1 Long Equations

Here is a long equation without line number.

Z Z
Θ(fε (t)) dµ(t) = − fε4 (t) dµ(t)
G G
Z Z
2 2 2 2
+ (b + 2a ) fε (t) dµ(t) + 2ab fε (t) dµ(t) + a2 b2 − a4 .
G G

Here is the same long equation with a single equation number. The ”notag”
is used to suppress numbering the first line.
Z Z
Θ(fε (t)) dµ(t) = − fε4 (t) dµ(t)
G G
Z Z
+ (b2 + 2a2 ) fε2 (t) dµ(t) + 2ab2 fε (t) dµ(t) + a2 b2 − a4 . (1)
G G

Here is the same long equation with a single equation number, but centered.
Here the combination of ”equation” and ”split” environments is used. We prefer
this version for numbered long equations.
Z Z
Θ(fε (t)) dµ(t) = − fε4 (t) dµ(t)
G G
Z Z (2)
2 2 2 2
+ (b + 2a ) fε (t) dµ(t) + 2ab fε (t) dµ(t) + a2 b2 − a4 .
G G

2 Multiline Equations
Example 1.
Here is a string of equations typeset with gather.
Z π Z π
1 1
an = f (x)e−inx dx = f0 (x)e−inx dx
2π −π 2π −π
Z π Z ∞ Z π
e−inx

1 −inx 1
= lim fδn (x)e dx = lim gδn (t) 1−α
dx dt
n→∞ 2π −π n→∞ 2π −∞ −π |x − t|
Z π
1
= U µ (x)e−inx dx.
2π −π α

Here is the same set of equations typeset with align.

Z π Z π
1 1
an = f (x)e−inx dx = f0 (x)e−inx dx
2π −π 2π −π
Z π Z ∞ Z π
e−inx

1 1
= lim fδn (x)e−inx dx = lim gδn (t) 1−α
dx dt
n→∞ 2π −π n→∞ 2π −∞ −π |x − t|
Z π
1
= U µ (x)e−inx dx.
2π −π α

1
Each of these two versions has advantages over the other. The first looks
better on the page while the second highlights the fact that a formula for
an is underway.
The second formulation introduces an ”overfill” on the second line, how-
ever, so must be altered to fit on the page properly. Here is a reformulation.
Z π Z π
1 1
an = f (x)e−inx dx = f0 (x)e−inx dx
2π −π 2π −π
Z π
1
= lim fδn (x)e−inx dx
n→∞ 2π −π
Z ∞ Z π
e−inx

1
= lim gδn (t) 1−α
dx dt
n→∞ 2π −∞ −π |x − t|
Z π
1
= U µ (x)e−inx dx.
2π −π α

We prefer this third version.

Example 2.
Here is a common alignment first without line number, then with.
 
X
0 qj N
P (GN ) ≤ P kBj kT >
µ 4 T
2 <j≤µ
X 4T 0 3/2
≤ C qj (log pj+1 )
µ N qj T
2 <j≤µ

4T 0 3/2
≤ C µ (log pµ+1 )
N T
4T CT0
 
3(µ + 1)l
≤ µ exp ,
N γ

 
X qj N
P (GN ) ≤ P kBj0 kT >
µ 4 T
2 <j≤µ
X 4T 0 3/2
≤ C qj (log pj+1 )
N qj T
µ
2 <j≤µ (3)
4T 0 3/2
≤ C µ (log pµ+1 )
N T
4T CT0
 
3(µ + 1)l
≤ µ exp ,
N γ

2
Here is one more example of a numbered multiline equation.

1 e−s e−(hk −1)s e−(hk +1)s e−2hk s

Pk (s) = + + ··· + − − ··· −
hk hk − 1 1 1 hk
hXk −1 −js hXk −1 −(2hk −j)s
e e
= − (4)
j=0
hk − j j=0
hk − j
hk
X e−(hk −n)s − e−(hk +n)s
= .
n=1
n