using "going to" is a very common method.
4. Examples:
5. On my next vacation, I’m going to stay in a nice hotel in Paris.
6. Her current contract ends in December, so she’s going to look for a new job.
7. Are you going to meet David at the airport? He said he would be there at 8:00.
8. Let us look at how ‘going to’ is used in a business context.
9.
10. Now you see how easy it is to talk about your plans.
11. I want to leave you with this quote by writer and philosopher Ayn Rand:
12. The question is not “Who is going to let me.”
13. The question is “Who is going to stop me?”
14.
How to form future plan structures?

There are a number of ways to form future sentences. When talking about future
plans or intentions, using "going to" is a very common method.
The following forms are possible:
 Positive:
I am going to go shopping tomorrow.
(Subject + to be + going to + infinitive).
 Negative:
I am not going to go shopping tomorrow.
(Subject + to be + not + going to + infinitive).
 Yes/No questions:
Are you going to go shopping tomorrow?
(To be + subject + going to + infinitive).
 WH questions:
What are you going to do tomorrow?
Where are you going to go shopping?
(Wh word + to be + subject + going to + infinitive).
Use of "going to" Future

 An action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared.
Example: I am going to study harder next year.
 A conclusion regarding the immediate future.
Example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.
 Signal Words
Example: In one year, next week, tomorrow.
Form of "going to" Future
Posi ve Nega ve Ques on
I am not
I am going Am I going
I going to
to speak. to speak?
speak.
You are You are not Are you

You / we /
going to going to going to
they.
speak. speak. speak?
He is not
He / she / He is going Is he going
going to
it. to speak. to speak?
speak.
Write positive sentences in "going to" future.

Write negative sentences in "going to" future.
Write questions in "going to" future.
Write in future the given sentence, using "going to."
Going to New Places, Doing New Things and Facing

Business Opportuni es

2. Another way to talk about the future is with “will” and “will not”,
3. or its contraction “won’t”.
4. Use “will and won’t” for promises:
5. I‘ll send you an e-mail.
6. I won’t tell anyone your secret.
7. He‘ll pay you back tomorrow
8. We won’t forget your birthday.
9. Use “will” for offers:
10. I‘ll buy you a drink.
11. My secretary will help you with the paperwork.
12. Use “will” for decisions made in the moment:
13. Would you like potatoes or rice?
14. I‘ll have the rice.
15. Which shirt do you like?
16. Well, the red one is cheaper, but I prefer the color blue.
17. I‘ll take the blue one.
18. Let’s see more examples in a real context:
19.
20. As you can deduct, talking about the future can mean something
21. very specific like offers and decisions.
22. Keep practicing what you’ve learn and I promise you that you’ll be fluent before knowing it.
23.
Future simple
The future simple tense is used to talk about the future in the following ways:
 Predictions
 Spontaneous decisions
 Offers
 Promises
Examples:
"We are having a picnic tomorrow. It will rain."

"Will you go to the party?" "Hmm... yes, I will go to the party."
"You look tired. I will make you a cup of tea."
"I feel sick now. I will finish the work tomorrow."
Sentences using future simple for prediction often begin with "think", for example:
You think
We don't think
They
He
thinks
She
doesn't
think
It
Examples:
I think she will get a promotion.

She doesn't think they will arrive on time.
Note: Do not use "will" to talk about plans or arrangements that you already decided to
do. For these you must use "going to" or present continuous for the future.
Examples:
I'm seeing the doctor tomorrow.

She's going to visit her aunt at the weekend.
Form - future simple negative
To make a negative sentence we use "won't" ("will not") + the infinitive of the main
verb (without "to").
Examples:
You
He win the match.
will not /
She make dinner.
won't
It return money.
We
They
Form - future simple questions

To make a question we put "will" before the subject.
Examples:
you
he win the match?
Will she make dinner?
it return money?
we
they
Short answers:
you
he
Yes, will.
she
No, won't.
it
we
they
Future (Will)
"Will" future expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the
future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced.
Form of Will Future
Posi ve Nega ve Ques on
I will not Will I

I will speak. speak. speak?
Use of Will Future
 A spontaneous decision.
Example: Wait, I will help you.
 An opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future.
Example: He will probably come back tomorrow.
 A promise.
Example: I will not watch TV tonight.
 An action in the future that cannot be influenced.
Example: It will rain tomorrow.
 Write positive sentences in will Future.
 Write negative sentences in will future.
 Write questions in will future.
Star ng and Ending a Conversa on

2. When we start a conversation, it is important to have an objective
3. so we can choose the correct words.
4. Also we have to make sure that the person understands what we want to say.
5. For example:
6. Start a conversation in an office:
7. May I help you?
8. Do you need help?
9. Are you going to the meeting?
10. What did they talk about in the meeting?
11. Do you like your job?
12. At the store:
13. How would you like to pay?
14. Did you find what you were looking for?
15. Good morning, can I have some of those please?
16. Can I pay with a credit card?
17. At what time do you open?
18. Or simply being friendly to talk with someone:
19. How are you today?
20. Where do you work?
21. What is your favorite hobby?
22. Do you work in this building?
23. Where did you buy your tea?
24. In conclusion, always remember: To have an effective communication,
25. we consider all the elements and make sure
26. that the message sent is the same as the message received.
27.
Communication model
When we have a conversation we follow the communication model where we have the
following elements:
 A sender that sends the information.

 The receiver that receives the information.
 The message.
 And the feedback, where we make sure the person understood our message.
To have effective communication, we consider all the elements and make sure that the
message sent is the same as the message received.
Besides we recommend you also consider:

With the ideas from above, lets continue and finish a conversation:
Start a conversa on Con nue the conversa on Finish the conver
In the office:
Yes, thank you for offering.

I need to get all the copies together by noon. Thanks for your
May I help you?
I think the boss is going to be very happy That was very nice
when he sees all the new ideas.
No, don't worry.

Do you need any Ok. If you change your m
Linda is going to be here any minute and she
help? know.
promised to help me.
Are you going to the Yes, my presentation is ready and the clients Good luck, I'm sure yo
meeting? will be here any minute now. excellent job
They told us about the new insurance plans.

What did they talk No, thanks. They sent i
They gave us a presentation.
about in the meeting? But I wanted to make sur
Do you want it?
In general, yes. Oh I see. Yes, the weekend

Do you like your job? The hours are great and my team is when you work on S
excellent, but I have to work on Saturdays. See you later, b
At the store:
Then I will have to come

have enough ca
How would you like to Do you accept credit cards?
At what time do you
pay? No only cash, I'm sorry.
In 15 minute
Then I'll come back to
Usually at 7 A M, but since tomorrow there is

At what time do you Excellent, see you early
a race, all businesses will be open at 6:30
open? Thanks.
AM.
Or simply being friendly to talk with someone:
How are you today? Very well thank you, se

I work in the 7th 5loor in

In this same building but on the second
Where do you work? shop.
5loor, in the 5lower shop, and you?
See you at lunch tim
I love doing exercise and you? I recommend you read th

What is your favorite I prefer painting and reading. Pegasus, it's a wonderful
hobby? What are you reading? story.
It's this book about Greek Mythology. See you soon
There's this tea shop near the market. Will you buy me some wh
Where did you buy What market? again?
your tea? The one on 1st avenue and 33D. Yes, of course
Oh, I know the one you are talking about. I'll call you lat
Listen to this idea:

A: Hello, Mandy's Uniforms.
B: Can I speak to the manager please?
A: One moment, I'll put you through. I'm sorry, he's not in the office. Would you like to
leave a message?
B: Here there are many things you can reply:
1. Yes, could you tell him, I'll see him next Friday?
2. I'll call him back later.
3. I need to speak to him in person.
4. I'll send the product to him today.
5. I'll send it as soon as possible.
6. We'll come at 9:30 pm.
7. Try to write a dialogue between 2 people about what is happening in the following pictures:
8.
9. A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
10.
11. A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
12. Exercise 2:
13. What would you suggest your friend to say?:
14. Read the following case and write a comment with a suggestion for each person
15. Hello Max,
16. I need your advice. I'm having problems with my team. Individually they are great but they
don't work very well together.
17. Luis always does whatever you ask, but never tells anyone what he is doing.
18. Lupita puts lots of time and effort but is very impatient sharing her experience.
19. Javier is very original, but is very slow handing in his work to the team.
20. What do you recommend I tell them?
21. Luis:_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
22. Lupita:___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
23. Javier:___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Complete with “will” and the verb in the brackets:
Make sentences with the words: will and won't
Put the verbs into the correct future form. Use going to.
Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use will future. Watch the punctuation and
form sentences or questions.

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Programa de estudios

Módulo 1. ¡Encantado de conocerte!

Revisa a continuación cómo presentar a distintas personas:

Subject Verb Predicate

Subject Verb Predicate

1. [las características, nacionalidades, sentimientos, ubicaciones y más].

 noun + verb to be + adjec ve

 noun + verb to be + noun

 noun + verb to be + preposi ons + place

Use the verb to be to talk about:

 Who a person is or what an object is: I am James. That is a new app.

 People's jobs: I am a data analyst. My father is a lawyer.

 A person's age: I am eighteen. Joe is twenty-nine.

 Where something is: The Eiﬀel Tower is in France. My passport is in my oﬃce.

 Prices: It is twelve euros.

Posi ve form Ques on form Nega ve form Nega ve ques on

I am smart. Am I smart? I am not smart. Am I not smart?

He is smart. Is he smart? He is not smart. Is he not smart?

It is smart. Is it smart? It is not smart. Is it not smart?

They are not Are they not

Where one is employed; labour, employment, occupation, job.

Example: My work involves a lot of travel.

To do a specific task by employing physical or mental powers.

Example: He’s working in a bar.

Example: He hasn't come home yet, he's probably still at work.

The place where someone works or is employed.

Example: My workplace is close to the train station.

An economic role for which a person is paid.

Example: That surgeon has a great job.

Job centre, Job centres

An official place that you can go to find employment.

Example: I have an appointment at the job centre tomorrow.

Job offer, Job offers

An opportunity for somebody to work; a vacant job somewhere.

Example: He got a job offer yesterday but he rejected it.

Example: She's been looking for a job for 3 months now.

Find, Found, Found

To encounter, to discover something.

Example: After 2 months of unemployment he finally found a new job.

Hard, not easy, requiring much effort.

Example: It was difficult to get a job offer.

Effort expended on a particular task; workers in general; the workforce.

Example: Vegetable picking is a manual labour.

Synonym(s): Job market, Employment market

To give someone work or a job.

Example: He's employed by a cutting edge business company.

Example: The boss meets with his employees every Tuesday.

Fast Track: trabajos en la oficina

13. Estudia los siguientes términos para expandir tu vocabulario:

Jobs in the Office

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

Chief Finance Officer (CFO)

A person responsible for providing various kinds of assistance is called an Assistant.

A secretary is a person whose work consists of supporting management, including executives,

Example: In many countries, an executive secretary is a high-ranking position in the administrative

A receptionist is an employee taking an office or administrative support position.

Professions in the Office

Everytime we hire someone we call our lawyer.

Engineers work with architects on very large projects.

You _are__ late for the meeting (positive)