To

pic1
:Se
par
ati
ono
fmi
xtu
resan
dpu
rif
icat
iono
fch
emi
cal
subs
tan
ces

(
a)Pu
rean
dimp
ures
ubs
tan
ces

(
b)Bo
il
in
gan
dme
lti
ngp
oin
ts.

(
c)El
eme
nts
,co
mpo
undsan
dmi
xtu
res

(
d)Ch
emi
cal
andp
hys
ical
chan
ges
.

(
e)Se
par
ati
onp
roc
ess
es:

e
vap
orat
ion
,si
mpl
ean
dfr
act
ion
aldi
sti
l
lat
ion
,su
bli
mat
ion
,

f
il
trat
ion
,cr
yst
all
i
zat
ion
,pap
eran
dco
lumnc
hro
mat
ogr
aph
y,s
imp
lean
d

f
rac
tio
nal
cry
stal
l
izat
ion
,magn
eti
zat
ion
,de
can
tat
ion
.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
enp
urean
dimp
ures
ubs
tan
ces
;

(
ii
)us
ebo
il
in
gan
dme
lti
ngp
oin
tsasc
rit
eri
afo
rpu
rit
yofc
hemi
cal
subs
tan
ces
;

(
ii
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ene
leme
nts
,co
mpo
undsan
dmi
xtu
re;

(
iv)di
ffe
ren
tiat
ebe
twe
enc
hemi
cal
andp
hys
ical
chan
ges
;

(
v)i
den
tif
yth
epr
ope
rti
eso
fth
eco
mpo
nen
tso
fami
xtu
re;

(
vi)s
pec
ifyt
hep
rin
cip
lei
nvo
lve
dine
achs
epar
ati
onme
tho
d.

(
vii
)ap
plyt
hebas
icp
rin
cip
leo
fse
par
ati
onp
roc
ess
esi
nev
ery
dayl
i
fe.

To
pic2:
Che
mic
alc
ombi
nat
ion

St
oic
hio
met
ry,

l
awso
fde
fin
itean
dmu
lti
pl
epr
opo
rti
ons
,lawo
fco
nse
rvat
iono
f

mat
ter
,GayL
uss
ac’
slawo
fco
mbi
ni
ngv
olu
mes
,Av
ogadr
o’sl
aw;
che
mic
al
s
ymbo
ls,f
ormu
lae
,eq
uat
ion
san
dth
eiru
ses
,re
lat
iveat
omi
cmas
sbas
ed

o
n12C=1
2,t
hemo
lec
onc
eptan
dAv
ogadr
o’sn
umbe
r.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)per
formsimpl
ecal
cul
ati
onsin
vol
vi
ngfor
mulae,e
quati
ons
/ch
emical
comp os
iti
onan
dth
emo
le
c
o n
cept;
(ii
)dedu
cetheche
micall
awsfr
omgiv
e nexpr
ess
ion
s/s
tat
eme nt
s/data;

(
ii
i)i
nte
rpr
etgr
aph
ical
rep
res
ent
ati
onsr
elat
edt
oth
esel
aws
;

(
iv)de
duc
eth
est
oic
hio
met
ryo
fch
emi
cal
reac
tio
ns.

To
pic3:
Kin
eti
cth
eor
yofmat
teran
dGasL
aws

(
a)Ano
utl
i
neo
fth
eki
net
ict
heo
ryo
fmat
ter
;

(
i)me
lti
ng,

(
ii
)vap
our
izat
ion

(
ii
i)bo
il
in
g

(
iv)f
ree
zin
g

(
v)c
onde
nsat
ion

i
nte
rmso
fmo
lec
ularmo
tio
nan
dBr
own
ianmo
veme
nt.

(
b)(
i)Th
elawso
fBo
yle
,Ch
arl
es,Gr
ahaman
dDal
ton(
lawo
fpar
tial

p
res
sur
e);
combi
nedgasl
aw,mo
larv
olu
mean
dat
omi
ci
tyo
fgas
es.

(
ii
)Th
eide
algase
quat
ion(
PV=n
RT)
.

(
ii
i)Th
ere
lat
ion
shi
pbe
twe
env
apo
urde
nsi
tyo
fgas
esan
dth
ere
lat
ivemo
lec
ularmas
s.

Obj
ect
ive
s
Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)ap
plyt
het
heo
ryt
odi
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ens
oli
ds,l
i
qui
dsan
dgas
es;

(
ii
)de
duc
ere
aso
nsf
orc
han
geo
fst
ate
;

(
ii
i)dr
awi
nfe
ren
cesbas
edo
nmo
lec
ularmo
tio
n;

(
iv)de
duc
egasl
awsf
romgi
vene
xpr
ess
ion
s/s
tat
eme
nts
;

(
v)i
nte
rpr
etgr
aph
ical
rep
res
ent
ati
onsr
elat
edt
oth
esel
aws
;

(
vi)p
erf
orms
imp
lec
alc
ulat
ion
sbas
edo
nth
esel
aws
,eq
uat
ion
san
dre
lat
ion
shi
ps

To
pic4:
Ato
mics
tru
ctu
rean
dbo
ndi
ng

(a)(i
)Th
eco
n c
eptofat
oms
,mo
lec
ule
san
dio
ns,t
hewo
rkso
fDal
ton
,Mi
l
li
kan
,Ru
the
rfo
rd,Mo
sel
ey,
Thompso
nandBohr
.

(
ii
)At
omi
cst
ruc
tur
e,e
lec
tro
nco
nfi
gur
ati
on,at
omi
cnu
mbe
r,mas
s

n
umbe
ran
dis
oto
pes
;sp
eci
fi
cex
amp
less
hou
ldbedr
awnf
rome
leme
ntso
f

at
omi
cnu
mbe
r1t
o20.

(
ii
i)Sh
ape
sofsan
dpo
rbi
tal
s.

(
b)Th
e

p
eri
odi
ctabl
ean
dpe
rio
dic
ityo
fel
eme
nts
,pr
ese
ntat
iono
fth
e

p
eri
odi
ctabl
ewi
thav
iewt
ore
cogn
izi
ngf
ami
l
ieso
fel
eme
ntse
.g.

al
kal
ime
tal
s,h
alo
gen
s,t
hen
obl
egas
esan
dtr
ans
iti
onme
tal
s.Th
e

v
ari
ati
ono
fth
efo
ll
owi
ngp
rop
ert
ies
:io
niz
ati
one
ner
gy,i
oni
cradi
i
,

e
lec
tro
naf
fin
ityan
del
ect
ron
egat
ivi
ty.

(
c)Ch
emi
cal
bon
din
g.

El
ect
rov
ale
ncyan
dco
val
enc
y,t
hee
lec
tro
nco
nfi
gur
ati
ono
fel
eme
ntsan
d

t
hei
rte
nde
ncyt
oat
tai
nth
eno
blegass
tru
ctu
re.Hy
dro
genbo
ndi
ngan
d
me
tal
l
icbo
ndi
ngass
pec
ial
typ
eso
fel
ect
rov
ale
ncyan
dco
val
enc
y

r
esp
ect
ive
ly;
coo
rdi
nat
ebo
ndasat
ypeo
fco
val
entbo
ndasi
l
lus
trat
ed

byco
mpl
exe
sli
ke[Fe
(CN)
6]3-,[F
e(CN)
6]4-,[
Cu(
NH3)4]
2+an
d[Ag(
NH3)
2]+;
vande
rWaal
s’f
orc
es
sh
oul
dbement
ion
edasaspeci
alty
peofbondi
ngf
orc
es.

(
d)Shap
esofsi
mp l
emole
cul
es:
li
near(
(H2,O2,C1
2,HCl
andCO2)
,no
n-l
i
near(
H2O)an
dte
trah
edr
al;
(
CH4)andp
yramidal(
NH3).

(
e)Nu
cle
arCh
emi
str
y:

(
i)Radi
oac
tiv
ity–Ty
pesan
dpr
ope
rti
eso
fradi
ati
ons

(
ii
)Nu
cle
arr
eac
tio
ns.Si
mpl
eeq
uat
ion
s,u
sesan
dap
pli
cat
ion
sofn
atu
ral
andar
tif
ici
alr
adi
oac
tiv
ity
.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
enat
oms
,mo
lec
ule
san
dio
ns;

(
ii
)ide
nti
fyt
hec
ont
ribu
tio
nso
fth
eses
cie
nti
stst
oth
ede
vel
opme
nto
fth
eat
omi
cst
ruc
tur
e;

(
ii
i)de
duc
eth
enu
mbe
rofp
rot
ons
,ne
utr
onsan
del
ect
ron
sfr
omat
omi
can
dmas
snu
mbe
rso
fanat
om;

(
iv)ap
plyt
her
ule
sgu
idi
ngt
hear
ran
geme
nto
fel
ect
ron
sinanat
om;

(
v)i
den
tit
yco
mmo
nel
eme
ntse
xhi
bi
ti
ngi
sot
opy
;

(
vi)r
elat
eis
oto
pyt
omas
snu
mbe
r;

(
vii
)pe
rfo
rms
imp
lec
alc
ulat
ion
sre
lat
ingt
ois
oto
py;

(
vii
i
)di
ffe
ren
tiat
ebe
twe
ent
hes
hap
eso
fth
eor
bit
als
;

(
ix)de
ter
min
eth
enu
mbe
rofe
lec
tro
nsi
nsan
dpat
omi
cor
bit
als
;

(
x)r
elat
eat
omi
cnu
mbe
rtot
hep
osi
ti
ono
fane
leme
nto
nth
epe
rio
dict
abl
e;

(
xi)r
elat
epr
ope
rti
eso
fgr
oup
sofe
leme
ntso
nth
epe
rio
dict
abl
e;

(
xii
)ide
nti
fyr
eas
onsf
orv
ari
ati
oni
npr
ope
rti
esac
ros
sth
epe
rio
dan
ddo
wnt
hegr
oup
s.

(
xii
i
)di
ffe
ren
tiat
ebe
twe
ent
hedi
ffe
ren
tty
peso
fbo
ndi
ng.

(
xiv
)de
duc
ebo
ndt
ype
sbas
edo
nel
ect
ronc
onf
igu
rat
ion
s;
(
xv)r
elat
eth
enat
ureo
fbo
ndi
ngt
opr
ope
rti
eso
fco
mpo
unds
;

(
xvi
)di
ffe
ren
tiat
ebe
twe
ent
hev
ari
ouss
hap
eso
fmo
lec
ule
s

x
vii
)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
eno
rdi
nar
ych
emi
cal
reac
tio
nan
dnu
cle
arr
eac
tio
n;

(
xvi
i
i)di
ffe
ren
tiat
ebe
twe
enn
atu
ral
andar
tif
ici
alr
adi
oac
tiv
ity
;

(
xix
)co
mpar
eth
epr
ope
rti
eso
fth
edi
ffe
ren
tty
peso
fnu
cle
arr
adi
ati
ons
;

(
xx)c
omp
utes
imp
lec
alc
ulat
ion
sont
heh
alf
-li
feo
far
adi
oac
tiv
emat
eri
al;

(
xxi
)bal
anc
esi
mpl
enu
cle
are
quat
ion
;

(
xxi
i
)ide
nti
fyt
hev
ari
ousap
pli
cat
ion
sofr
adi
oac
tiv
ity
.

To
pic5:
Air

(
a)Th
enat
ural
gas
eou
sco
nst
itu
ent
san
dth
eirp
rop
ort
ioni
nth
eai
r.

–n
itr
oge
n,o
xyge
n,wat
erv
apo
ur,c
arbo
n(I
V)o
xidean
dth
eno
blegas
es(
argo
nan
dne
on)
.

(
b)Ai
rasami
xtu
rean
dso
meu
seso
fth
eno
blegas
.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)de
duc
ere
aso
n(s
)fo
rth
eex
ist
enc
eofai
rasami
xtu
re;

(
ii
)ide
nti
fyt
hep
rin
cip
lei
nvo
lve
dint
hes
epar
ati
ono
fai
rco
mpo
nen
ts;

(
ii
i)de
duc
ere
aso
nsf
ort
hev
ari
ati
oni
nth
eco
mpo
sit
iono
fai
rint
hee
nvi
ron
men
t;

(
iv)s
pec
ifyt
heu
seso
fso
meo
fth
eco
nst
itu
ent
sofai
r.

To
pic6:
Wat
er

(
a)Wat
erasap
rodu
cto
fth
eco
mbu
sti
ono
fhy
dro
genan
dit
sco
mpo
sit
ionbyv
olu
me.

(
b)Wat
erasas
olv
ent
,at
mos
phe
ricgas
esdi
sso
lve
dinwat
eran
dth
eirbi
ol
ogi
cal
sign
ifi
can
ce.

(
c)Har
dan
dso
ftwat
er:
Te
mpo
rar
yan
dpe
rman
ent

h
ardn
essan
dme
tho
dso
fso
fte
nin
g

h
ardwat
er.

(
d)Tr
eat
men
tofwat
erf
ort
owns
upp
ly.

(
e)Wat
ero
fcr
yst
all
i
zat
ion
,ef
flo
res
cen
ce,

de
li
que
sce
ncean
dhy
gro
sco
py.Ex
amp
leso
fth
esu
bst
anc
ese
xhi
bi
ti
ngt
hes
epr
ope
rti
esan
dth
eiru
ses
.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)i
den
tif
yth
evar
iou
sus
eso
fwat
er;

(
ii
)ide
nti
tyt
hee
ffe
ctso
fdi
sso
lve
dat
mos
phe
ricgas
esi
nwat
er;

(
ii
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ent
hep
rop
ert
ieso
fhar
dan
dso
ftwat
er;

(
iv)de
ter
min
eth
ecau
seso
fhar
dne
ss;

(
v)i
den
tif
yme
tho
dso
fre
mov
alo
fhar
dne
ss;

(
vi)de
scr
ibet
hep
roc
ess
esi
nvo
lve
dint
het
reat
men
tofwat
erf
ort
owns
upp
ly;

(
vii
)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ent
hes
eph
eno
men
a;

(
vii
i
)ide
nti
fyt
hev
ari
ousc
omp
oun
dst
hate
xhi
bi
tth
esep
hen
ome
na.

To
pic7
:So
lubi
l
ity

(
a)

Un
sat
urat
ed,s
atu
rat
edan
dsu
per
sat
urat
eds
olu
tio
ns.So
lubi
l
ityc
urv
es

an
dsi
mpl
ede
duc
tio
nsf
romt
hem,(
sol
ubi
l
ityde
fin
edi
nte
rmso
fmo
le

p
erdm3)an
dsi
mpl
ecal
cul
ati
ons
.

(
b)So
lve
ntsf
orf
ats
,oi
lan
dpai
ntsan
dth
eus
eofs
uchs
olv
ent
sfo
rth
ere
mov
alo
fst
ain
s.

(
c)F
als
eso
lut
ion(
Sus
pen
sio
nsan
dco
ll
oi
ds)
:
Pr
ope
rti
esan
dex
amp
les
.

Har
mat
tanh
azean
dwat
erp
ain
tsase
xamp
leso
fsu
spe
nsi
onsan
dfo
g,

mi
l
k,ae
ros
ols
pray
,emu
lsi
onp
ain
tsan
dru
bbe
rso
lut
ionase
xamp
leso
f

c
oll
oi
ds.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ent
hedi
ffe
ren
tty
peso
fso
lut
ion
s;

(
ii
)in
ter
pre
tso
lubi
l
ityc
urv
es;

(
ii
i)c
alcu
latet
heamo
unto
fso
lut
eth
atc
andi
sso
lvei
nagi
venamo
unto
fso
lve
ntatagi
ven
t
emperatur
e;

(
iv)de
duc
eth
ats
olu
bil
i
tyi
ste
mpe
rat
ure
-de
pen
den
t;

(
v)r
elat
enat
ureo
fso
lve
ntst
oth
eiru
ses
;

(
vi)di
ffe
ren
tiat
eamo
ngt
rues
olu
tio
n,s
usp
ens
ionan
dco
ll
oi
ds;

(
vii
)co
mpar
eth
epr
ope
rti
eso
fat
rues
olu
tio
nan
daf
als
eso
lut
ion
.

(
vii
i
)pr
ovi
det
ypi
cal
examp
leso
fsu
spe
nsi
onsan
dco
ll
oi
ds.

To
pic8
:En
vir
onme
ntal
Pol
l
uti
on

(
a)So
urc
esan
def
fec
tso
fpo
ll
utan
ts.

(
b)Ai
rpo
ll
uti
on:

Ex
amp
leso
fai
rpo
ll
utan
tss
uchasH2S,CO,SO2,o
xide
sofn
itr
oge
n,c
hlo
rof
luo
roc
arbo
nsan
ddu
st.

(
c)Wat
erp
oll
uti
on

Se
wagean
doi
lpo
ll
uti
ons
hou
ldbekn
own
.

(
d)So
ilp
oll
uti
on:

Oi
lsp
il
lage
,Bi
ode
gradabl
ean
dno
n-bi
ode
gradabl
epo
ll
utan
ts.
Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)i
den
tif
yth
edi
ffe
ren
tty
peso
fpo
ll
uti
onan
dpo
ll
utan
ts;

(
ii
)sp
eci
fydi
ffe
ren
tso
urc
eso
fpo
ll
utan
ts

(
ii
i)c
las
sif
ypo
ll
utan
tsasbi
ode
gradabl
ean
dno
n-bi
ode
gradabl
e;

(
iv)s
pec
ifyt
hee
ffe
ctso
fpo
ll
uti
ono
nth
een
vir
onme
nt;

(
v)i
den
tif
yme
asu
resf
orc
ont
rol
ofe
nvi
ron
men
tal
pol
l
uti
on.

To
pic9
:Ac
ids
,bas
esan
dsal
ts

(
a)

Ge
ner
alc
har
act
eri
sti
csan
dpr
ope
rti
eso
fac
ids
,bas
esan
dsal
ts.

Ac
ids
/bas
ein
dic
ato
rs,bas
ici
tyo
fac
ids
;no
rmal
,ac
idi
c,bas
ican
d

do
ubl
esal
ts.Anac
idde
fin
edasas
ubs
tan
cewh
oseaq
ueo
uss
olu
tio
nfu
rni
she
sH3O+i
ons

o
rasap
rot
ondo
nor
.Et
han
oic
,ci
tri
can
dtar
tar
icac
idsase
xamp
les

o
fnat
ural
l
yoc
cur
rin
gor
gan
icac
ids
,al
umsase
xamp
leso
fdo
ubl
esal
ts,

p
rep
arat
iono
fsal
tsbyn
eut
ral
i
zat
ion
,pr
eci
pi
tat
ionan
dac
tio
nof

ac
idso
nme
tal
s.Ox
ide
san
dtr
iox
ocar
bon
ate(
IV)s
alt
s

(
b)

Qu
ali
tat
ivec
omp
ari
sono
fth
eco
ndu
ctan
ceso
fmo
lars
olu
tio
nso
fst
ron
g

an
dwe
akac
idsan
dbas
es,r
elat
ion
shi
pbe
twe
enc
ondu
ctan
cean
damo
unto
fio
nsp
res
ent
.

(
c)p
Han
dpOHs
cal
e;Si
mpl
ecal
cul
ati
ons

(
d)Ac
id/
bas
eti
trat
ion
s.

(
e)Hy
dro
lys
iso
fsal
ts:
Pri
nci
pl
e,Si
mpl
eex
amp
less
uchasNH4Cl
,Al
Cl3,Na2CO3an
dCH3COONa
Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ent
hep
rop
ert
ieso
fac
idsan
dbas
es;

(
ii
)ide
nti
fyt
hedi
ffe
ren
tty
peso
fac
idsan
dbas
es;

(
ii
i)de
ter
min
eth
ebas
ici
tyo
fac
ids
;

(
iv)di
ffe
ren
tiat
ebe
twe
enac
idi
tyan
dal
kal
i
nit
yus
ingac
id/
bas
ein
dic
ato
rs;

(
v)i
den
tif
yth
evar
iou
sme
tho
dso
fpr
epar
ati
ono
fsal
ts;

(
vi)c
las
sif
ydi
ffe
ren
tty
peso
fsal
ts;

(
vii
)re
lat
ede
gre
eofdi
sso
ciat
iont
ost
ren
gtho
fac
idsan
dbas
es;

(
vii
i
)re
lat
ede
gre
eofdi
sso
ciat
iont
oco
ndu
ctan
ce;

(
ix)p
erf
orms
imp
lec
alc
ulat
ion
sonp
Han
dpOH;

(
x)i
den
tif
yth
eap
pro
pri
ateac
id-bas
ein
dic
ato
r;

(
xi)i
nte
rpr
etgr
aph
ical
rep
res
ent
ati
ono
fti
trat
ionc
urv
es;

(
xii
)pe
rfo
rms
imp
lec
alc
ulat
ion
sbas
edo
nth
emo
lec
onc
ept
;

(
xii
i
)bal
anc
eeq
uat
ion
sfo
rth
ehy
dro
lys
iso
fsal
ts;

(
xiv
)de
duc
eth
epr
ope
rti
es(
aci
di
c,bas
ic,n
eut
ral
)oft
her
esu
ltan
tso
lut
ion
.

To
pic1
0:Ox
idat
ionan
dre
duc
tio
n

(
a)Ox
idat
ioni
nte
rmso
fth
eaddi
ti
ono
fox
yge
norr
emo
val
ofh
ydr
oge
n.

(
b)Re
duc
tio
nasr
emo
val
ofo
xyge
nor

addi
ti
ono
fhy
dro
gen
.

(
c)Ox
idat
ionan
dre
duc
tio
nint
ermso
fel
ect
ront
ran
sfe
r.

(
d)Us
eofo
xidat
ionn
umbe
rs.Ox
idat
ionan
dre
duc
tio
ntr
eat
edasc
han
ge

i
nox
idat
ionn
umbe
ran
dus
eofo
xidat
ionn
umbe
rsi
nbal
anc
ings
imp
le
e
quat
ion
s.

(
e)I
UPACn
ome
ncl
atu
reo
fin
organ
icc
omp
oun
dsu
sin
gox
idat
ionn
umbe
r.

(
f)Te
stsf
oro
xidi
zi
ngan
dre
duc
ingage
nts
.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)i
den
tif
yth
evar
iou
sfo
rmso
fex
pre
ssi
ngo
xidat
ionan
dre
duc
tio
n;

(
ii
)cl
ass
ifyc
hemi
cal
reac
tio
nsi
nte
rmso
fox
idat
iono
rre
duc
tio
n;

(
ii
i)bal
anc
ere
doxr
eac
tio
neq
uat
ion
s;

(
iv)de
duc
eth
eox
idat
ionn
umbe
rofc
hemi
cal
spe
cie
s;

(
v)c
omp
utet
hen
umbe
rofe
lec
tro
ntr
ans
feri
nre
doxr
eac
tio
ns;

(
vi)i
den
tif
yth
enameo
fre
doxs
pec
iesi
nar
eac
tio
n

(
vii
)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
eno
xidi
zi
ngan
dre
duc
ingage
ntsi
nre
doxr
eac
tio
ns.

(
vii
i
)ap
plyo
xidat
ionn
umbe
rinn
ami
ngi
nor
gan
icc
omp
oun
ds

(
ix)r
elat
ere
age
ntst
oth
eiro
xidi
zi
ngan
dre
duc
ingabi
l
iti
es.

To
pic1
1:El
ect
rol
ysi
s

(
a)El
ect
rol
yte
san
dno
n-e
lec
tro
lyt
es.

F
araday
’sl
awso
fel
ect
rol
ysi
s.

(
b)(
i)El
ect
rol
ysi
sofdi
l
uteH2SO4,aq
ueo
us

Cu
SO4,Cu
C12s
olu
tio
n,di
l
utean
dco
nce
ntr
ate
dNaC1s
olu
tio
nsan
dfu
sedNaC1

(
ii
)Fac
tor
saf
fec
tin
gdi
sch
argeo
fio
nsatt
hee
lec
tro
des
.

(
c)Us
eso
fel
ect
rol
ysi
s:

Pu
rif
icat
iono
fme
tal
se.
g.c
opp
eran
d

p
rodu
cti
ono
fel
eme
ntsan
dco
mpo
unds
(
Al,Na,O2,
Cl2an
dNaOH)
.

(
d)El
ect
roc
hemi
cal
cel
l
s:

Re
doxs
eri
es(
K,Ca,Na,Mg,Al
,Zn
,Fe
,Sn
,Pb,H,Cu
,Hg,
Ag,Au
,)

h
alf
-ce
llr
eac
tio
nsan
del
ect
rodep
ote
nti
als
.(Si
mpl
ecal
cul
ati
onso
nly
).

(
e)Co
rro
sio
nasane
lec
tro
lyt
icp
roc
ess
,

c
ath
odi
cpr
ote
cti
ono
fme
tal
s,

p
ain
tin
g,e
lec
tro
plat
ingan
dco
ati
ng

wi
thgr
eas
eoro
ilasway
sof

p
rev
ent
ingi
ronf
romc
orr
osi
on.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ene
lec
tro
lyt
esan
dno
n-e
lec
tro
lyt
es;

(
ii
)pe
rfo
rmc
alc
ulat
ion
sbas
edo
nfar
adayasamo
leo
fel
ect
ron
s.

(
ii
i)i
den
tif
ysu
itabl
eel
ect
rode
sfo
rdi
ffe
ren
tel
ect
rol
yte
s.

(
iv)s
pec
ifyt
hec
hemi
cal
reac
tio
nsatt
hee
lec
tro
des
;

(
v)de
ter
min
eth
epr
odu
ctsatt
hee
lec
tro
des
;

(
vi)i
den
tif
yth
efac
tor
sth
ataf
fec
tth
epr
odu
ctso
fel
ect
rol
ysi
s;

(
vii
)sp
eci
fyt
hedi
ffe
ren
tar
easo
fap
pli
cat
iono
fel
ect
rol
ysi
s;

(
vii
i
)ide
nti
fyt
hev
ari
ouse
lec
tro
che
mic
alc
ell
s;

(
ix)c
alc
ulat
eel
ect
rodep
ote
nti
alsu
sin
ghal
f-c
ell
reac
tio
neq
uat
ion
s;

(
x)de
ter
min
eth
edi
ffe
ren
tar
easo
fap
pli
cat
iono
fel
ect
rol
yti
cpr
oce
sse
s;

(
xi)i
den
tif
yme
tho
dsu
sedi
npr
ote
cti
ngme
tal
s.

To
pic1
2:En
ergyCh
ange
s
(
a)Energych
ange
s(ΔH)accompany
ingphys
ical
andchemi
calc
hanges
:di
sso
luti
onofs
ubs
tan
cesin/
or
r
eact
ionwit
hwatere.
g.Na,NaOH,K,NH4Cl
.Endot
her
mic(+ΔH)andexo
thermi
c(-ΔH)r
eact
ion
s.

(
b)En
tropyasano
rde
r-di
sor
derp
hen
ome
non
:si
mpl
eil
l
ust
rat
ion
sli
kemi
xi
ngo
fgas
esan
ddi
sso
lut
ion
o
fsal
ts.

(
c)Spo
ntanei
tyofr
eacti
ons:ΔGθ=0asacri
ter
ionforequ
il
ibr
ium,ΔGgr
eat
ero
rle
sst
hanz
eroasa
c
rit
eri
onfo
rn on
-spo
ntanei
tyorsp
ont
ane
ityr
espect
ivel
y.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)de
ter
min
eth
ety
peso
fhe
atc
han
ges(
ΔH)i
nph
ysi
cal
andc
hemi
cal
pro
ces
ses
;

(
ii
)in
ter
pre
tgr
aph
ical
rep
res
ent
ati
onso
fhe
atc
han
ges
;

(
ii
i)r
elat
eth
eph
ysi
cal
stat
eofas
ubs
tan
cet
oth
ede
gre
eofo
rde
rli
nes
s;

(
iv)de
ter
min
eth
eco
ndi
ti
onsf
ors
pon
tan
eit
yofar
eac
tio
n;

(
v)r
elat
eΔHθ,ΔSθan
dΔGθast
hedr
ivi
ngf
orc
esf
orc
hemi
cal
reac
tio
ns;

(
vi)s
olv
esi
mpl
epr
obl
emsbas
edo
nth
ere
lat
ion
shi
psΔGθ=ΔHθ-TΔSθ

To
pic1
3:Rat
eso
fCh
emi
cal
Reac
tio
n

(
a)El
eme
ntar
ytr
eat
men
toft
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orswh
ichc
anc
han
get
her
ateo
fac
hemi
cal
reac
tio
n:

(
i)Te
mpe
rat
uree
.g.t
her
eac
tio
nbe
twe
enHCl
andNa2S2O3o
rMgan
dHCl

(
ii
)Conc
e n
tratio
ne .
g.t
hereact
ionbet
wee
nHClandNa2S2O3,HClandmarbl
ean
dth
eio
din
ecl
ock
r
eact
ion,forgaseo
ussyst
ems,pres
sur
emaybeus
edasc on
centrati
onte
rm.

(
ii
i)Su
rfac
ear
eae
.g.t
her
eac
tio
nbe
twe
enmar
blean
dHCl
wit
hmar
blei
n

(
i)p
owde
redf
orm

(
ii
)lu
mpso
fth
esamemas
s.

(
iv)Cat
aly
ste
.g.t
hede
comp
osi
ti
ono
fH2O2o
rKCl
O3i
nth
epr
ese
nceo
rabs
enc
eofMn
O2

(
b)Re
act
ionr
atec
urv
es.

(
c)Ac
tiv
ati
one
ner
gy
Qu
ali
tat
ivet
reat
men
tofAr
rhe
niu
s’l
awan
dth
eco
ll
is
iont
heo
ry,

e
ffe
cto
fli
ghto
nso
mer
eac
tio
ns.e
.g.h
alo
gen
ati
ono
fal
kan
es

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)i
den
tif
yth
efac
tor
sth
ataf
fec
tth
erat
eso
fac
hemi
cal
reac
tio
n;

(
ii
)de
ter
min
eth
eef
fec
tso
fte
mpe
rat
ureo
nth
erat
eofr
eac
tio
ns;

(
ii
i)e
xami
net
hee
ffe
cto
fco
nce
ntr
ati
on/
pre
ssu
reo
nth
erat
eofac
hemi
cal
reac
tio
n;

(
iv)de
scr
ibeh
owt
her
ateo
fac
hemi
cal
reac
tio
nisaf
fec
tedbys
urf
acear
ea;

(
v)de
ter
min
eth
ety
peso
fcat
aly
stss
uit
abl
efo
rdi
ffe
ren
tre
act
ion
san
dth
eire
ffe
cts
;

(
vi)de
ter
min
eway
sofmo
der
ati
ngt
hes
eef
fec
tsi
nch
emi
cal
reac
tio
ns.

(
vii
)in
ter
pre
tre
act
ionr
atec
urv
es;

(
vii
i
)so
lves
imp
lep
robl
emso
nth
erat
eofr
eac
tio
ns;

(
ix)r
elat
eth
erat
eofr
eac
tio
ntot
heki
net
ict
heo
ryo
fmat
ter
.

(
x)e
xami
net
hes
ign
ifi
can
ceo
fac
tiv
ati
one
ner
gyt
och
emi
cal
reac
tio
ns.

(
xi)de
duc
eth
eval
ueo
fac
tiv
ati
one
ner
gy(
Ea)f
romr
eac
tio
nrat
ecu
rve
s.

To
pic1
4:Ch
emi
cal
equ
il
ibr
a

Re
ver
sibl
ere
act
ion
san
dfac
tor
sgo
ver
nin
g

t
hee
qui
l
ibr
iump
osi
ti
on.Dy
nami
c

e
qui
l
ibr
ium.L
eCh
ate
li
er’
spr
inc
ipl
ean
deq
uil
i
bri
umc
ons
tan
t.Si
mpl
eex
amp
lest
o

i
ncl
udeac
tio
nofs
teamo
nir
onan
dN2O42NO2.

Noc
alc
ulat
ionwi
l
lber
equ
ire
d.
Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)i
den
tif
yth
efac
tor
sth
ataf
fec
tst
hep
osi
ti
ono
feq
uil
i
bri
umo
fac
hemi
cal
reac
tio
n;

(
ii
)pr
edi
ctt
hee
ffe
ctso
feac
hfac
toro
nth
epo
sit
iono
feq
uil
i
bri
um;

(
ii
i)de
ter
min
eth
eef
fec
tso
fth
esef
act
orso
neq
uil
i
bri
umc
ons
tan
t.

To
pic1
5:No
n-me
tal
san
dth
eirc
omp
oun
ds

(
a)

Hy
dro
gen
:co
mme
rci
alp
rodu
cti
onf
romwat
ergasan
dcr
acki
ngo
f

p
etr
ole
umf
rac
tio
ns,l
abo
rat
oryp
rep
arat
ion
,pr
ope
rti
es,u
sesan
dte
st

f
orh
ydr
oge
n.

(
b)Hal
oge
ns:
Chl
ori
neasar
epr
ese
ntat
ivee
leme
nto
f

t
heh
alo
gen
.Labo
rat
oryp
rep
arat
ion
,in
dus
tri
alp
rep
arat
ionby

e
lec
tro
lys
is,p
rop
ert
iesan
dus
es,e
.g.wat
ers
ter
il
iz
ati
on,bl
eac
hin
g,

man
ufac
tur
eofHCl
,pl
ast
icsan
din
sec
tic
ide
s.

Hy
dro
genc
hlo
ridean
dHy
dro
chl
ori
cac
id:
Pre
par
ati
onan
dpr
ope
rti
es.Ch
lor
ide
san
dte
stf
orc
hlo
ride
s.

(
c)Ox
yge
nan
dSu
lph
ur

(
i)Ox
yge
n:L
abo
rat
oryp
rep
arat
ion
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es.Co
mme
rci
alp
rodu
cti
onf
roml
i
qui
dai
r.

Oxi
des
:Aci
di
c,
basi
c,ampho
ter
ican
dne
utr
al,t
rio
xyge
n(o
zon
e)asanal
l
otr
opean
dth
eimp
ort
anc
eof
oz
oneint
heatmo
sphere
.

(
ii
)Su
lph
ur:

Us
esan
dal
l
otr
ope
s:p
rep
arat
iono
fal
l
otr
ope
sisn
ote
xpe
cte
d.

Pr
epar
ati
on,p
rop
ert
iesan
dus
eso
fsu
lph
ur(
IV)o
xide
,th
ere
act
iono
f

SO2wi
thal
kal
i
s.Tr
iox
osu
lph
ate(
IV)ac
idan
dit
ssal
ts,

t
hee
ffe
cto
fac
idso
nsal
tso
ftr
iox
osu
lph
ate
(IV)
,Te
trao
xos
ulp
hat
e(VI
)
ac
id:
Comme
rci
alp
rep
arat
ion(
con
tac
tpr
oce
sso
nly
),p
rop
ert
iesasa

di
l
uteac
id,
ano
xidi
zi
ngan
dade
hydr
ati
ngage
ntan
dus
es.Te
stf
orSO42-.

Hydr
ogensul
phi
de:
Pre
par
ati
onan
dpr
ope
rti
esasawe
akac
id,r
edu
cin
gage
ntan
dpr
eci
pi
tat
ing
agen
t.Tes
tforS2-

(
d)Ni
tro
gen
:

(
i)L
abo
rat
oryp
rep
arat
ion

(
ii
)Pr
odu
cti
onf
roml
i
qui
dai
r

(
ii
i)Ammo
nia:

L
abo
rat
oryan
din
dus
tri
alp
rep
arat
ion
s(Habe
rPr
oce
sso
nly
),p
rop
ert
ies

an
dus
es,ammo
niu
msal
tsan
dth
eiru
ses
,ox
idat
iono
fammo
niat
o

n
itr
oge
n(I
V)o
xidean
dtr
iox
oni
trat
e(V)ac
id.Te
stf
orNH4+(
iv)Tr
iox
oni
trat
e(V)ac
id:

Labo
rator
yprep
arati
onfr
omammo
nia;
pro
per
tie
san
dus
es.Tr
iox
oni
trat
e(V)s
alt
-ac
tio
nofh
eat
anduse
s.Tes
tforNO3-

(
v)Ox
ide
sofn
itr
oge
n:

Pr
ope
rti
es.

Th
eni
tro
genc
ycl
e.

(
e)Car
bon
:

(
i)Al
l
otr
ope
s:Us
esan
dpr
ope
rti
es

(
ii
)Car
bon
(IV)o
xide
-

L
aborat
oryp
rep
arat
ion
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es.Ac
tio
nofh
eato
ntr
iox
ocar
bon
ate(
IV)s
alt
san
dte
st
f
orCO32-

(
ii
i)Car
bon
(II
)ox
ide
:

L
abo
rat
oryp
rep
arat
ion
,pr
ope
rti
esi
ncl
udi
ngi
tse
ffe
cto
nbl
ood;

s
our
ceso
fcar
bon(
II
)ox
idet
oin
clu
dec
har
coal
,fi
rean
dex
hau
st

f
ume
s.
(
iv)Co
al:
Dif
fer
entt
ype
s,p
rodu
ctso
btai
nedf
romde
str
uct
ivedi
sti
l
lat
iono
fwo
odan
dco
al.

(
v)Co
ke:
Gas
ifi
cat
ionan
dus
es.

Man
ufac
tur
eofs
ynt
het
icgasan
dus
es.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)p
redi
ctr
eage
ntsf
ort
hel
abo
rat
oryan
din
dus
tri
alp
rep
arat
iono
fth
esegas
esan
dth
eirc
omp
oun
ds.

(
ii
)ide
nti
fyt
hep
rop
ert
ieso
fth
egas
esan
dth
eirc
omp
oun
ds.

(
ii
i)c
omp
aret
hep
rop
ert
ieso
fth
esegas
esan
dth
eirc
omp
oun
ds.

(
iv)s
pec
ifyt
heu
seso
feac
hgasan
dit
sco
mpo
unds
;

(
v)de
ter
min
eth
esp
eci
fi
cte
stf
ore
achgasan
dit
sco
mpo
unds
.

(
vi)de
ter
min
esp
eci
fi
cte
stsf
orCl
–,SO42-,SO32-,S2-,NH4+,NO3–,CO32-,HCO3

(
vii
)pr
edi
ctt
her
eage
ntsf
orp
rep
arat
ion
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
esHCl
(g)an
dHCl
(aq
);

(
vii
i
)ide
nti
fyt
heal
l
otr
ope
sofo
xyge
n;

(
ix)de
ter
min
eth
esi
gni
fi
can
ceo
foz
onet
oou
ren
vir
onme
nt.

(
x)c
las
sif
yth
eox
ide
sofo
xyge
nan
dth
eirp
rop
ert
ies

(
xi)i
den
tif
yth
eal
l
otr
ope
sofs
ulp
huran
dth
eiru
ses
;

(
xii
)pr
edi
ctt
her
eage
ntsf
orp
rep
arat
ion
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
eso
fSO2an
dH2S;

(
xii
i
)sp
eci
fyt
hep
rep
arat
ion
sofH2SO4an
dH2SO3,t
hei
rpr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es.

(
xiv
)sp
eci
fyt
hel
abo
rat
oryan
din
dus
tri
alp
rep
arat
iono
fNH3;

(
xv)i
den
tif
yth
epr
ope
rti
esan
dus
eso
fNH3;

(
xvi
)ide
nti
fyr
eage
ntsf
ort
hel
abo
rat
oryp
rep
arat
iono
fHNO3,i
tsp
rop
ert
iesan
dus
es;

(
xvi
i
)sp
eci
fyt
hep
rop
ert
ieso
fN2O,NO,NO2gas
es.

(
xvi
i
i)e
xami
net
her
ele
van
ceo
fni
tro
genc
ycl
etot
hee
nvi
ron
men
t.

(
xix
)ide
nti
fyal
l
otr
ope
sofc
arbo
n;
(
xx)p
redi
ctr
eage
ntsf
ort
hel
abo
rat
oryp
rep
arat
iono
fCO2;

(
xxi
)sp
eci
fyt
hep
rop
ert
ieso
fCO2an
dit
sus
es;

(
xxi
i
)de
ter
min
eth
ere
age
ntsf
ort
hel
abo
rat
oryp
rep
arat
iono
fCO;

(
xxi
i
i)p
redi
ctt
hee
ffe
ctso
fCOo
nhu
man
;

(
xxi
v)i
den
tif
yth
edi
ffe
ren
tfo
rmso
fco
al:

(
xxv
)de
ter
min
eth
eiru
ses
;

(
xxv
i)s
pec
ifyt
hep
rodu
ctso
fth
ede
str
uct
ivedi
sti
l
lat
iono
fwo
odan
dco
al;

(
xxv
ii
)sp
eci
fyt
heu
seso
fco
kean
dsy
nth
eti
cgas
.

To
pic1
6:Me
tal
san
dth
eirc
omp
oun
ds

(
a)Ge
ner
alp
rop
ert
ieso
fme
tal
s

(
b)Al
kal
ime
tal
se.
g.s
odi
um

(
i)So
diu
mhy
dro
xide
:-Pr
odu
cti
onbye
lec
tro
lys
iso
fbr
ine
,it
sac
tio
nonal
umi
ni
um,z
incan
dle
adi
ons
.

Us
esi
ncl
udi
ngp
rec
ipi
tat
iono
fme
tal
l
ich
ydr
oxi
des
.

(
ii
)So
diu
mtr
iox
ocar
bon
ate(
IV)an
dso
diu
mhy
dro
gent
rio
xoc
arbo
nat
e

(
IV)
:Pr
odu
cti
onbySo
lvayp
roc
ess
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es,e
.g.Na2CO3i
nth
eman
ufac
tur
eofgl
ass
.

(
ii
i)So
diu
mch
lor
ide
:it
soc
cur
ren
cei
nse
awat
eran
dus
es,t
he

e
con
omi
cimp
ort
anc
eofs
eawat
eran
dth
ere
cov
eryo
fso
diu
mch
lor
ide
.

(
c)Alkal
i
ne-e
art
hme
tal
s,e
.g.c
alc
ium;
cal
ci
umo
xide
,cal
ci
umh
ydr
oxi
dean
dcal
ci
umt
rio
xoc
arbo
nat
e
(
IV)
;

Pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es.Pr
epar
ati
ono
fcal
ci
umo
xidef
roms
eas
hel
l
s,t
he

c
hemi
cal
comp
osi
ti
ono
fce
men
tan
dth
ese
tti
ngo
fmo
rtar
.Te
stf
orCa2+.

(
d)Al
umi
ni
um
Pu
rifi
cat
ionofbau
xit
e,e
lec
tro
lyt
ice
xtr
act
ion
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
eso
fal
umi
ni
uman
dit
sco
mpo
unds
.
Tes
tforAl3+

(
e)Ti
n

Ex
trac
tio
nfr
omi
tso
res
.

Pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es.

(
f)Me
tal
soft
hef
irs
ttr
ans
iti
ons
eri
es.

Ch
arac
ter
ist
icp
rop
ert
ies
:

(
i)e
lec
tro
nco
nfi
gur
ati
on

(
ii
)ox
idat
ions
tat
es

(
ii
i)c
omp
lexi
onf
ormat
ion

(
iv)f
ormat
iono
fco
lou
redi
ons

(
v)c
atal
ysi
s

(
g)I
ron

Ex
trac
tio
nfr
oms
ulp
hidean
dox
ideo
res
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es,di
ffe
ren
t

f
ormso
fir
onan
dth
eirp
rop
ert
iesan
dadv
ant
age
sofs
tee
lov
eri
ron
.

Te
stf
orF
e2+an
dFe
3+

(
h)Co
ppe
r

Ex
trac
tio
nfr
oms
ulp
hidean
dox
ideo
res
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
eso
fco
ppe
r.

Pr
epar
ati
onan
dus
eso
fco
ppe
r(I
I)t
etr
aox
osu
lph
ate
(VI
).Te
stf
orCu
2+

(
i)Al
l
oy

Stee
l,s
tai
nle
ssste
el,br
ass,br
onz
e,t
ype
-me
tal
,du
ral
umi
n,s
ofts
olde
r,p
ermal
l
oryan
dal
ni
co
(c
onsti
tue
ntsan
du seso
nly
).

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:
(
i)s
pec
ifyt
hege
ner
alp
rop
ert
ieso
fme
tal
s;

(
ii
)de
ter
min
eth
eme
tho
dofe
xtr
act
ions
uit
abl
efo
reac
hme
tal
;

(
ii
i)r
elat
eth
eme
tho
dso
fex
trac
tio
ntot
hep
rop
ert
iesf
ort
heme
tal
s;

(
iv)c
omp
aret
hec
hemi
cal
reac
tiv
iti
eso
fth
eme
tal
s;

(
v)s
pec
ifyt
heu
seso
fth
eme
tal
s;

(
vi)de
ter
min
esp
eci
fi
cte
stf
orme
tal
l
ici
ons
;

(
vii
)de
ter
min
eth
epr
oce
ssf
ort
hep
rodu
cti
ono
fth
eco
mpo
undso
fth
eseme
tal
s;

(
vii
i
)co
mpar
eth
ech
emi
cal
reac
tiv
iti
eso
fth
eco
mpo
unds
;

(
ix)s
pec
ifyt
heu
seso
fth
esec
omp
oun
ds;

(
x)s
pec
ifyt
hec
hemi
cal
comp
osi
ti
ono
fce
men
t.

(
xi)de
scr
ibet
heme
tho
dofp
uri
fi
cat
iono
fbau
xit
e;

(
xii
)sp
eci
fyt
heo
reso
fti
n;

(
xii
i
)re
lat
eth
eme
tho
dofe
xtr
act
iont
oit
spr
ope
rti
es;

(
xiv
)sp
eci
fyt
heu
seso
fti
n;

(
xv)i
den
tif
yth
ege
ner
alp
rop
ert
ieso
fth
efi
rstt
ran
sit
ionme
tal
s;

(
xvi
)de
duc
ere
aso
nsf
ort
hes
pec
ifi
cpr
ope
rti
eso
fth
etr
ans
iti
onme
tal
s;

(
xvi
i
)de
ter
min
eth
eIUPACn
ame
sofs
imp
let
ran
sit
ionme
tal
comp
lex
es

(
xvi
i
i)de
ter
min
eth
esu
itabl
eme
tho
dofe
xtr
act
iono
fir
on;

(
xix
)sp
eci
fyt
hep
rop
ert
iesan
dus
eso
fir
on;

(
xx)i
den
tif
yth
edi
ffe
ren
tfo
rmso
fir
on,
the
irc
omp
osi
ti
ons
,pr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es.

(
xxi
)ide
nti
fyt
heap
pro
pri
ateme
tho
dofe
xtr
act
iono
fco
ppe
rfr
omi
tsc
omp
oun
ds;

(
xxi
i
)re
lat
eth
epr
ope
rti
eso
fco
ppe
ran
dit
sco
mpo
undt
oth
eiru
ses
.

(
xxi
i
i)s
pec
ifyt
heme
tho
dfo
rth
epr
epar
ati
ono
fCu
SO4;

(
xxi
v)s
pec
ifyt
hec
ons
tit
uen
tsan
dus
eso
fth
evar
iou
sal
l
oysme
nti
one
d.

(
xxv
)co
mpar
eth
epr
ope
rti
esan
dus
eso
fal
l
oyst
opu
reme
tal
s.
To
pic1
7:Or
gan
icCo
mpo
unds

An

i
ntr
odu
cti
ont
oth
ete
trav
ale
ncyo
fcar
bon
,th
ege
ner
alf
ormu
la,I
UPAC

n
ome
ncl
atu
rean
dth
ede
ter
min
ati
ono
femp
iri
cal
for
mul
aofe
achc
las
sof

t
heo
rgan
icc
omp
oun
dsme
nti
one
dbe
low.

(
a)Al
i
phat
ich
ydr
ocar
bon
s

(
i)Al
kan
es

Ho
mol
ogo
uss
eri
esi
nre
lat
iont
oph
ysi
cal
pro
per
tie
s,s
ubs
tit
uti
on

r
eac
tio
nan
daf
ewe
xamp
lesan
dus
eso
fhal
oge
nat
edp
rodu
cts
.Is
ome
ris
m:

s
tru
ctu
ral
onl
y(e
xamp
leso
nis
ome
ris
msh
oul
dno
tgobe
yon
dsi
xcar
bon

at
oms
).

Pe
tro
leu
m:c
omp
osi
ti
on,f
rac
tio
nal
dis
til
l
ati
onan
dmaj
or

p
rodu
cts
;cr
acki
ngan
dre
for
min
g,Pe
tro
che
mic
als–s
tar
tin
gmat
eri
also
f

o
rgan
ics
ynt
hes
es,q
ual
i
tyo
fpe
tro
lan
dme
ani
ngo
foc
tan
enu
mbe
r.

(
ii
)Al
ken
es

I
some
ris
m:s
tru
ctu
ral
andge
ome
tri
cis
ome
ris
m,addi
ti
onal
and

p
oly
mer
izat
ionr
eac
tio
ns,p
oly
the
nean
dsy
nth
eti
cru
bbe
rase
xamp
leso
f

p
rodu
ctso
fpo
lyme
riz
ati
onan
dit
sus
einv
ulc
ani
zat
ion
.

(
ii
i)Al
kyn
es

Et
hyn
e–p
rodu
cti
onf
romac
tio
nofwat
ero
ncar
bide
s,s
imp
ler
eac
tio
nsan
dpr
ope
rti
eso
fet
hyn
e.

(
b)Ar
omat
ich
ydr
ocar
bon
se.
g.be
nze
ne–s
tru
ctu
re,p
rop
ert
iesan
dus
es.

(
c)Al
kan
ols
Pr
imar
y,s
eco
ndar
y,t
ert
iar
y–p
rodu
cti
ono
fet
han
olbyf
erme
ntat
ion

an
dfr
omp
etr
ole
umby
-pr
odu
cts
.Lo
cal
examp
leso
ffe
rme
ntat
ionan
d

di
sti
l
lat
ion
,e.
g.gi
nfr
omp
almwi
nean
dot
herl
ocal
sou
rce
san
d

gl
yce
rol
asap
oly
hydr
ical
kan
ol.

Reac
tio
nsofOHgrou
p–ox
idat
ionasadi
sti
ngu
ish
ingt
estamo
ngp
rimar
y,s
eco
ndar
yan
dte
rti
ary
al
kanol
s(L
ucaste
st).

(
d)Al
kan
alsan
dal
kan
one
s.

Ch
emi
cal
tes
ttodi
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
enal
kan
alsan
dal
kan
one
s.

(
e)Al
kan
oicac
ids
.

Ch
emi
cal
reac
tio
ns;
neu
tral
i
zat
ionan
des
ter
ifi
cat
ion
,et
han
edi
oi
c

(
oxal
i
c)ac
idasane
xamp
leo
fadi
car
box
yli
cac
idan
dbe
nze
ne

c
arbo
xyl
i
cac
idasane
xamp
leo
fanar
omat
icac
id.

(
f)Al
kan
oat
es

F
ormat
ionf
romal
kan
oicac
idsan
dal
kan
ols–f
atsan
doi
l
sasal
kan
oat
es.

Sapon
ifi
cati
on:Pr
o du
ctio
nofs
oapan
dmar
gar
inef
romal
kan
oat
esan
ddi
sti
nct
ionbe
twe
en
det
ergentsandsoaps.

(
g)Ami
nes(
Alkan
ami
nes
)Pr
imar
y,Se
con
dar
y,an
dte
rti
ary

(
h)Car
boh
ydr
ate
s

Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ion–mo
no-,di
-an
dpo
lys
acc
har
ide
s;c
omp
osi
ti
on,c
hemi
cal

t
est
sfo
rsi
mpl
esu
gar
san
dre
act
ionwi
thc
onc
ent
rat
edt
etr
aox
osu
lph
ate

(
VI)ac
id.Hy
dro
lys
iso
fco
mpl
exs
ugar
se.
g.c
ell
ul
osef
romc
ott
onan
d

s
tar
chf
romc
ass
ava,t
heu
seso
fsu
garan
dst
arc
hint
hep
rodu
cti
ono
f

al
coh
oli
cbe
ver
age
s,p
har
mac
eut
ical
san
dte
xti
l
es.

(
i)Pr
ote
ins
:
Pr
imar
yst
ruc
tur
es,h
ydr
oly
sisan
dte
sts(
Nin
hydr
in,Bi
ure
t,Mi
l
lon
’san
dxan
tho
pro
tei
c)

En
zyme
san
dth
eirf
unc
tio
ns.

(
j)Po
lyme
rs:

Nat
ural
ands
ynt
het
icr
ubbe
r;addi
ti
onan
dco
nde
nsat
ionp
oly
mer
izat
ion
.

–Me
tho
dso
fpr
epar
ati
on,e
xamp
lesan
dus
es.

Th
ermo
plas
tican
dth
ermo
set
tin
gpl
ast
ics
.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto
:

(
i)de
riv
eth
enameo
for
gan
icc
omp
oun
dsf
romt
hei
rge
ner
alf
ormu
lae
;

(
ii
)re
lat
eth
enameo
fac
omp
oun
dtoi
tss
tru
ctu
re

(
ii
i)r
elat
eth
ete
trav
ale
ncyo
fcar
bont
oit
sabi
l
ityt
ofo
rmc
hai
nso
fco
mpo
und(
cat
enat
ion
);

(
iv)c
las
sif
yco
mpo
undsac
cor
din
gtot
hei
rfu
nct
ion
algr
oup
s;

(
v)de
riv
eemp
iri
cal
for
mul
aan
dmo
lec
ularf
ormu
la,f
romgi
vendat
a;

(
vi)r
elat
est
ruc
tur
e/f
unc
tio
nal
gro
upst
osp
eci
fi
cpr
ope
rti
es;

(
vii
)de
riv
evar
iou
sis
ome
ricf
ormsf
romagi
venf
ormu
la;

(
vii
i
)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ent
hedi
ffe
ren
tty
peso
fis
ome
ris
m;

(
ix)c
las
sif
yth
evar
iou
sty
peso
fhy
dro
car
bon
s;

(
x)di
sti
ngu
ishe
achc
las
sofh
ydr
ocar
bon
sbyt
hei
rpr
ope
rti
es;

(
xi)s
pec
ifyt
heu
seso
fvar
iou
shy
dro
car
bon
s;

(
xii
)ide
nti
fyc
rudeo
ilasac
omp
lexmi
xtu
reo
fhy
dro
car
bon
s;

(
xii
i
)re
lat
eth
efr
act
ion
sofh
ydr
ocar
bon
stot
hei
rpr
ope
rti
esan
dus
es;

(
xiv
)re
lat
etr
ans
for
mat
ionp
roc
ess
est
oqu
ali
tyi
mpr
ove
men
toft
hef
rac
tio
ns;

(
xv)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
env
ari
ousp
oly
mer
izat
ionp
roc
ess
es;

(
xvi
)sp
eci
fyt
hep
roc
essi
nvo
lve
dinv
ulc
ani
zat
ion
;
(
xvi
i
)sp
eci
fyc
hemi
cal
tes
tfo
rte
rmi
nal
alky
nes

(
xvi
i
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
enal
i
phat
ican
dar
omat
ich
ydr
ocar
bon
s;

(
xix
)re
lat
eth
epr
ope
rti
eso
fbe
nze
net
oit
sst
ruc
tur
e

(
xx)c
omp
aret
hev
ari
ousc
las
seso
fal
kan
ols
;

(
xxi
)de
ter
min
eth
epr
oce
sse
sin
vol
vedi
net
han
olp
rodu
cti
on;

(
xxi
i
)ex
ami
net
hei
mpo
rtan
ceo
fet
han
olasanal
ter
nat
ivee
ner
gyp
rov
ide
r;

(
xxi
i
i)di
sti
ngu
isht
hev
ari
ousc
las
seso
fal
kan
ols
;

(
xxi
v)di
ffe
ren
tiat
ebe
twe
enal
kan
alsan
dal
kan
one
s;

(
xxv
)co
mpar
eth
evar
iou
sty
peso
fal
kan
oicac
ids
;

(
xxv
i)i
den
tif
ynat
ural
sou
rce
sofal
kan
oat
es;

(
xxv
ii
)sp
eci
fyt
heme
tho
dsf
ort
hep
rodu
cti
ono
fso
ap,de
ter
gen
tan
dmar
gar
ine
.

(
xxv
ii
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ende
ter
gen
tan
dso
ap;

(
xxi
x)c
omp
aret
hev
ari
ousc
las
seso
fal
kan
ami
ne;

(
xxx
)ide
nti
fyt
hen
atu
ral
sou
rce
sofc
arbo
hydr
ate
s;

(
xxx
i)c
omp
aret
hev
ari
ousc
las
seso
fcar
boh
ydr
ate
s;

(
xxx
ii
)in
fert
hep
rodu
ctso
fhy
dro
lys
isan
dde
hydr
ati
ono
fcar
boh
ydr
ate
s;

(
xxx
ii
i)de
ter
min
eth
eus
eso
fcar
boh
ydr
ate
s;

(
xxx
iv)s
pec
ifyt
het
est
sfo
rsi
mpl
esu
gar
s;

(
xxx
v)i
den
tif
yth
ebas
ics
tru
ctu
reo
fpr
ote
ins
;

(
xxx
vi)s
pec
ifyt
heme
tho
dsan
dpr
odu
ctso
fhy
dro
lys
is;

(
xxx
vii
)sp
eci
fyt
hev
ari
oust
est
sfo
rpr
ote
ins
;

(
xxx
vii
i
)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
enn
atu
ral
ands
ynt
het
icp
oly
mer
s;

(
xxx
ix)di
ffe
ren
tiat
ebe
twe
enaddi
ti
onan
dco
nde
nsat
ionp
oly
mer
izat
ionp
roc
ess
es;

(
xl)c
las
sif
ynat
ural
andc
omme
rci
alp
oly
mer
san
dth
eiru
ses
;

(
xli
)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
ent
her
mop
las
tic
san
dth
ermo
set
tin
gpl
ast
ics
.
To
pic1
8:Ch
emi
str
yan
dIn
dus
try

Ch
emi
cal
indu
str
ies
:Ty
pes
,rawmat
eri
alsan
dre
lev
anc
ies
;Bi
ote
chn
olo
gy.

Obj
ect
ive
s

Can
didat
ess
hou
ldbeabl
eto:

(
i)c
las
sif
ych
emi
cal
indu
str
iesi
nte
rmso
fpr
odu
cts
;

(
ii
)ide
nti
fyr
awmat
eri
alsf
ore
achi
ndu
str
y;

(
ii
i)di
sti
ngu
ishbe
twe
enf
inean
dhe
avyc
hemi
cal
s;

(
iv)e
nume
rat
eth
ere
lev
anc
eofe
acho
fth
esei
ndu
str
ies
;

(
v)r
elat
ein
dus
tri
alp
roc
ess
est
obi
ote
chn
olo
gy.