VECTORSCONTI

NUED

GEOMETRI
CALMETHOD

Thet
wov
ect
orsbei
ngadded and f
orexampl
ear
erepr
esent
edbyt
het
woadj
ascent
si
desofatr
iangleincli
nedt oeachotherattheangl
ebet
weenthetwovector
s.Thethi
rd
si
deofthet
riangl
er epresentstheresul
tantoft
hetwovect
orswhi
chisalsoavect
or.I
f
ist
heanglebet ween and , theresult
antv
ector i
sshownbelow.

Theaddi
ti
onoft
het
wov
ect
ors and i
sgi
venbyt
hecosi
ner
ule

But

EXAMPLE

1.Twof
orces and actatr
ightangl
eonabody
.Fi
ndt
her
esul
tantf
orce
act
ingonthebodyandt
hedi
rect
ionoft
hisforce.I
fthet
wof
orcesar
enow
i
ncl
inedatanangl
eof t henfi
ndtheresul
tantfor
ce.

4N R 4N R

3N Fi
g(1) 3N
(
i) Ri
ghtangl
e (
ii)Acut
e
angl
e

Thet
wof
orcesandt
her
esul
tantRar
eshowni
nfi
g1.Fr
om f
ig.1(
i)wehav
e,

hedi
rect
ioni
sgi
venbyt
heangl
e andt
an

Si
mil
arl
yfr
om f
ig.
1(i
i
)

SUBTRACTI
ONOFVECTORS

Subt
ract
ionofv
ect
orsi
ssi
mil
art
otheaddi
ti
onofv
ect
ors.

Not
ethat i
sthesamet
hingas

I
fconv
eni
entscal
esar
eusedandt
hel
engt
hsandangl
esar
ecar
eful
l
y
 measur
ed,
thegeomet
ri
cal
met
hodcanbecar
ri
edoutbyscal
edi
agr
am.

ANALYTI
CALMETHOD

Thegeometri
calmethodisnotconveni
entwhenmor ethantwovector
scan
onl
ybecombi nedoraddedinpai
rs.Theanalyt
icalmethodallowsusto
combineoraddallt
hevector
satoncebybr eakingthem int
othei
rcomponent
s.

Anyvect
orVcanbeconsider
edasthesum oftwoormor evector
s.Eachsetof
vect
ors,
whi
chwhenaddedgi v
esavectorViscal
ledthesetofcomponentsof
V.Themostcommonlyusedaret
hetwor ect
angularcomponents and

showt
hedi
rect
ionsoft
hev
ect
ors and .Af
terbr
eaki
ngeachv
ect
ori
ntoi
ts

Component
s,wecanaddcomponent
sint
hesamedi
rect
ionsl
i
keor
dinar
y
number
s.I
n

Thr
eedi
rect
ions,
wehav
e

EXAMPLE
 1. Thr
eef
orces actonanobj
ect
.If

and

Fi
ndt
her
esul
tantf
orce.

SOLUTI
ON

Ther
esul
tantf
orcei
sgi
venby

2.I
fthr
eef
orces
actonabody
.Fi
ndt
her
esul
tantf
orcei
nmagni
tudeanddi
rect
ion.

W E

S
 Di
rect
ion:

MULTI
PLI
CATI
ONOFVECTORS

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofv
ect
orsmul
ti
pli
cat
ionoper
ati
ons.

(
a) Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionofav
ect
orbyav
ect
ort
oyi
elda
vect
or.Forgexampl
e

(
b) Mul
tipl
i
cati
onofavect
orbyavect
ort
oyi
elda
scal
ar.Thi
sisal
socal
l
edadotpr
oductorascal
arpr
oduct
.

Thedotpr
oductoft
wov
ect
ors i
sdef
inedas wher
e
i
stheangl
ebet
weent
hem.

Anal
yti
cal
l
y,
 (c)Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionofav
ect
orbyav
ect
ort
oyi
eldav
ect
or.Thi
sisal
socal
l
edacr
oss
pr
oduct
.Wecan

al
soexpr
esst
hev
ect
orpr
oductoft
wov
ect
ors i
nter
msoft
hei
rcomponent
sin
t
hree

di
mensi
onssucht
hat i
swr
it
tenas

Thepr
oductoft
wopar
all
elv
ect
orsar
ezer
o,hence

Si
mil
arl
y,

Thecr
osspr
oductofv
ect
ors i
sdef
inedas

EXAMPLES

1. Cal
cul
atet
heangl
ebet
weent
hev
ect
ors
and

SOLUTI
ON
2. Ev
aluat
e wher
e
and

SOLUTI
ON

ASSI
GNMENT

1. Pr
ovet
hati
ftwov
ect
orshav
ethesamemagni
tudes
andmakeanangl
e,t
hei
rsum hasamagni
tude andt
hei
r

di
ff
erencei
s .

2. Fi
ndt
heangl
ebet
ween and

3. I
f and
Fi
nd(i
) (
ii
)
 4. Twov
ect
orsar
egi
venby

I
nuni
t-
vect
ornot
ati
on,
find(
i) (
ii
) (
ii
i)at
hir
dvect
or such
t
hat

KI
NEMATI
CS

Thi
sist
hest
udyofmot
ionofobj
ect
s.Anobj
ectmov
eswheni
tchangesi
ts
posi
ti
onf
rom poi
nt i
nspacet
oanot
herpoi
nt i
n
spacei
nat
imet
,nomat
terhowsmal
lthet
imei
nter
val
is.

Displ
acementisdef
inedast
hechangeofanobj
ect
’sposi
ti
ont
hatoccur
s
duri
ngaperiodofti
me.

Thedi
spl
acementi
sgi
venby
Di
spl
acementisavectorquant
it
y.Dist
ancei
sthel
engt
hofapat
hfoll
owed
byapar
ti
cle.I
fadi
splacementfrom poi
nt t
opoint li
eina
pl
ane,
themagni
tudeofdi
spl
acementcal
l
edt
hedi
stancei
s

Theav
eragev
eloci
tyi
sdef
inedast
her
ati
ooft
hedi
spl
acementv
ect
or
f
ort
hemot
ionofi
nter
estt
othet
imei
nter
val i
nwhi
chi
toccur
s.Whena
par
ti
clehasmov
edf
rom posi
ti
on t
oposi
ti
on dur
ingat
imei
nter
val
,
i
tsav
eragev
eloci
tydur
ingt
hati
nter
val
is
Thei
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
tyi
sther
ateatwhi
chapar
ti
cl
e’
sposi
ti
onv
ect
or,
i
schangi
ngwi
tht
imeatagi
veni
nst
ant
.

Exampl
e

Theposi
ti
onofapar
ti
clemov
ingal
ongt
hexaxi
sisgi
veni
ncent
imet
ersby

wher
e i
sinseconds.Cal
cul
ate

a.Theav
eragev
eloci
tydur
ingt
het
imei
nter
val

b.Thei
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
tyat

c.Thei
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
tyat

d.Thei
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
tyat

e.Theinstant
aneousv
eloci
tywhent
hepar
ti
cl
eismi
d-waybet
weeni
ts
posi
tionat

SOLUTI
ON

a.Gi
vent
hat .Weobt
ain

heav
eragev
eloci
tydur
ingt
het
imei
nter
val
 Thei
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
tyi
s whi
ch,
att
ime
y
iel
ds

At t
hei
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
ty

,
thei
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
ty

Let st
andsf
ort
hemomentwhent
hepar
ti
cl
eismi
dwaybet
ween
and hati
s,whent
hepar
ti
clei
sat )

her
efor
e,

Thus,
thei
nst
ant
aneousspeedatt
hist
imei
s

Theaveragespeedinv
olv
esthet
otaldi
stancecov
eredwhichi
s
i
ndependentofdir
ecti
on,sot
heaver
agespeedofaparti
cl
eduringat
ime
i
nter
val i sdefi
nedas

Av
eragespeed

I
nst
ant
aneousspeedi
sthemagni
tudeofi
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
ty.
Whenev erapart
icl
e’
sv el
oci
tychanges,
wedef
ineitashav
ingan
accel
erati
on.Theaverageaccel
erat
ion ov
eraninter
val isdef
inedas

nobj
ectunder
goesaccel
erat
ionev
eni
fal
lthatchangesi
sonl
ythe
di
rect
ionofi
tsv
eloci
tyandnoti
tsspeed.

Theinstantaneousv
eloci
tyofapart
icl
eatanyi
nst
anti
sther
ateatwhi
ch
i
tsvelocit
yischangi
ngatthati
nstant.

Auniform moti
onisamot i
oninwhichtheacceler
ati
onisconstantt
hat
i
s,theaverageaccel
erat
ionandinstant
aneousaccel
erat
ionareequal
.If
weplaceourx-axi
salongtheli
neofmot ionandexpr
essingt
he
accel
erati
onalongtheli
neofmot i
onofobjectwehave

Thesubscr
ipt1and2r
efert
oini
ti
alandf
inal
times,
posi
ti
onsand
vel
oci
ti
es.

Fr
om equat
ion(
1)
nasi
mil
armanner
,wecanr
e-wr
it
etheexpr
essi
onf
ort
heav
erage
v
eloci
tyas

utav
eragev
eloci
ty

Bysubst
it
uti
ngequat
ion(
2)i
ntoequat
ion(
5)

Bysubst
it
uti
ngequat
ion(
6)i
ntoequat
ion(
4)y
iel
ds

ysol
vi
ngf
or i
nequat
ion(
2)andsubst
it
uti
ngi
nequat
ion(
7)
gi
ves
Exampl
es

1.Spot
ti
ngapolicecar
,aboyappl
iedabr
akeandhiscarsl
owsdown
fr
om aspeed toaspeed dur
ingadispl
acement
of ataconst
antaccel
erat
ion

(
a)Whati
sthemagni
tudeoft
hatconst
antaccel
erat
ion?

(
b)Howmucht
imei
srequi
redf
ort
hegi
vendecr
easei
nspeed?

SOLUTI
ON

(
a)
2.Aper
sonwal
ksf
ir
statconst
antspeedof al
ongast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
fr
om poi
ntAt opoi
ntBandthenbackal
ongt
hel
i
nef
rom Bt
oAata
const
antspeedof .Whati
s

(
a)Herav
eragespeedov
ert
heent
ir
etr
ip?

(
b)Herav
eragev
eloci
tyov
ert
heent
ir
etr
ip?

SOLUTI
ON

(
a)Let r
epr
esentt
hedi
stancebet
weenAandB.Let bet
het
imef
or
whi
cht
hewal
kerhast
hehi
gherspeedi
n

Let r
epr
esentt
hel
ongert
imef
ort
her
etur
ntr
ip .Thent
het
imes
ar
e

and .Theav
eragespeedi
s
 Shest
art
sandf
ini
shesatt
hesamepoi
ntA.Wi
tht
otal
di
spl
acement=0,
aver
agev
eloci
ty=0

3.A super
bal
ltr
avel
l
ingat bouncesof
fabr
ickwal
land
r
eboundsat .Ahi
ghspeedcamer
arecor
dst
hisev
ent
.Ift
he
bal
li
sincont
actwi
tht
hewal
lfor whati
sthemagni
tudeoft
he
av
erageaccel
erat
ionoft
hebal
ldur
ingt
hist
imei
nter
val
?

SOLUTI
ON

Chooset
heposi
ti
vedi
recti
ont
obet
heout
war
ddi
rect
ion,
per
pendi
cul
art
otheball
.

RELATI
VEMOTI
ON

Whenamot ioni
sobserv
ed,i
tisal
waystoapart
icul
arf
rameof
r
efer
ence.Forexampl
e,themoti
onofaboatcanbedescr
ibed
r
elat
ivel
yto

1.Anot
herboat

2.Thewat
er
3.Thest
ati
onar
ybankoft
her
iver
.

Thev el
oci
tyassi
gnedwi
theachcaseisdi
ff
erent
.Ifaframeof
ref
erencei
sitsel
fmovi
ngwithr
especttoanobserverwit
hvel
oci
ty ,
whi
l
eanobj
ecti
smov
ingr
elat
ivet
othef
rameofr
efer
encewi
th ,
the
v
eloci
ty oft
heobj
ectr
elat
ivet
otheobser
veri
s

I
fyouar
einacarwhi
char oadsi
deobserverseesasmovi
ngwit
h
andanot
hercarover
takesyourcarbyavel
oci
tywhi
chy
ou
r
eckonas ,
ther
oadsi
deobser
verwi
l
lseet
hiscarasmov
ing
wi
th

ener
all
y,v
eloci
tyofAr
elat
ivet
oBi
s

Vel
oci
tyofBr
elat
ivet
oAi
s

EXAMPLE

Aboyr
unsi
nsi
deashi
pwi
thav
eloci
ty r
elat
ivet
otheshi
p,
whi
l
etheshi
pit
sel
fismovi
ngrel
ati
vet
ot heseawit
hveloci
ty
.Thevel
oci
tyoft
heboyrelat
ivet
otheseaisther
efor
e
 PROJECTI
‘ LE

Aprojecti
l
eisanobjectthati
slaunchedintotheai
ror
atmosphereandisall
owedt omov efr
eelyundergravi
ty.
Examplesofproj
ecti
lesare:astoneshotoutfrom acatapul
t;a
bull
etfi
redfr
om agunandar ocketl
aunchedfrom arocket
l
auncher.

Whenanobjecti
spr
oject
edupwar
datananglet
othevert
ical
,i
ts
moti
onbecomestwodimensi
onal
.It
sdi
spl
acementhasbothand
componentsandthepathisparabol
ic.Suchamot i
oniscall
ed
proj
ecti
l
emot i
on.Ift
heini
ti
alveloci
tyofproject
ionisatanangle
tothehori
zont
al,
thenthei
niti
alcomponent softhev el
oci
tyare

y ux=ucos ᶱ
uy=usi
nᶱ

Ther
eisnoaccel
erat
ioninthex-
direct
ionbecauset
her
eisno
f
orcealongt
hisdi
rect
ion.Thedi
splacementintimeist
heref
ore

Alongy-di
rect
ion,t
hereisanegat
iveaccel
erat
ion(
g).
The
di
splacementisther
efore

Fr
om equat
ion(
1)

Bysubst
it
uti
ngequat
ion(
3)i
ntoequat
ion(
2)gi
ves

Sincet
heter
msint
hebr
acket
sar
econst
ant
s,wecanwr
it
e
equati
on(
4)as

Equati
on(5)i
squadrati
candgi
vesaparabol
awhichexplai
nsthe
parabol
icnat
ureofproj
ect
il
esmoti
ons.Theequat
ioncanalsobe
showntobeaquadraticfunct
ionof,whi
chimpli
esthatt
her
ear
e
twopossi
bleval
uesoffortheobjecttopassov
erthesamehei
ght
atafi
xedhori
zontal
distance.

TherangeRoftheproj
ect
il
eisthehor
izont
aldi
stancecov
ered
bef
oretheobj
ecthi
tsthegroundandi
tisgiv
enas

wher
eT=t
otal
timet
aken

atanyi
nst
anti
s

Atmaxi
mum hei
ghtH,

Range,

Equat
ion(11)showst
hatRi
smaxi
mum when

Themaxi
mum hei
ght

EXAMPLES

1.Fi
ndt
heangl
eofpr
oject
ionatwhi
cht
hehor
izont
alr
ange
 andt
hemaxi
mum hei
ghtofapr
oject
il
ear
eequal
.

SOLUTI
ON

Thehorizont
alrangeandmaximum heightar
egi
veninequati
ons
(11)and(13)respecti
vel
y.Toobt
aint
heangleofpr
oject
ion,
we
equatetheseequations

2.Abodyproj
ect
edupwardsf r
om thelev el
groundatanangl
e
of50wi
ththehori
zont
alhasaniniti
al speedof40m/s.
(a)
Howlongwil
li
ttakebeforei
thit
st hegr ound?

(b)Howfarf
rom t
hest
art
ingpoi
ntwi
l
lthebodyhi
tthe
ground?

SOLUTI
ON

(
a) Chooseupwar
dasposi
ti
veandpl
acet
heor
igi
natt
he
l
aunchpoi
nt.

of
indt
het
imei
nai
r,weuseandsi
nceatt
heendoff
li
ght
,
or.Thef
ir
stsol
uti
on

Correspondst
othest
art
ingpoi
ntThesecondsol
uti
oni
sthe
requir
edtime

(
b) Thehor
izont
aldi
stancet
rav
ell
ed,

Abodyi sprojecteddownwardatanangleof30wit
hthe
hori
zontalfr
om thetopofabuil
ding170m hi
gh.I
tsi
nit
ial
speedis40m/ s.
(a)Howl ongwill
ittakebef
orest
riki
ngthegr
ound?

(
c) Findouthowfarf
rom thefootofthebuil
dingthebody
wi
l
lstri
keandatwhatanglewiththehor
izontal
.

SOLUTI
ON

Choosedownwar
dasposi
ti
veandor
igi
n/att
het
opedge
ofbui
ldi
ng

Usi
ng

Sol
vi
ngf
orty
iel
dst=4.
2s
Weneedtotheangl
ethatthevel
oci
tymakeswi
tht
hexaxi
s
f
ir
stbef
orehit
ti
ngtheground.

Usi
ng

ASSI
GNMENT

(
1) Ahosel yi
ngont hegroundshoot sastream ofwater
upwar eof400t
datanangl othehorizont
al.Thespeedof
thewat s20ms-1asi
eri tleavesthehose.Howhi ghupwi l
l
i
tstr
ikeawallwhi
chi s8m away ?(5.33m)

(
2) Abal list hr
ownupwardatanangleof30tothe
horizont
al andlandsont
het opofabui
ldi
ngthati
s20m
away .Thet opedgeis5m abovet
hethr
owingpoint
.How
fastwast hebal l
thr
own?(20m/s)

(
3) Apr oj
ecti
leisf i
redwithi nit
ial
veloci
tyV0whichis
95ms-1atanangl e500.Af t
er5seconds, itst
ri
kesthetop
ofahil
l.Whati sthehor i
zont aldi
stancefr
om thegundoes
thepr
ojecti
l
el and?( 241m, 305m)

UNI
FORM CI
RCULARMOTI
ON

Somebodi
esar
enotf
reet
omov
eal
ongast
rai
ghtl
i
nebut
areconst rai
nedt omov einaci rcul
arpat h.Exampl esof
mot i
onthatar eappr oximat
elyci r
culari
ncl udet herevoluti
on
oft heEar t
har oundt hesun, aracecarzoomi ngarounda
circulartr
ack, anelectronmov ingneart hecent r
eofal arge
electromagnetandast onet i
edt otheendofast ri
ngthatis
whi rl
edinaci rcle.Thought hespeedi sconst antineach
case, thedirecti
oni sconstantlychanging.Hence, the
velocityisnotconst ant.Thisimpl i
esaccel erati
on.

Apar ticl
ethattravel
sar oundaci r
cleoracir
cularar
cat
const antoruniform speedissaidtobeunder goi
nguni
for
m
circularmotion.Incircul
armot i
on,wetalkaboutangul
ar
displacementwhi chi sanalogoustoli
neardispl
acementi
n
l
inearmot i
on.Ar el
ationshi
pcanbeobt ai
nedbetweena,v
andrasf ol
lows:

Av
erageaccel
erat
ion

Sincedeltatisascal ar
,theaccel erationmusthav et he
samedi recti
onast hedifferencebet weent hetwov eloci
ty
vector
s,.Wedef i
neaszer oattimeanddenot eitslocati
on
as.Theobj ectthenmov esatconst antspeedt hroughan
angletoanewl ocat
ionatt ime.I ncircularmot i
on, vel
ocit
y
vector
sar ealway sperpendiculartot heirpositi
onv ectors.
Thismeanst hattheanglebet weenposi ti
onv ectorsandi s
thesameast heanglebet weenv elocityvectorsand.

Butt
hen
Al
sot
hen

Thust
het
ri
angl
esshowni
nFi
g1ar
esi
mil
ar.

Forsmal
langl
es,
.Sowecanwr
it
ether
ati
oofmagni
tudes
as

ecansolvet
hesimilartri
angler
atiosforthechangei n
vel
oci
tyandsubsti
tuteintotheexpressionthatdefi
nesthe
magni
tudeofaccel
er at
ioninter
msoft hemagni t
udeof
vel
oci
tyvect
orchangeov erachangei nt i
met oget

owever,
thespeedvisgi
venbyt
hearclengt
halongt
he
ci
rcul
arpathdi
videdbyt
heti
meint
erval
,sothat

(whent
het
imei
nter
val
becomessmal
l)

o,wecanrepl
aceint
heexpr
essi
onf
oraccel
erat
ionwi
tht
he
part
icl
espeedvt
oget

Theangul
arv
eloci
ty,(r
ad/
s)

Fi
g2
Arel
ati
onshi
pbetweenandt
hei
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
tyvcan
bederi
vedasfol
l
ows:

Consi
deramot
ioni
naci
rcl
easshownabov
e

heni
sver
ysmal
l
,

Vi scall
edthet angenti
alv eloci
ty.Whent herotati
ngbody
slowsdownorspeedsup, thewi llbechanging,therei
san
angularaccelerati
ongivenby Theinstantaneousv el
oci
tyis
constantlychangingdirection,thatis,
thereisalwaysan
accelerat
ionassociatedwi thcircularmot i
on.Thisiscal
led
radialorcentr
ipetalaccelerati
on.

EXAMPLES

1.AnEart
hsatel
l
itemov
esi
nacircul
arorbi
t640km above
Ear
th’
ssur
facewit
haper
iodof98mins.Whatar
et he

(
a) Speedoft
hesat
ell
i
te

(
b) Magni
tudeoft
hecent
ri
pet
alaccel
erat
ionoft
he
 sat
ell
i
te?

SOLUTI
ON

(
a) Sincet
her
adi
usofEar
thi
sther
adi
usoft
hesat
ell
i
te
or
biti
s

Ther
efor
e,t
hespeedoft
hesat
ell
i
tei
s

(
b) Themagni
tudeoft
heaccel
erat
ion

2.Arotati
ngfancompl
etes1200revol
uti
onsever
ymi
nut
e.
Considert
heti
pofablade,ataradi
usof0.
15m.

(
a) Thr
oughwhatdi
stancedoest
het
ipmov
einone
r
evol
uti
on?

(
b)Whati
sthet
ip’
sspeed?

(
c)Whati
sthemagni
tudeofi
tsaccel
erat
ion?

SOLUTI
ON

(
a) Theci
rcumf
erencei
s
(
b) Wi
tht
hespeedi
s

Themagni
tudeoft
heaccel
erat
ioni
s

3.Aboywhi r
lsast oneinahor i
zontalcir
cleofradius1.5m
andaheight2.0m abovel evelground.Thest ri
ngbr eaks
andthestonef l
i
esoffhor izontal
lyandst r
ikethegr ound
aft
ertr
avell
ingahor i
zontal di
stanceof10m.Whati sthe
magnit
udeoft hecentri
pet alaccelerat
ionofthest one
duri
ngthecircul
armot i
on?

SOLUTI
ON

Thestonemov
esinaci
rcul
arpat
hi ni
ti
all
ybutunder
goes
proj
ecti
l
emoti
onaft
ert
hestri
ngbreaks

Si
nce,tocal
cul
atethecent
ri
pet
alaccel
erat
ionoft
hestone,
weneedtoknowit
sspeedduri
ngit
scircul
armoti
on(t
hisis
al
sotheinit
ialspeedwhenitfl
iesoff).Taki
ngthe+y
di
rect
iontobeupwar dandplacingtheorigi
natthepoi
nt
wherethestoneleavesi
tscir
cularorbi
t,t
hentheco-
or
dinatesofthestoneduri
ngitsmot i
onasapr oj
ect
il
eare
gi
venbyand

si
nceI
thi
tst
hegr
oundatand

Sol
vi
ngt
hey
-componentequat
ionf
ort
het
ime,
weobt
ain

whi
chwesubst
it
utei
ntot
hef
ir
stequat
ion

Ther
efor
e,t
hemagni
tudeoft
hecent
ri
pet
alaccel
erat
ioni
s

Therearecorr
espondi
ngequat
ionsofmotionforconstant
angular(
rot
ati
onal)moti
onasi
nt hecaseofunif
ormlinear
motion.

L in e a r m o tio n Angul
ar(r
otat
ional)mot
ion

EXAMPLES

1.Theangul
arposi
ti
onofapoi
ntonar
otat
ingwheel
is
 2 3
gi
venby0=2. 0+4.
0t +2.
0t wher
e0i
sinr
adi
ansandi
s
i
nseconds.Att=0whatar e

a.Thepoi
nt’
sangul
arposi
ti
on

b.I
tsangul
arv
eloci
ty

c.Whatar
eit
sangul
arv
eloci
tyatt=4.
0s?

d.Cal
cul
atei
tsangul
araccel
erat
ionatt=2.
0s

SOLUTI
ON

a.Weev
aluat
ethef
unct
ionatt=0t
oobt
ain

b.Theangul
arv
eloci
tyasaf
unct
ionoft
imei
sgi
venby

whi
chweev
aluat
eatt=0t
oobt
ain

c.Fort=4.
0s,
wehav
e

d.Theangul
araccel
erat
ionasaf
unct
ionoft
imei
s

Whent=0,

2.Adisk,ini
ti
all
yrotati
ngat120rad/
sissl
oweddownwi tha
2
constantangularaccel
erat
ionofmagni
tude4.
0rad/
s.

a.Howmucht
imedoest
hedi
skt
aket
ost
op?

b.Throughwhatangl
edoest
hedi
skr
otat
edur
ingt
hat
ti
me?

SOLUTI
ON
(si
ncei
tst
opsatt
imet)

3.Adi skr otat

esabouti t
scent r
al axisstarti
ngf rom restand
accelerateswi thconstantangul araccelerati
on.Atone
ti
mei tisrotat
ingat10r ev/s,60r evoluti
onslat er
,it
s
angul arspeedi s15rev/s.Calculate(a)theangul ar
acceleration(b)thetimer equir
edt ocompl et
et he60
revolutions(c)thetimer equi
redt oreacht he10r ev/s
angul arspeed, and(d)thenumberofr evolut
ionsfrom
restunt ilt
hetimet hediskreachest he10r ev/sangul ar
speed.

SOLUTI
ON

Thewheelst
art
sfrom rest=0atti
met =0.Att
ime.At
ti
meitsangul
arveloci
ty.Bet
ween,itt
urnsthr
ough
wher
e

(
a) Usi
ng

=1.
04r
ev/
s

(
b)Usi
ng

=9.
6s
ASSI
GNMENT

Adrum r
otatesar
oundi tscent
ral
axisatanangul
ar
vel
oci
tyof12.60r
ad/s.Ifthedr
um thensl
owsata
const
antrat
eof4.20rad/s2

(
a)Howmucht imedoesitt
akeand(b)thr
oughwhatangl
e
doesi
trot
ateincomi
ngtorest?(3.0s,
18.
9rad)
 NEWTON’
SLAWSOFMOTI
ON

Tosimpl
if
ythi
ngsaswest
art
,letusassumet
hatanyobj
ect
consi
der
ed

 Hasaconst
antmass

I
snotr
otat
ing

I
sinsur
roundi
ngt
hati
snotaccel
erat
ing

NEWTON’
SFI
RSTLAW

Thel awsofmot i
onthatr
el at
eext ernali
nter
acti
onsbetween
object st
ot hei
raccel
erat
ionswer efir
stdevel
opedbyIsaac
Newt on.Considerabodyi nwhi chnof orceact
s.Ift
hebody
i
satr est
,itwil
lremai
natr est.Ift
hebodyi smov i
ng,i
twill
continuetomov ewit
haconst antveloci
ty.
Anyobj ectcont i
nuesinast ateofr estoruniform motionina
strai
ghtlineunlessi ti
scompel l
edt ochanget hatstateby
externalfor
cesact i
ngoni t.Anot herwayofput ti
ngthisis
thatanyobj ecthasaconst antv elocit
yunlessi ti
sacted
uponbyar esultantexternal f
orce.Thi seff
ectivelydefi
nes
force.Aforcei sthatwhichcausest hevelocityofanobject
tochange.Af orceisnecessar yt oaccelerateanobj ectora
forceisthatinfluencewhi chact ingalonecancauseon
objecttobeaccel er
ated.Aconst antforceact i
ngonan
objectcausesi ttomov eal ongast rai
ghtli
newi t
haconst ant
accelerati
ont hatisinthesamedi rect
ionast hef or
ce.

OneNewtonofforceisdef
inedtobethef
orcenecessar
yto
2
i
mpartanaccel
erati
onof1m/ st ot
heint
ernat
ional
st
andar
dkil
ogram.

NEWTON’
SSECONDLAW

Thefir
stl
awdef i
nesf orce.I
fafi
xedfor
ceisappli
edtotwo
dif
fer
entmasses,onel argeandonesmall
,theywi
llnothav
e
thesameaccel
eration.Thesecondlawdealswit
hthesizeof
theeff
ectt
hatforcehasonobj ect
s.

Thesecondl
awinformal l
anguagestatesthatt
herateof
changeofmomentum ofabodywi thti
mei sdir
ectl
y
propor
ti
onal
tot
het ot
alforceacti
ngoni tandoccursi
nthe
dir
ecti
onoft
hefor
ce.

Consi
deranobj
ectofmassm bei
ngpushedbya
const
antfor
ceFsothatit
svel
oci
tyi
ncreasesf
rom ut
ovi
n
t
imet
.Newt
on’
ssecondl
awgi
ves

InS.
Iunit,
1Ni
sthenetf
orcet
hatproducesanacceler
ati
on
-2
of1ms onabodyof1kg.Bythi
sdefi
niti
on,const
antK
abov
e=1

henal
argef
orceact
sonabodyf
orashor
tti
me,
thebody
r
eceiv
eswhatisnor
mallydescri
bedasablowori
mpulsi
ve
f
orce,measur
edbytheproductoff
orceandti
meofacti
on.

But

I
mpul
se=changei
nmoment
um =For
cext
ime

EXAMPLE
Apitchedbaseballofmass140g, i
nhori
zont
alfl
ightwit
ha
speedv 1ofmass39. 0m/sisst
ruckbyabat.Aft
erleavi
ng
thebat,thebal
ltr
av el
sintheopposi
tedi
rect
ionwithspeed
v2al
so39. 0m/s

(
a) WhatimpulseJactsontheball
whi
l
eiti
sincont
act
wi
tht
hebatduri
ngthecol
li
sion?

(
b) Thei
mpacttimefort
hebasebal
l-batcol
l
isi
onis
1.
20ms.Whataver
agenetf
orceactsonthebasebal
l
?

SOLUTI
ON

(
a)Letuschoosethedir
ecti
oninwhicht
hebal
li
sini
ti
all
y
mov
ingt
obet henegati
vedir
ect
ion.

hedi
rect
ionoft
hei
mpul
siv
evect
oract
ingont
hebal
li
s
i
nthedi
rect
ioni
nwhi
cht
hebati
sswi
ngi
ng

(
b)Av
eragenetf
orce=
ATWOODMACHI
NE

Whent woobj ectsofunequal massar ehungv erticall

y
overaf rict
ionlesspulleyofnegligi
blemass, the
arr
angementi scall
edanAt woodmachi ne.Thedev iceis
somet imesusedi nthel aborat
orytomeasur et hef ree-
fal
laccel erati
on.Asoneobj ectmov esupwar d,theot her
objectmov esdownwar d.Becauset heobj ect
sar e
connect edbyani nextensibl
estri
ng, t
heiracceler ati
ons
mustbeofequal magni t
ude.Theobj ectsintheAt wood
machi near esubjectedt othegravi
tational f
orceaswel l
ast othef orcesexer t
edbyt hestri
ngsconnect edt othem.
Thet ensioni nthestringonbot hsidesoft hepul leyi sthe
same.

WhenNewton’
ssecondl
awofmot
ioni
sappl
i
edt
o
obj
ect1,
weobtai
n
Si
mil
arl
yforobj
ect2wef
ind

henequat
ion(
2)i
saddedt
oequat
ion(
1),
Tcancel
sand
wehav
e

henequat
ion(
3)i
ssubst
it
utedi
ntoequat
ion(
1),
we
obt
ain

henequat
ion(
3)i
ssubst
it
utedi
ntoequat
ion(
4),
we
obt
ain

Ali
ghtchordconnect
ingobject
sofmasses10kgand
6kgpassesoverali
ghtfr
ict
ionl
esspul
l
ey

(
a) Whati
stheaccel
erat
ionoft
hesy
stem?

(
b)Whati
sthet
ensi
oni
nthechor
d?

SOLUTI
ON
Let

(
1)

PASSENGERI
NALI
FT
 hi
sisanot
heri
nst
ancewher
eonecanappl
ythesecond
l
awofmot ion.Therearet
hreepossi
bil
it
iesandeachhas
diff
erentconsequences.I
fRisthereact
iononthe
passengerfr om t
hefl
oorofthel
if
tandW i shi
sweight
,
thenthefollowinghol
ds:

(
1) Whent
hel
i
fti
satr
est
,

R–W =0i
.eR=W

Themanf
eel
shi
sreal
wei
ght

(
2) Whent
hel
i
fti
sascendi
ngwi
thanaccel
erat
iona,

R–W =ma

R=mg+ma

Thisi
stheapparentwei
ghtofthepassengerandi
t
showswhythepassengerfeel
sheaviert
hanhis
normalwei
ght.

(
3) Whent
hel
i
fti
sdescendi
ngwi
thanaccel
erat
iona,

Thepassengerfeel
sli
ght
ert
hanhisrealwei
ght
.When
thel
i
ftmov esdownwithanaccel
erat
ion
.Themanfeel
sweightl
ess.
EXAMPLE

Anelevatorcabandi t
sl oadhaveacombinedmassof
1600kg.Findthetensioninthesuppor
ti
ngcablewhen
thecab,origi
nal
lymov ingdownwardat12m/s,i
sbrought
torestwithconstantacceler
ati
oninadist
anceof42m

SOLUTI
ON

Consi
dert
hef
ree-
bodydi
agr
am

Mg

Let bet
het
ensi
onoft
hecabl
eandmgbet
hef
orceof
gravi
ty.I
ftheupwar
ddi
rect
ioni
sposi
ti
ve,
thenNewt
on’
s
secondlawis

T–mg=ma

Wher
eai
stheaccel
erat
ion.

Thus,
T=m(g+a)

Todeter
minet
heaccel
erat
ion,
a,weuset
heequat
ionof
moti
on
Whenonebodysl idesortendstoslideoveranotherbody,
thefor
cet hatactstoopposether el
ativemotionbetween
thetwosur f
acesi ncont
actiscall
edt heforceoffri
cti
on.
Thisfr
ict
ional f
orceisal
way sparall
eltothesurfacesthat
areincontact.Theexperi
ment al
factaboutf r
ict
ionmay
besummar
izedby“l
awsoff
ri
cti
on”

1.Amaxi mum fri

cti
onalforceonabodyr est
ingon
anotherbodyisproport
ionalt
ot henormal for
ce
pushingthetwosurfacestogether.Forbodiesatr
est
,

Fs= wher
e maxi
mum f
orceofst
ati
cfr
ict
ion

R=nor
mal
for
ce

Normalf
orceistheresul
tantofal
lfor
ces
per
pendi
culart
ot hesurf
aces.

coef
fi
cientofst
ati
cfr
ict
ion.

I
not
herwor
ds,
thecoef
fi
cientofst
ati
cfr
ict
ion=

Maxi
mum f
orceoff
ri
cti
on

Nor
mal
for
ce

2.I
fonebodyissl
idingonanotherbody,thefor
ceof
f
ri
cti
on isconstantandindependentoftherel
ati
ve
v
eloci
tyoft
hetwosur f
aces.Forbodiesinmot i
on,

Wher
e sl
i
dingf
ri
cti
on R=Nor
mal
for
ce

coef
fi
cientofki
net
icf
ri
cti
on

oagoodappr
oxi
mat
ion,
stat
icandki
net
icf
ri
cti
onal
f
orcesar
eindependentont
hesur
facest
hatar
ein
contact
.Kinet
icfr
icti
onisalmostindependentofthe
rel
ati
veveloci
tyoftheobjecti
fthesli
dingveloci
tyis
nottoogreat,

Att
hel
i
mit
ingpoi
nt,
when equal
sfr
ict
ional
f
orce,
thebodyi
sjustsett
omov
e.

Wher
e i
stheangl
eofi
ncl
i
nat
ionwhent
hebodyi
s
j
ustsett
omov
e.

EXAMPLES

1.A bl
ocki
spushedal
ongahor
izont
alf
loorby
af
orce ofmagni
tude15Natanangl
e
withthehori
zontal
.Thecoef
fi
cientofkinet
icf
ri
cti
on
betweentheblockandthefl
ooris0.25.Cal
cul
ate
themagnitudeof

(
a) Fr
ict
ional
for
ceont
hebl
ockf
rom t
hef
loor
 (
b)Thebl
ock’
saccel
erat
ion

SOLUTI
ON

Wechoose+xhorizont
all
yri
ght
wardand+yupwar
d
andobser
vethatt
he15Nf or
cehascomponent
s
and

(
a) Weappl
yNewt
on’
ssecondl
awt
otheyaxi
s

(
b) Weappl
yNewt
on’
ssecondl
awt
othex-
axi
s

Thef
igur
eabov
eshowsani
nit
ial
l
yst
ati
onar
y
bl
ock

massm onaf
loor
.Af
orceofmagni
tude
0.
500mg
i
sthenappl
i
edatupwar
dangl
e .Whati
s

t
hemagni
tudeoft
heaccel
erat
ionoft
hebl
ock

acr
osst
hef
loori
fthef
ri
cti
oncoef
fi
cientar
e

(
a)

(
b)

Thef
ree-bodydi
agr
am f
ort
hebl
ocki
sshown
bel
ow,
wit
h bei
ngt
hef
orceappl
i
edt
othe
bl
ock, t
henor
mal
for
ceoft
hef
looront
he
bl
ock,
mgt
hef
orceofgr
avi
tyand t
hef
orce
off
rict
ion.Wetakethe+xdir
ect
iontobe
hor
izontalt
otheri
ghtandt
he+ydirect
iont
o
beup.

ow, andt
hesecondequat
ion
abov
egi
ves

whi
chy
iel
ds

.Thi
sexpr
essi
oni
so
subst
it
utedf
ori
nthef
ir
stequat
iont
oobt
ain
Sot
heaccel
erat
ioni
s

(
a) I
fwechoose
,
thent
he
magni
tudeof hasamaxi
mum v
alueof

nt
heot
herhand,

her
efor
e andt
hebl
ock
r
emai
nsst
ati
onar
ywi
tha=0

and ,
thent
he
magni
tudeof hasamaxi
mum v
alueof

I
nthi
scase,
 Ther
efor
e,t
heaccel
erat
ionoft
hebl
ocki
s

Cent
ri
pet
alFor
ce.
..
..
..
.

Coni
cal
Pendul
um.
..

(2)A15kgbl ockrest sont hesurf

aceofasmoot hpl
aneincli
nedatangle
0
30 t othehorizontal
.Al i
ghtinext
ensi
blest
ri
ngpassi
ngov erasmal l
,
smoot hpulleyatt het opoftheplaneconnect
stheblocktoanother13kg
blockhangingf reely.Findtheacceler
ati
onofthemotionandthetensioni
n
thest r
ing.

Sol
uti
on

Forbody1,
netf
orceupt
hepl
anei n300=m1a-
sT–m1gsi --
--
--
--
--
-(1)

T–(
15X9.
8) n300=15a
si
 T=15a+73.
5

Forbody2,
netdownwar
dfor
cei
s m2g–T=m2a-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--(2)

(13)
(18)–T=13a

T=127.
4–13a

Fr
om equat
ions(
1)&(
2) 93ms-2
a=1. T=102.
4N

(
3).I
fthecoef
fi
cientofki
neti
cfr
ict
ionbet
weenthepl
aneandt
he15kg
massis0.
25,fi
ndtheacceler
ati
onofther
esul
ti
ngmotion.

Sol
uti
on

Theupwar
dmot
ionofbody1i
snowopposedbyaf
ri
cti
onal
for
ce=µsN=
0.
25N

WhereNist
henor
mal r
eacti
onwhichisequaloWcos300(byr
t esol
vi
ng
nor
maltopl
ane)
.Thus,netf
orceuptheplanei
nbody1is

n300–0.
T–m1gsi m1gcos300)=m1a
25(

T=15a+105.
3

Forbody2,
m2g–T=m2a

T=127.
4+13a

79ms-2
a=0.

ABI
CYCLERI
DERONAROUNDTRACK

Whenabi cycl
eri
dermakesabend, hemustbendsidewaysinordert
hat
thegroundmayprovideafr
ict
ional
forceFtowar
dst hecent
erofcurvat
ure
oftheroundtr
ack.Thisi
scall
edthecentr
ipet
alf
orcewhichkeepshimin
theroundtr
ack.

Thefr
ict
ionFisbetweenthetyr
esandthegroundandi
tisdi
rect
ed
towar
dsthecentr
e.Forequil
i
bri
um,thenetmomentaboutanypointi
szer
o.
Ther
efor
e,

Bysubst
it
uti
ng and

Weobt
ain

Gener
all
y,θi
stheangl
etot
hev
ert
ical
necessar
yfort
her
idert
oremai
non
t
rack.Ski
ddi
ngoccur
swhen

Or

BANKI
NGOFCURVES

Di
agr
am

Netf
orce

Fr
om (
1)and(
2)

Thisfor
mulashowsthattheangl
eofbanki
ngdependsonthespeedandon
theradi
usofthecur
ve.Theabsenceof from t
heformul
ashowst hatal
l
carsandtr
ucksrequi
rethesamebanki
ngont
hesamecur
veatanygi
ven
speed,r
egardl
essofthei
rmasses.

EXAMPLE
1.Anairpl
anehov
eri
ngaroundanai
rporti
nacirculartr
ackcompl
etesa
-
1
ci
rcul
artur
nin2minut
es.Ift
hespeedoftheairplanei
s100ms .
Deter
mine

(
a)Ther
adi
usoft
heci
rcul
art
rack

(
b)Thebanki
ngangl
eoft
hepl
aneand

(
c)Thecent
ri
pet
alf
orceont
heai
rpl
ane,
expr
essedasaf
ract
ionofi
ts
wei
ght.

Sol
uti
on

(
a)

(
b)Theupwardfor
ceFont heplanewhichkeepsitintheai
ris
pr
ovi
dedbytheairpressurewhichactsatnormal t
othewings.To
makeatur
n,thewingshav etobeti
lted(banked)atanangl
e t o
t
hehor
izont
al.Thesi
tuat
iont
henr
esembl
est
hatofabankedt
rack.

(
c)

ASSI
GNMENT

1.Whati
sthemaxi
mum speedatwhi
chacarofmass cango
ar
oundanunbankedcur
veofradi
us40m i
fthecoeff
ici
entof
st
ati
cfr
ict
ionbet
weenthet
yreandroadi
s0.7(16.6ms-1)

2.Atwhatangl
eshoul
dalevel
cur
veofr
adius200m bebanked
forcar
sandtr
uckst
rav
ell
i 6ms-1
ngat24.
 3.Whati
sthepr
operspeedforacart
ogoaroundasl
i
pper
ycur
ve
ofr
adi
us50m i
ftheroadi
sbankedatanangl
eof25

GRAVI
TATI
ONALFI
ELDSTRENGTH

Thegrav
itat
ionalfi
eldstr
engt
hatapointinagrav
itat
ionalfi
eldisdef
ined
asthegravi
tat
ionalfor
ceofatt
ract
ionperuni
tmassatt hatpoint.

Gr
avi
tat
ional
fiel
dst
rengt
h,

Thegr
avi
tat
ional
fiel
dst
rengt
h i
sav
ect
orhav
ingdi
rect
ionaswel
las
magnit
ude.Theaddi
ti
onofgr av
itat
ional
fiel
dmustbedonebyvect
or
addi
ti
on.Theuni
tofgrav
itat
ionalfi
eldst
rengthi
s .Si
nce ,
i
tfol
l
owst hataccel
erat
ionisproducedbygr
avit
ati
onal
fiel
dst
rengt
h.The
gr
avi
tat
ionalfi
eldst
rengthontheearth’
ssur
faceis andit
pr
oducesanaccel
erat
ionof

Exampl
e

I
fthemassoft
hemoonandi
tsr
adi
usar
e and
r
espect
ivel
y,f
indt
hef
reef
all
accel
erat
ion ofanobj
ecton
orneart
hesur
faceoft
hemoon.

Sol
uti
on
 GRAVI
TATI
ONALPOTENTI
AL

Besidesgr avi
tati
onal f
iel
dstrengt h,thereisanotherquantit
yassoci ated
withagr avit
ati
onal fi
eld,t
hatis,thegr avitat
ionalpot
ential
.The
gravi
tationalpotenti
al,Vatapoi nti nagr avit
ati
onalfi
eldisthewor kdone
bythegr avit
ationalatt
racti
ont obr i
ngauni tmassf r
om infi
nit
ytot hatpoint
.
Thegr avit
ati
onal potenti
alatinfi
nityisassumedt obezer o.Grav
itational
potentiali
sascal arquantit
yandi tsunitis .

CALCULATI
ONOFTHEGRAVI
TATI
ONALPOTENTI
ALDUETOA
SPHERI
CALMASS

Tof
indt
hegr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
atapoi
nt di
stance f
rom t
hecent
reof
t
heear
th,
consi
deramass atadi
stance f
rom t
hecent
reoft
he
ear
th.Thegr
avi
tat
ional
att
ract
ionont
he massi
s

Whent
he1kgmassi
smov
edasmal
ldi
stance t
owar
dst
heear
th,

Wor
kdone,
Tomov
ethe1kgmassf
rom i
nfi
nit
y t
othepoi
ntP

Wor
kdone

Hencef
rom t
hedef
ini
ti
onofgr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
,

Thenegat
ivesi
gnforVdenotesthatt
hegrav
itati
onal
potent
ialati
nfi
nit
yis
zer
oanddecreasesforpoi
ntscl
osert
otheearth.Onthesur
faceofthe
ear
th radi
usofearth,

Gr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial

GRAVI
TATI
ONALPOTENTI
ALENERGY

Thegr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
ener
gy ofabodyofmass atapoi
nti
na
gr
avit
ati
onalfi
eldisdef
inedast
hewor
kdonet
obr
ingt
hebodyf
rom
i
nfi
nit
ytothatpoint.

Gr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
ener
gy,

Formass atadi
stance f
rom ear
thwhi
chi
sofmass

Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weengr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
ener
gy andgr
avi
tat
ional
at
tract
ion i
s

or

Al
so,
thegr
avi
tat
ional
fiel
dst
rengt
h
 (V=gr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
)

Thegr
avi
tat
ionalfi
eldst
rengt
hisnumer
ical
l
yequal
tot
hegr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
gradient
.

SATELLI
TE

Anysatel
li
teiskeptinit
sorbi
tbyagravi
tati
onalattr
act
ionoft
hebody
aboutwhichiti
srotati
ng.Sat
ell
i
tesar
eeitherar
tif
ici
al(
manmade)or
natur
al(planet
sormoon)

Synchr
onoussat
ell
i
tesaresat
ell
i
testhatmoveroundtheear
thatt
hesame
rat
eastherot
ati
onoftheeart
haboutitsaxi
s.Thati
s,

(
a) Synchr
onoussatel
l
iteshaveaperi
odof
24hour
sandappearst
ati
onarywhenseenfrom theear
th.

(
b) Theyor
bitr
oundtheear
thi
nthesame
di
rect
ionast
her
otat
ionoft
heeart
h,t
hatis,
westt
oeast.

KEPLER’
SLAWSOFPLANETARYMOTI
ON

1. Eachpl
anetgoesar
oundthesuni
nan
el
l
ipt
ical
orbi
twi
tht
hesunatafocusoftheel
l
ipse

2. Imagi
naryl
inesfr
om aplanett
othesun
sweepsoutequal
areaseachsecond,
whetherthepl
aneti
sclose
toorfarf
rom t
hesun.

3. Thesquaresoftheper
iodsofr
evol
uti
onof
theplanet
sarepr
opor
ti
onaltothecubesofthei
rmeandi
stances
from t
hesun.I
f and r epresentt
heperi
odsoftwopl
anets,
andi
f and r
epr
esentt
hei
rav
eragedi
stancesf
rom t
hesun
t
hent
het
hir
dlawmaybeexpr
essedasf
oll
ows:
 PROOF

But

si
nce i
sconst
ant

ENERGYOFSATELLI
TE

Whenasat
ell
i
teofmass i
sinanor
bitofr
adi
us f
rom t
hecent
re
oft
heear
th,
itsgr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
ener
gyi
s

Thesat
ell
i
teal
sohaski
net
icener
gyof

But
Hence,
thet
otal
ener
gyoft
hesat
ell
i
te

Exampl
e

Asar
esultofai
rresi
stance,
asat
ell
it
eofmass10. 5kglosesenergy
sl
owl
yoveraperi
odoft i
meandfall
sfrom anorbi
tofradius
t
ooner adi
us Fi
ndthechangei nthe
potent
ialandkineti
cener
giesofthesatel
li
tedur
ingt
hisper
iodand
hencefindthetotall
ossofener
gy .Whataret
heini
ti
alandf
inal
val
uesoft hespeedofthesatel
l
ite?

Sol
uti
on

Pot
ent
ial
ener
gy
 Changei
npot
ent
ial
ener
gy

Ki
net
icener
gyK.
E

Changei
nki
net
icener
gy

Tot
alener
gy,
T.E=K.
E+P.
E

Tot
all
ossofener
gy
ESCAPEVELOCI
TY

Thistermisoftencal
l
edescapevel
ocit
ybutsinceonlymagni t
udeofthe
veloci
tyisneededandnoti
tsdi
rect
ion,
itismoreaccurat
elycalledt
he
escapespeed.Theescapespeedcanbeobtainedbyreal
izingthatthe
kineti
cenergyperuni
tmass=gaininpotent
ialener
gyinleavi
ngt he
gravit
ati
onalwell
.

Si
nce
I
ftheav
erager
adi
usoft
heear
thi
s ,
t
hen .
Theescapespeed i
s andi
sther
efor
e
t
hespeedneededforacir
cularor
bit
.Theki
net
icener
gyi
nor
biti
s
t
her
efor
ehal
fofthekinet
icenergyneededt
oescape.

CONSERVATI
VEANDDI
SSI
PATI
VEFORCES

Aforceissai
dtobeconser vat
iveift
heworkdonebyi
tonapar t
icl
eto
movetheparti
clebetweentwopoi nt
sdependsonl
yonthesepoi
ntsand
notonthepathtaken.Grav
itat
ionalf
orcei
sconser
vat
iveasshownbelow.

Fort
hebodyofmass ei
thert
hroughpat
h1or2t
othegr
oundl
evel
,the
workdone(pot
ent
ial
energy)i
sthesame.Theworkdonei
nmov
ingr
ounda
cl
osedpath(mABm)i naconser
vat
ivef
iel
diszer
o.

For
ceFissai
dtobedi ssi
pati
veornon-
conser
vati
veiftheworkdonebyit
bet
weentwopoi
ntsdependsont hepat
hstakenbetweenthetwopoint
s.
Anexampl
eisfr
ict
ionalfor
ceinwhicht
hewor kdoneinaclosedpat
hisnot
zer
o.

EXAMPLES
1. Asatel
li
tei
ssenttoadist
ancewher eit
rev
olvesabouttheearthwi
thanangularvel
oci
tyequaltothatat
whichtheeart
hr ot
atessothati
tal
way sr
emainsabov ethesame
pointontheeart
h.Determi
netheradi
usofsuchanor biti
fthemass
oftheearthi
s .

Sol
uti
on

Theor
bit
alv
eloci
tyoft
hesat
ell
i
te

Per
iodoft
hesat
ell
i
te

But

Bysubst
it
uti
ng

2. Cert
ainneut
ronsstar
s(extr
emelydense
stars)arebeli
evedt oberotat
ingataboutonerevol
uti
onpersecond.
Ifsuchast arhasar adiusof20km,whatmustitsmassbesot hat
objectsoni t
ssurfacewi l
lbeatt
ract
edtothestarandnotbethrown
offbyt heradial
rotati
on?

Sol
uti
on

I
f massofst
ar massofobj
ect
s r
adi
usof
st
ar

Vel
oci
tyofobj
ect(
andst
ar) wher
e i
stheangul
ar
v
eloci
ty.
3. Atwhatal
ti
tudeabov
etheear
th’
ssur
face
woul
dtheaccel
erat
ionduet
ogravi
tybe ?Assumethatthe
meanr
adi
usoft
heear
thi
s andt
heaccel
erat
ionduet
o
gr
avi
tyont
heear
thsur
facei
s

Sol
uti
on

Ont
heear
th’
ssur
face,

Equat
ion(
1)t
hengi
ves

f
rom t
heear
th’
scent
re

Or f
rom t
heear
th’
ssur
face
 Assi
gnment

Themassoft
heear
thi
sspeci
fi
edas andi
tsr
adi
us
i
s .Themassoft
hemooni
s whi
l
eit
s
r
adi
usi
s .Gi
vent
hatt
hedi
stancef
rom t
heear
tht
othe
mooni
s and Det
ermi
ne:

(a)t
heaccel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
tyont
hemoon.

(b)thegr
avi
tat
ional
pot
ent
ial
ener
gyoft
hemoonwi
thr
espectt
othe
ear
th.

WORKANDENERGY

Workdonebyanexter
nalf
orceonabodyi
sthepr
oductoft
heforce(F)
anddi
splacement(s)
,pr
ovidedt
hef
orceact
sint
hesamedirect
ionasthe
di
spl
acement.

Di
agr
am 1

Thenwor
kdone=FXS

I
fthef
orceact
sanangl
e t
odi
spl
acement(
diagr
am 2)
,thewor
kdonei
s
t
heresol
vedcomponentofthef
orceal
ongt
hedi
rect
ionofdi
spl
acement
mul
ti
pli
edbythedi
splacement,
thati
s,

Di
agr
am 2.

Hence,
thewor
kdoneisdefi
nedasthescal
arproductoff
orceFt
hat
movesit
spoi
ntofappl
i
cati
onthr
oughadisplacementS

wher
e i
stheangl
ebet
ween and .Theuni
t
ofwor
kdonei
sJoul
e(J)

Exampl
es

1.Abodymov
est
hroughadi
stance f
rom t
heor
igi
n
undert
hei
nfl
uenceofaconst
antf
orce .
 Det
ermi
ne:
(a)t
hewor
kdone

(
b)t
heangl
ebet
ween and

Sol
uti
on

(
a)Wor
kdone,
W

(
b)

2.A f
orce act
sonapar
ti
clet
hatunder
goesa
di
spl
acement Fi
nd(
a)t
hewor
kdonebyt
hef
orce
ont
hepar
ti
cle

(
b)t
heangl
ebet
ween and

Sol
uti
on

(
a)

(
b)

3.A For
ce act
sonanobj
ectast
heobj
ectmov
esi
n
t
hex-di
rect
ionf
rom t
heor
igi
nto Fi
ndt
hewor
kdoneon
t
heobj
ectbyt
hef
orce.
Sol
uti
on

POWER

Poweri
sther
ateofdoi
ngwor
k.I
fanamountofwor
k i
sdonei
na
smal
li
nter
val
oft
ime ,
thent
hepowerPi
s

Theuni
tofPoweri
s whi
chi
sal
socal
l
edWat
t

Si
nce

Foraconst
antf
orce,

=i
nst
ant
aneousv
eloci
tyofdi
spl
acedbody
.

I
f act
satanangl
e t
o ,
then

ort
hescal
arpr
oductof and

ThusPower

Exampl
e
Theel
ect
ri
cmotorofamodel
trai
naccel
erat
esthet
rai
nfr
om restt
o
i
n .Thet
otalmassofthet
rai
nis .Fi
ndthe
av
eragepowerdel
i
ver
edt
othet
rai
ndur
ingt
heaccel
erat
ion.

Sol
uti
on

Av
eragepower

ENERGY

Ener
gyist
hecapaci
tyofabodytodowork.Theener
gyacqui
redbya
bodybyvi
rt
ueofi
tsposit
ioni
scall
edpot
enti
alener
gywhil
ethatdue
tomoti
onisit
ski
net
icenergy
.

Thewor
k-ener
gyt
heorem st
atest
hatthechangei
nenergyofabody
i
sequal
totheworkdoneonthebody.Thus,i
fabodyofmass
whi
chi
sli
ft
edt
ohei
ght ,
thef
orceneededf
orl
i
fti
ngi
tisequal
tot
he
wei
ght oft
hebodyandt
hewor
kdoneont
hebodyi
s

Wor
kdone=For
cexdi
stance

OrW =mgh

Thi
saccordi
ngtot
hework-ener
gytheor
em i
sal
sothegr
avi
tati
onal
pot
ent
ialener
gy, acqui
redbythebodybyi
tsv
irt
ueofi
tsposi
tion
(hei
ght
,h)r
elat
ivet
othegr
ound.

Exampl
es

1.A0.
60kgpar
ti
clehasaspeedof atpoi
ntAandki
net
ic
ener
gyof atpoi
ntB.Whati
s(a)i
tski
net
icener
gyatA?(
b)
I
tsspeedatB?(
c)Thet
otal
wor
kdoneont
hepar
ti
cleasi
tmov
es
f
rom AtoB?

Sol
uti
on
 (
a)

(
b)

(
c)

2.A3.
0kgobj
ecthasav
eloci
ty

(
a)Whati
sit
ski
net
icener
gyatt
hist
ime?

(
b)Fi
ndt
het
otal
wor
kdoneont
heobj
ecti
fit
svel
oci
tychangest
o
.

Sol
uti
on

(
b)
 ASSI
GNMENT

1.A12.0Nforcewi
thafi
xedori
entat
iondoeswor
konapar
ti
cle
asthepart
icl
emovest
hroughthethr
ee-di
mensi
onal
di
splacement

.Whati
stheangl
ebet
weent
he
forceandthedispl
acementi
fthechangei
nthepar
ti
cle’
s
kinet
icenergyi
s ?(

2.Asi
ngl
efor
ceact
sona3.
0kgpar
ti
cle-
li
keobj
ectwhose
posi
ti
oni
sgi
venby ,
wit
hxi
nmet
res
andti
nseconds.Fi
ndt
hewor
kdoneont
heobj
ectbyt
hef
orce
fr
om t
o

PRI
NCI
PLEOFLI
NEARMOMENTUM CONSERVATI
ON

Thel
i
nearmoment
um ofapar
ti
cleoranobj
ectofmass mov
ingwi
th
v
eloci
ty i
sdef
inedast
hepr
oductoft
hemassandv
eloci
ty,

Li
nearmomentum isavect
orquant
it
y.I
fapar
ti
clei
smov
ingi
nanar
bit
rar
y
di
rect
ion, musthavet
hreecomponent
s, and gi
venby

Thelawofconservati
onofmomentum stat
esthatwhenevertwoormore
part
icl
esinanisol
atedsyst
em i
nter
act
,thetot
almoment um oft
hesyst
em
remainsconst
ant.

Tot
almoment
um bef
orecol
l
isi
on=Tot
almoment
um af
tercol
l
isi
on

ELASTI
CANDI
NELASTI
CCOLLI
SION

Acol
l
isi
oni
ssai
dtobeel
ast
ici
fki
net
icener
gybef
orecol
l
isi
oni
sequal
to
ki
neti
cener
gyaftercol
l
isi
on.Wehaveaninel
ast
iccol
l
isi
onifki
net
icener
gy
bef
orecol
li
sioni
snotequaltoki
net
icener
gyaft
ercol
li
sion

Di
agr
am 1

Moment
um bef
orecol
l
isi
on=Moment
um af
tercol
l
isi
on

(Al
ongx-axi
s)

Bef
orecol
l
isi
on,
moment
um al
ongy=0

Af
tercol
l
isi
on,

-
--
--
--
--
--
--(1)

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--(2)

Fr
om equat
ion(
2),

COEFFI
CIENTOFRESTI
TUTI
ON

Di
agr
am 2

CONSERVATI
ONPRI
NCI
PLE

1.Conser
vat
ionofmoment
um: -
--
--
-(
3)

2.Conser
vat
ionofener
gy:
(
4)

Fr
om equat
ion(3)

-
--
--
--
--
--
--(5)

Fr
om equat
ion(4)
 -
--
--
--
--
--
--(6)

Byr
e-wr
it
ingequat
ion(6)

-
--
--
--
--
--
-(7)

Bydi
vi
dingequat
ion(
7)byequat
ion(
5)

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
-(8)

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-(9)

-
--
--
--
--
--
--(10)

“
e”i
scal
l
edt
hecoef
fi
cientofr
est
it
uti
on

Thecoeffi
cientofr
est
it
uti
oni
sther
ati
oofv
eloci
tyofsepar
ati
ont
o
v
eloci
tyofappr
oach.

I
nel
ast
icscat
ter
ing,
e=1

I
nel
ast
icscat
ter
ing,

I
ncoal
i
tion,
e=0

I
tcanbeshownt
hatwhent
womasses and col
l
ideandt
hei
rini
ti
al
v
eloci
ti
esar
e and r
espect
ivel
y,t
hel
ossofki
net
icener
gyduet
othe
i
mpacti
s

-
--
--
--
--
--
--(11)

I
f t
hene=1(El
ast
icscat
ter
ing)

Exampl
es

1.Anobj
ectofmass mov
ingwi
thani
nit
ial
vel
oci
tyof ,
 col
l
ideswi
thandst
ickst
oanobj
ectofmass wi
thani
nit
ial
v
eloci
tyof .Fi
ndt
hef
inal
vel
oci
tyoft
hecomposi
te
obj
ect
.

Sol
uti
on

2.Twopar
ti
cleswi
thmasses and ar
emov
ingt
owar
dseachot
her
al
ongt
hex-axi
swi
tht
hesamei
nit
ialspeeds .Par
ti
cle i
s
t
rav
ell
i
ngt
othel
eft
,whi
l
epar
ti
cle i
str
avel
l
ingt
other
ight
.They
under
goanel
ast
icgl
anci
ngcol
l
isi
onsucht
hat i
smov
ing
downwar
dsaf
tert
hecol
l
isi
onatr
ightangl
esf
rom i
tsi
nit
ial
dir
ect
ion.

(
a)Fi
ndt
hef
inal
speedsoft
het
wopar
ti
cles.

(
b)Whati
stheangl
e atwhi
cht
hepar
ti
cle i
sscat
ter
ed?

Sol
uti
on

x-componentofmoment
um f
ort
hesy
stem oft
het
woobj
ect
sis

-
--
--
--
--
--(1)

y
-componentofmoment
um oft
hesy
stem i
s
 -
--
--
--
--
--
-(2)

Byconser
vat
ionofener
gyoft
hesy
stem wehav
e

-
--
-(
3)

Fr
om equat
ion(
1)wehav
e

Al
sof
rom equat
ion(2)wehav
e

Fr
om equat
ion(3)
,weobt
ain

Theobj
ectofmass hasf
inal
speed

Theobj
ectofmass mov
esat

(
c)

ASSI
GNMENT

A3.
0kgpar
ti
clehasav
eloci
tyof .

(
a)Fi
ndi
tsxandycomponent
sofmoment
um

(
b)Fi
ndt
hemagni
tudeanddi
rect
ionofi
tsmoment
um.