Advanced Fluid Mechanics

PROJECT 2

Given Data

Reg no 35
Penstock pipe dia 4 ft But d in inch is 48
f 0.025 unit weight (Y) lb/ft^3 62.4
L 2500 ft Density(H2O) (ρ)lb/ft^3 1.94
Gravitational
Reservoir elevation 2635 ft 32.2
accelaration m/s^-2
Lake depth 10 ft
Width 55 ft
Downstrem depth 5 ft
No of poles (N) 20
Cycles 60 cycle
Wheel diameter 116 inch
Bucket angle 165 degree
2
Head loss nozzle 0.04Vj /2g
A1 550 ft^2
A2 275 ft^2

Solution:( Part 1 )

According to bernolly equation

V 1 2 /2g+z 1 =V 2 2 /2g+z 2

V 1 2 /2g+10=V 2 2 /2g+5 Eq (v )

Using equation of continuity

A1V1=A2V2
580 X V1 = 290 X V2
V1= 0.5V2 put this in Eq ( v )
V2 21.97 ft/s
V1 10.985 ft/s
Finding discharge:
Q= A 1 V 1 So Q is 6041.75 ft^3/s

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 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Using impulse momentum principle formula

F1 - F2 - Fx= ρֲֲֲֲQ(V2 - V1) Eq(x)

Now
F1 171600 lb
F2 42900 lb
Put F1 and F2 in Eq(x) then Fx become
Fx -55.130075 lb The negative sign depicts that wrong direction
was assumed

Solution: ( Part 2 )

Using Energy Equation Formula

h 1 + V 1 2 /2g + P 1 / γ = h 2 + V 2 2 /2g + P 2 / γ
Here we apply the condition of 0.04V2^2/2g
2635 - (0.025)(2500/4)V1 2 /2g - 0.04V2 2 /2g = V2 2 /2g Eq( g )

Using equation of continutity

A1V1 =A2V2
V 1 =( D 2 X V 2 )/ 16 put in Eq( g )

We get:
2635 = V 2 2 /2g (1.04+15.625D 4 /256)

Performing iterations to attain maximum power at optimum

diameter

D(in) D(ft) V2 A2 Q2 POWER

1 0.083333 403.9391611 0.005451389 2.202029 632.9815845
1.5 0.125 403.9368389 0.012265625 4.954538 1424.184003
2 0.166667 403.9305871 0.021805556 8.807931 2531.765114
2.5 0.208333 403.9174056 0.034071181 13.76194 3955.495725
3 0.25 403.8934394 0.0490625 19.81602 5694.900011
3.5 0.291667 403.8539812 0.066779514 26.96917 7749.120095
4 0.333333 403.7934772 0.087222222 35.21976 10116.75139
4.5 0.375 403.7055362 0.110390625 44.56531 12795.64965
5 0.416667 403.5829428 0.136284722 55.00219 15782.71137
5.5 0.458333 403.4176774 0.164904514 66.5254 19073.62987
6 0.5 403.2009435 0.19625 79.12819 22662.63046

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 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

6.5 0.541667 402.9232033 0.230321181 92.80175 26542.18946

7 0.583333 402.5742257 0.267118056 107.5348 30702.74294
7.5 0.625 402.143145 0.306640625 123.3134 35132.39317
8 0.666667 401.6185346 0.348888889 140.1202 39816.62207
8.5 0.708333 400.9884956 0.393862847 157.9345 44738.0229
9 0.75 400.2407622 0.4415625 176.7313 49876.06326
9.5 0.791667 399.3628237 0.491987847 196.4817 55206.89366
10 0.833333 398.3420647 0.545138889 217.1518 60703.21706
10.5 0.875 397.1659215 0.601015625 238.7029 66334.23531
11 0.916667 395.822055 0.659618056 261.0914 72065.68772
11.5 0.958333 394.2985373 0.720946181 284.268 77859.99587
12 1 392.5840494 0.785 308.1785 83676.52585
12.5 1.041667 390.6680857 0.851779514 332.7631 89471.97557
13 1.083333 388.5411619 0.921284722 357.957 95200.88943
13.5 1.125 386.1950195 0.993515625 383.6908 100816.2967
14 1.166667 383.6228212 1.068472222 409.8903 106270.4631
14.5 1.208333 380.8193309 1.146154514 436.4778 111515.737
15 1.25 377.7810727 1.2265625 463.3721 116505.4662
15.5 1.291667 374.5064598 1.309696181 490.4897 121194.9527
16 1.333333 370.9958911 1.395555556 517.7454 125542.4102
16.5 1.375 367.2518083 1.484140625 545.0533 129509.8841
17 1.416667 363.2787113 1.575451389 572.328 133064.0951
17.5 1.458333 359.0831295 1.669487847 599.4849 136177.1683
18 1.5 354.6735495 1.76625 626.4422 138827.215
18.5 1.541667 350.0603007 1.865737847 653.1208 140998.7424
19 1.583333 345.2554019 1.967951389 679.4458 142682.8732
19.5 1.625 340.2723739 2.072890625 705.3474 143877.3709
The maximum
power is
20 1.666667 335.1260261 2.180555556 730.7609 144586.4714
attained at this
diameter
21.5 1.791667 318.8694687 2.519904514 803.5206 143932.5209
22 1.833333 313.2352734 2.638472222 826.4626 142856.6775
22.5 1.875 307.5226356 2.759765625 848.6904 141396.773
23 1.916667 301.7489902 2.883784722 870.1791 139584.227
23.5 1.958333 295.9314093 3.010529514 890.9102 137452.331
24 2 290.0864211 3.14 910.8714 135035.4764
24.5 2.041667 284.2298553 3.272196181 930.0558 132368.4392
25 2.083333 278.3767154 3.407118056 948.4623 129485.7371

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 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Solution: PART ( 3 )
EFFICIENCY OF THE TURBINE
GIVEN:
OPTIMUM DIA OF JET (in) 20

Using energy equation:

h 1 - fL/D x V 1 2 /2g - 0.04 2 V 2 /2g = V 2 2 /2g

2635 - (0.025)(2500/4)V 1 2 /2g - 0.04V 2 2 /2g = V 2 2 /2g Eq ( 1 )

Equation of continuity

A1V1=A2V2
V2 5.76V1 put in eq 1
V1 58.243 ft/s
V2 335.47968 ft/s

Finding discharge

A1 1808.64 12.55 ft^2

A2 314 2.18 ft^2

Q = A 1 V 1 730.94965 ft^3/s

Speed in Rpm Speed in radian/sec Speed in fps

n=7200/N w u
360 37.68 182.12

Net head(ft) Force on bucket(lb) Torque (ft.lb)

h F t
1811.958693 427329.5651 1958593.84

Shaft power (hp) Power input (hp) Efficiency(%)

134181.4834 150264.9377 89.29660204

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 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Solution: PART ( 4 )
EFFICIENCY OF THE TURBINE
WHEN RESERVOIR IS HALF THEN
OPTIMUM DIA OF JET (in) 20
initial head ft 2635
Using energy equation: Conditional head ft 1317.5
2 2 2
h 1 - fL/D x V 1 /2g - 0.04 V 2 /2g = V 2 /2g

1317.5 - (0.025)(2500/4)V 1 2 /2g - 0.04V 2 2 /2g = V 2 2 /2g Eq ( 1 )

Equation of continuity

A1V1=A2V2
V2 5.76V1 put in eq 1
V1 41.16 ft/s
V2 237.0816 ft/s

Finding discharge

A1 1808.64 12.55 ft^2

A2 314 2.18 ft^2

Q=A1V1 516.558 ft^3/s

Speed in rpm Speed in rad/sec Speed in fps

n=7200/N w u
360 37.68 182.12

Net head(ft) Force on bucket(lb) Torque (ft.lb)

h F t
906.4592391 108228.7752 496048.553

Shaft power (hp) Power input (hp) Efficiency(%)

33983.83541 53123.817 63.97099706

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 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Adjustment

so the efficiency decreases by decreasing dia from 20 to 19.12

OPTIMUM DIA OF JET (in) 20

Using energy equation:

h 1 - fL/D x V 1 2 /2g - 0.04 2 V 2 /2g = V 2 2 /2g

1317.5 - (0.025)(2500/4)V 1 2 /2g - 0.04V 2 2 /2g = V 2 2 /2g Eq ( 1 )

Equation of continuity

A1V1=A2V2
V2 6.3V1 put in eq 1
V1 41.16 ft/s
V2 259.308 ft/s

Finding discharge

A1 1808.64 12.55 ft^2

A2 314 2.18 ft^2

Q=A1V1 516.558 ft^3/s

Speed in rpm Speed in rad/sec Speed in fps

n=7200/N w u
360 37.68 182.12

Net head(ft) Force on bucket(lb) Torque (ft.lb)

h F t
906.4592391 151996.352 696649.9466

Shaft power (hp) Power input (hp) Efficiency(%)

47726.85452 53123.817 89.84078558

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 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Graph 1 Power

max
at 20

10

20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

22
23
24
25

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