History of Uttar Pradesh,

India & World and

Art & Culture

Drishti Publications
(A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)

641, First Floor, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-110009

Telephone: 011-47532596, 8750187501

Website
www.drishtiias.com
 CONTENTS
PART-A: ART & CULTURE
1. Indian Architecture……………………………………………3-24
2. Architecture of Uttar Pradesh…………………………25-28
3. Sculptures and Coinage of India………………………29-37
4. Sculptures of Uttar Pradesh……………………………38-40
5. Indian Paintings………………………………………………41-54
6. Paintings of Uttar Pradesh………………………………55-56
7. Crafts of Uttar Pradesh……………………………………57-58
8. Dances of India………………………………………………59-72
9. Festivals, Fairs and Calendars of India………………73-83
10. Fairs, Festivals and Folk Dances of
Uttar Pradesh…………………………………………………84-89
11. Indian Music……………………………………………………90-98
12. Music in Uttar Pradesh…………………………………99-102
13. Theatre and Puppetry of India………………………103-111
14. Theatre and Puppetry of Uttar Pradesh………112-115
15. Languages and Literature of India…………………116-124
16. Literature & Regional Languages of
Uttar Pradesh………………………………………………125-129
17. Philosophical Systems…………………………………130-143
18. Bhakti & Sufi Movements……………………………144-149
19. Institutions, Museums and Awards of
Uttar Pradesh………………………………………………150-155
20. UNESCO and India………………………………………156-160
21. Heritage of Uttar Pradesh……………………………161-165
22. Social Customs and Tourism of
Uttar Pradesh………………………………………………166-178
23. Important Districts of UP: History and
Art & Culture………………………………………………179-200
PART-B: ANCIENT INDIA
1. Prehistoric Period………………………………………………3-5
2. Indus Valley Civilization……………………………………6-13
3. Vedic Age…………………………………………………………14-21
4. Mahajanapadas………………………………………………22-27
5. Rise of Magadha and Pre Mauryan Empire………28-31
6. Mauryan Empire………………………………………………32-41
7. Post Mauryan Period………………………………………42-46
8. Sangam Age……………………………………………………47-50
9. Gupta Age………………………………………………………51-57
10. Post Gupta Period……………………………………………58-66
11. Ancient History of Uttar Pradesh……………………67-70
PART-C: MEDIEVAL INDIA
1. Early Medieval Empires………………………………………3-9
2. Age of Conflict (1000-1200 CE)…………………………10-15
3. Delhi Sultanate-I………………………………………………16-20
4. Delhi Sultanate-II……………………………………………21-35
5. Mughal Empire-I……………………………………………36-40
6. Rise of Afghans – The Surs………………………………41-44
7. Mughal Empire-II……………………………………………45-51
8. Mughal Empire-III and the Rise of Marathas……52-56
9. Administration under the Mughals…………………57-64
10. Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms………………65-72
11. Medieval History of Uttar Pradesh……………………73-76
PART-D: MODERN INDIA
1. India in the 18th Century……………………………………3-12
2. Advent of the Europeans…………………………………13-20
3. Rise and Consolidation of British Power…………21-37
4. Economic and Administrative Policies under
the British………………………………………………………38-49
5. Socio-Religious Reform Movements…………………50-69
6. Peasant, Tribal and Other Movements……………70-82
7. Revolt of 1857…………………………………………………83-88
8. Rise of Indian Nationalism………………………………89-99
 (vi)

9. Indian National Movement (1905-1916)……100-109

10. Emergence of Gandhi…………………………………110-116
11. Revolutionary Extremism……………………………117-123
12. Freedom Struggle in the 1920s and 1930s……124-135
PART-E: WORLD HISTORY
1. Industrial Revolution…………………………………………3-7
2. American Revolution………………………………………8-10

13. Freedom Struggle in Princely States……………136-138 3. French Revolution……………………………………………11-15

14. Freedom with Partition………………………………139-149 4. Colonialism & Rise of Nation-States………………16-24
15. Important Developments during British Raj…150-160
5. Decolonisation and New Imperialism………………25-37
16. Governor Generals & Viceroys………………………161-165
6. First World War………………………………………………38-47
17. History of Modern India with Uttar Pradesh
Specific References……………………………………166-173 7. Russian Revolution…………………………………………48-51

18. Important Historical Places of Uttar Pradesh…174-180 8. Interwar Years…………………………………………………52-65

19. Prominent Historical Personalities of Uttar
9. Second World War…………………………………………66-68
Pradesh…………………………………………………………181-184
20. Post Independence Consolidation & 10. Post Second World War………………………………………69-86
Reorganisation……………………………………………185-201 11. Political Philosophies………………………………………87-96
21. Significant Events and Developments Since
PRELIMS PRACTICE QUESTIONS…………………………1-10
Independence……………………………………………202-210
22. Post Independence Scenario in Uttar Pradesh…211-212 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS……………………………11-12
 12 Music in Uttar Pradesh
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
OF MUSIC IN UTTAR PRADESH
The enrichment of states has a significant role in the
performing arts of the country. Therefore, on this line, Uttar
Pradesh has a time-honoured tradition of dance and music
forms. Its vast geographical extent has enabled various
classical, semi-classical, folk and rural forms of music and dance
to flourish equally.
Relevance to the Art forms of Radha and Krishna
z The region’s folk heritage includes songs called rasiya
(known especially in Braj), which celebrate the divine love
of Radha and Shri Krishna. These songs are accompanied
by large drums and are performed at many festivals.
z Taj Begum, the disciple of Vitthalnath, was the famous
singer of Dhrupad-Dhamar. She sang the famous Krishna
Bhaktidhara in Braj language.
z In India, the tradition of singing Hori during spring season
and while celebrating Holi has been continuing since ancient
times. It is based on the love pranks of ‘Radha-Krishna’. Hori
singing is basically associated with the festival of Holi.
z A bandish named, Akhtar Piya, was prepared by Nawab
Wajid Ali Shah. He himself used to perform the act of
Krishna in the Rahas dance.
z ‘Rasiya’ means ‘that which is filled with rasa or emotion’.
It flourished in Braj which is the sacred land of Lord
Krishna’s charming leelas. This is not confined to any
particular festival, but is closely woven into the very fabric
of daily life and day to day chores of its people.
MUSICAL IMPRESSIONS IN UTTAR PRADESH
z The oldest evidence of development of music in Uttar
Pradesh can be traced back to the post-Vedic Samaveda.
z The king of Kaushambi who was the contemporary of Lord
Buddha was a skilful veena player.
z The famous musicians namely, Shardul, Kashyap,
Abhinavagupta, Dattil and Haripal developed great music
in Uttar Pradesh. The tradition of musical bhajans in
temples was started by Vallabhacharya.
z Vitthalnath the son of Vallabhacharya formed ‘Ashtchhap’
by including eight poets namely Nand Das, Sur Das,
Kumbhan Das, Chaturbhuj Das, Parmanand Das,
Chheetswami, Govind Swami and Krishna Das.
z Ram Padarath, a famous singer of Bareilly, got the
patronage of Ayodhya King Dadua.
z Amir Khusrau was a renowned musician who invented Sitar
and Tabla. He promoted ‘Khayal Gayan’ including Persian
music and Dhrupad music art in it.
z Through Khayal Gayan Art, Indian music was divided into
two parts namely Hindustani and Carnatic.
z The grandson of Amir Khusro; Masit Khan, promoted the
playing style of sitar.
z Bada Khayal music style was invented by Sultan Hussain
Sharqi. He also started the trend of the Tappa style.
z Bindadin Maharaj, a famous musician of Awadh, developed
Thumri Gayan in Kathak dance and a bandish named, Sanad
Piya.
z Niyamat Khan ‘Sadarang’ changed the Khayal Gayan into
Classical form during the 18th century.
z Ustad Faiyaz Khan is known as the father of modern classical
music. He is also known as Aftab-e-Mausiqi (Sun of Music).
z Mian Shori, a famous singer from Lucknow, contributed
significantly to the trend of the Tappa style of music.
z The doyen of classical music, Swami Haridas came from
Uttar Pradesh. His mastery and fame earned him accolades
all over the world.
z Mian Tansen or Ramtanu Pandey was an accomplished
classical music vocalist, composer and musician trained
under Swami Haridas. Tansen was the court singer in
Emperor Akbar’s darbar.
z Khayal Gayaki was developed by Haji Sultan, the son in law
of Tansen.
z Varanasi has been a citadel of Hindustani Classical Music
for many centuries; several popular, versatile and incredibly
accomplished musicians of classical music hail from here.
Bhajans, Alaaps, Khayals and Tumris form the basis of
Hindustani classical singing.
GHARANAS OF UTTAR PRADESH
Agra Gharana
z Tansen’s son-in-law Haji Sujan is considered the founder
of Agra Gharana but the credit of its fame goes to Gagghe
Khuda Baksh.
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History of Uttar Pradesh, India & World and Art & Culture
z The first known musician of Agra Gharana was Nayak
Gopal. The style that was prevalent in the Gharana then
was “Dhrupad-Dhamar”.
z Gwalior Gharana “Khayal” style was added into Agra
Gharana by Ustad Ghagghe Khuda Baksh. Besides, Atrauli
Gharana “Khayal’’ style also got assimilated in this tradition
in the late 19th century.
z The singing style of Agra Gharana is a blend of Khayal and
Dhrupad – Dhamar.
z The method of singing of this Gharana is more dynamic
than other khayal singing. Singers of Agra Gharana apply
open and powerful voices while singing and hence singing
of this Gharana is more forceful than others.
z Dhrupad, Dhamar, and Khayal have always been a part of
this Gharana. Thus, the uniqueness of this Gharana is in
its singing Dhrupad-Dhamar, along with Nom-Tom Alap,
Khayal, Thumri, Tappa, Tarana, Hori, Dadra, Ghazal, Kaul,
Rasiya etc.
z Some of the important singers of this Gharana are Faiyaz
Khan, Natthan Khan, Bhaskar Buva Bakhal, Latafat Hussein
Khan and Dinkar Kakini.
Rampur Sahaswan Gharana
z This Gharana is centred in the Uttar Pradesh towns of
Rampur and Sahaswan.
z Inayat Hussain Khan is considered to be the founder of this
Gharana.
z The style of singing of this Gharana closely relates to the
Gwalior Gharana, marked by medium-slow tempos, a full-
throated voice and intricate rhythmic play.
z It is also known for the diversity and intricacies of Taans
and Tarana singing.
z Some of the singers of this Gharana are Nazir Khan, Pandit
Ganpat Rao, Shanno Khurana, Sulochana Brihaspati,
Deepak Chatterjee, Sonu Nigam and Shaan.
Benaras Gharana
z This gharana was founded by Pandit Ram Sahai. It evolved
as a result of great lilting style of Khayal singing.
z As Benares is dominated by Hindus, the Hindu culture had
a profound impact on this Gharana.
z There is a lot of emphasis on playing the duggi or the bayan.
It has a rich repertoire of laggis, larhis and longer
compositions of paran and gath.
z Some of the important singers of this Gharana are Pt.
Anokhelal Mishra, Pt. Shamta Prasad, Pt. Kishen Maharaj,
Kumar Bose, Sukhwinder Singh Namdhari and Pt.
Ramkumar Mishra.
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Kanpur Gharana
z This is one of the prominent Gharanas of Uttar Pradesh
that was founded by Niyamat Khan in the 18th century BCE.
z He was originally a famous veena player under the
patronage of Mughal King Mohammad Shah Rangila.
z Some famous vocalists such as Ustad Wazir Khan, Ustad Amir
Khan, Ustad Bahadur Hussain Khan, Ustad Nazeer Khan,
Ustad Inayat Hussain Khan, etc., belonged to this Gharana.
Saharanpur Gharana
z A Sufi saint Khalifa Mohammad Zaman founded this
Gharana. He was a prominent singer and player of veena,
rabab and sitar.
z Bahrum Khan of this Gharana was given the title of Pandit.
z Important vocalists of this Gharana are Bande Ali Khan,
Masiruddin Khan, Bahram Khan, Nasir Zahiruddin Dagar,
Zakiruddin Khan, Rahimuddin Khan, Naseer Moinuddin
Dagar, Naseer Aminuddin Dagar, Naseer Faiyazuddin Dagar,
etc.
Fatehpur Sikri Gharana
z Two brothers named Jainu Khan and Jorawar Khan started
this Gharana during the period of Mughal emperor
Jahangir.
z This Gharana is famous for Dhrupad and Khayal singing.
z Ghasit Khan is known for his singing in this Gharana.
z Other important singers of this Gharana are Chhote Khan,
Ghulam Rasool Khan, Madar Khan, Sayyed Khan, etc.
Lucknow Gharana
z Lucknow Gharana, also known as “Purab Gharana”, is one
of the main Gharanas in Uttar Pradesh.
z This Gharana was developed in the capital city of Lucknow,
i.e., Awadh. The Gharana presents thumris full of delicacy
and intricate embellishments.
z A very distinctive contribution of the Gharana is the
evolution of the Bandish-ki-thumri.
z Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was a music and art lover. His period
was known as ‘the Golden Age of Art of Awadh’. Thumri
and Bhav styles were prominent in his royal court.
z Thakur Prasad Maharaj was the chief court dancer in the
Nawab of Awadh’s court.
z Murshid Ali Khan is considered as ‘Father of Lucknow
Khayal Gayaki’.
z After him, the famous Khayal singers were Nawab Qasim
Ali, Suraj Khan, Dhanno Bai, Chandrabai Jaso, Rahiman Bai,
Jaisukh Bai, etc.
 23
Important Districts of UP:
History and Art & Culture
GAUTAM BUDDHA NAGAR
History
z The District GautamBuddha Nagar was formed on 6/9/97
with effect from Govt. order no 1249/97/82/97 by carving
out the portions of Ghaziabad and Bulandshahr.
z District Gautam Buddha Nagar includes Dadri and Bisrakh
blocks carved out of Ghaziabad, while Dankaur and Jewar
blocks have been carved out of Bulandshahar District.
Role in National Struggle
z People from this land were actively associated with the
National Freedom Struggle. Shri Gopi Chand, Shri Ram
Nath, Shri Harsharan Singh etc. are a few names. Even
Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev and Rajguru used the village
Nalgara – on Noida-Greater Noida Expressway to hide
during the freedom struggle. They planned a bomb attack
on assembly from Nalgara.
z During the freedom struggle at Rampur Jagir village in
Gautam Buddha Nagar, the well-known revolutionary Ram
Prasad, who was absconded by the Mainpuri conspiracy in
1919, was underground for some time and translated books.
Places of Interest/Tourist/Religious Places
z Botanical garden, Noida
z Okhla Sanctuary, Noida
z Buddh International Circuit
z Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden
Culture & Heritage
z Dronacharya in Dankaur and the ancient temple of Ravan’s
father Vishwa Shreshva Rishi in Bisarak is still present today.
z During the British rule in the past, on September 11, 1803,
as a memorial of the decisive battle between the British
Army and the Marathas army, Noida’s golf course campus
was built by British architect F. Lisman showing the memory
of the British General Gerard Lake. “Jeetgarh Stambh” is
still visible from far away.
BULANDSHAHR
History & Culture
z The history of Bulandshahr begins even before 1200 B.C.
This region is nearer to the capital of Pandavas –
Indraprastha and Hastinapur.
z After the decline of Hastinapur, Ahar which is situated in
the northeast of district Bulandshahr, became an important
place for Pandavas.
z With the passing of time the king Parma made a fort on
this part of the region and a king named Ahibaran laid the
foundation of a tower called Baran (Bulandshahr).
z Since it was perched on a highland it came to be known
as high city which was translated into Persian language as
Bulandshahr. At present this is called by this name.
Role in National Struggle
z In 1857 during the first war of independence even
Bulandshahr could not remain aloof by the popular
explosion against the British rule. One message of
resolution was carried from Aligarh by Pandit Narayan
Sharma on 10th May 1857 to Bulandshahr.
z The government institutions were looted and burned
to ashes.
Fairs & Festivals
z Numaish in Bulandshahr
Tourist & Religious Places
z Bulandshahr is famous worldwide for the pottery found in
the Khurja region.
z Pilgrims from all around the world visit Bulandshahr to pay
their respects at the Hanuman temple located on the bank
of the holy river Ganga at Rajghat and the temple of
Goddess Avantika and Lord Shiva at Ahar.
z Anoopshahr is another religious place in this area that
attracts a significant number of devotees to Bulandshahr.
z Chola is a small village famous for the Bibcol Chola Polio
Vaccine factory.
z Avantika Devi temple
z Ahar old Shiva temple
z Balone Devi Temple
z Ram Ghat & Raj Ghat Tapo Bhoomi
z Narora Atomic Power plant
z Anoopshahr (small Kashi) Famous for Dolphin fish
z Kucheswar Fort, Bb Nagar
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 History of Uttar Pradesh, India & World and Art & Culture
CHITRAKOOT
History & Culture
z History of the District
 It is an ancient place and is mentioned in ancient Indian
literature. Chitrakoot finds special mention in the
Ramayana where Ram spent a part of exile. On his way
back to Ayodhya after completing exile of 14 years,
Ram met Bharat here which is mentioned elaborately
as ‘Bharat Milap’ in Ramayan. Kalidas describes it in
Raghuvansham. The Prakrit literatures as well as some
Jain texts mention this place. At Chitrakoot, everything
relates to Lord Rama. One can also explore the
amalgamation of culture and history on this land.
 On 6 May 1997, a new district was carved out from the
erstwhile Banda district comprising its Karwi and Mau
tehsils. The district was initially named as Chhatrapati
Shahuji Nagar district. On 4 September 1998 it was
renamed as Chitrakoot district.From times immemorial,
the Chitrakoot area has been a centre of inspiration
for cosmic consciousness.
 Fairs and Festivals: Ramayan Mela, Chitrakoot
Mahotsava and Diwali Mela are some of the main fairs
organised on different occasions in the district.
Religious & Tourists Places
z Chitrakoot, ‘the hill of many wonders’ is a place of great
mythological relevance and religious importance. It is
associated with historic Ramayana epic as this was the
place where Lord Rama, Sita, and Lakshman spent their
11 years of exile.
z Chitrakoot is the place where Bharat, brother of Lord
Rama came to visit him and asked him to return to
Ayodhya and rule the kingdom. It is believed that the
supreme Gods of Hinduism, (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva)
took incarnations here.
z The place is dotted with many temples and several religious
sites. At Chitrakoot, everything relates to Lord Rama. A
tourist is as much thrilled by sighting its beautiful waterfalls,
playful young deer and dancing peacocks as a pilgrim is
overwhelmed by taking a dip in the Payaswani/Mandakini
and by immersing himself in the dust of the Kamadgiri.
Bharat Koop
Bharat Koop is a huge well near Bharatpur village, located
around 20 KMs west of Chitrakoot. It is believed that Lord
Rama’s brother Bharat brought water from all the holy places
to honour Lord Ram as the King of Ayodhya. It is said that
taking a bath from the water of this well means bathing in all
teerths (pilgrimage destination). There is also a temple here
dedicated to Lord Rama and his family.
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Bharat Milap Temple
Bharat Milap temple is believed to be the spot where
Bharat met Lord Rama during his period of exile to persuade
him to return to the throne of Ayodhya. It is said that the
meeting of four brothers was so overwhelming that even
the rocks and mountains of Chitrakoot melted. Footprints
of Lord Rama and his brothers imprinted on these rocks can
still be seen.
Ganesh Bagh
Ganesh Bagh is located on the Karvi – Devangana road.
It was built in the 19th century by Vinayak Raj Peshwa. This
place consists of a temple which has carvings on its interiors,
resembling the art and style of Khajuraho. This place is also
known as mini Khajuraho, owing to its architectural similarity
with original Khajuraho.
Gupt Godavari
Lord Rama and Lakshman stayed here for some part of their
exile. Gupt Godavari is a two cave system inside a mountain
with knee high water level.
Hanuman Dhara
This Hanuman temple is situated on top of a huge rock.
A steep climb of several carved steps lead to the temple.
Legend says that inside this temple, Lord Rama stayed with
Lord Hanuman, after Lord Hanuman set Lanka on fire and
returned back. Further up from this point are a few more
shrines dedicated to Lord Rama, Mother Sita and Laxman.
Janaki Kund
Located on the banks of River Mandakini, the first thing
to notice about Janaki Kund is the natural beauty surrounding
it. This is one of the most beautiful and religiously important
Ghat. This is where Mother Sita would bathe during her stay
while her husband Rama was exiled from Ayodhya. Janaki Kund
is a peaceful and quiet Ghat opposite to which the Raghubir
Mandir stands.
Ram Ghat
The ghats that line the Mandakini river are called Ramghat.
This riverside is known to be the place where Lord Rama,
Goddess Sita and Lord Laxman interacted with Saint Goswami
Tulsidas. One can see the signs of it early morning onwards.
Also adding to the view are the colourful boats lining near the
steps leading into the river. One should not miss the evening
Aarti on the Ram Ghat.
Ram Darshan
Ram Darshan temple is one unique temple where puja
(worship) and offerings are prohibited. This temple helps
 History of
17 Modern India with Uttar
Pradesh Specific References
z It is well known that the history of Uttar Pradesh has been
indistinguishable from that of the country, particularly in
the modern period; therefore, the contribution of the
people of this state in the freedom struggle has been
tremendously significant.
z CY Chintamani, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Madan Mohan Malviya,
Motilal Nehru, JL Nehru, Govind Vallabh Pant, Lal Bahadur
Shastri, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai etc., have all been national
leaders and all of them were residents of Uttar Pradesh.
MODERN PERIOD
The Fall of Mughal Empire
z Since Aurangazeb abandoned the policy of tolerance, the
Mughal Empire deserved a heavy setback. As a result, only
some years after his death, the powerful Mughal empire
disintegrated.
z During the reign of Aurangazeb, Bundelkhand had already
raised the banner of revolt under the leadership of
Chhatrasal.
z The Bundelas kept fighting the Mughals intermittently for
around 50 years. Chhatrasal accepted the assistance of the
Maratha Peshwa Bajirao-I, as a result of which the Marathas
came to establish their footholds in north India.
The Nawabs and the Marathas
z The Commander of Awadh, Saadat Khan, declared his
independence in 1732 and his descendants continued to
rule Awadh till 1856. Around the same time, the Rohilla
established their independent kingdom and continued to
rule Rohilkhand until 1774. In the same year, the Nawab
of Awadh defeated the Rohilla with the assistance of the
East India Company.
z Though the Marathas tried to establish their control over
the doab region for sometime, however, their ambitions
were thwarted, after their defeat at the Third Battle of
Panipat. The English gradually extended their control over
the doab region and consolidated it, taking advantage of
this situation.
z During the reign of the third Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-
Daullah, the British East India Company came under the
contact of the rulers of Awadh.
z Shuja-ud-daullah signed an agreement with the absconding
Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim in 1764, against the English,
but he was defeated by the English in the Battle of Buxar
in 1764 and had to cede Kada and Allahabad to the English.
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z After this, the English extracted large parts of the territories
from him, sometimes out of fear other times out of persuasion.
z The territories which the English obtained in the years
1775, 1798 and 1801 and later on, the areas which were
annexed from the Scindhias of Gwalior in 1803, all were
initially merged with the Bengal province, either as
‘annexed states’ or as ‘associated states’.
z In 1816, the areas of Kumaon, Garhwal and Dehradun,
which were won over from the Gurkhas, were brought
under British rule through the Treaty of Sugauli. Hence,
the territory was consolidated and named the North West
Province (NWP) in the year 1836.
z At last, under the principle of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’, Dalhousie
finally merged the territories of Awadh in the British empire
in 1856. The same was placed under the Chief Commissioner,
and the last Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, was pensioned
to Kolkata by the English. At the same time, the principality
of Jhansi was also annexed by the British.
z On the one hand, the nature of the relations that the
Nawabs had with the English indicate the weakness of the
Nawabs, and on the other, suggest the power, betrayal,
and arrogance of the British.
z Finally, when in 1856, the English annexed Awadh, the
sparks of revolt started spreading throughout the parts of
the country, which culminated in the revolt of 1857.
z This was the first war of independence of the country, and
the revolt engulfed almost all parts of the current state of
Uttar Pradesh.
z People from all sections of the society, including women,
peasants, workers etc., participated in the revolt and
played significant roles. The sacrifice and valour that
people like Lakshmi Bai, Bhakt Khan, Nana Sahib displayed
made them martyrs and heroes for the coming generations.
North West Frontier
Province and the United Province
z In the year 1858, the Delhi division was shunted out of the
North Western Province and the capital of the state was
shifted to Allahabad from Agra.
z In 1877, the Chief Commissioner of the Awadh province
and that of the Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western
province were merged. Henceforth, the aforesaid large
area was known as United Provinces Agra and Awadh.
 History of Modern India with Uttar Pradesh Specific References

z In 1921, Governors started getting appointed to this area,  Next year the Nawab of Farrukhabad also placed his
and after some time, the capital was shifted to Lucknow. territory under the control of the English. Therefore,
z In the year 1937, the name was changed and was shortened by this time apart from the north, Awadh was
to simply United Province. surrounded by areas under the control of the British
from all sides.
z After independence, on 12th January 1950, it was
z 1803
rechristened to ‘Uttar Pradesh’.
 Lord Lake after defeating the Marathas occupied
z After this, the various territories around it were merged
Aligarh, Delhi and Agra. As a consequence of this battle,
with it, and when on 26 January 1950, the Republic of India the English wrested the districts of Meerut, Agra,
was founded, Uttar Pradesh became a full-fledged state of Jhansi, Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Gohad and Gwalior
the country. from the Marathas.
 Later, however, the English returned Gohad and
IMPORTANT EVENTS Gwalior back to the Scindias. After the Gurkha War of
z 1773 1816, the English also got hold of Kumaon and
Dehradun.
 The English had defeated the Marathas in Rohilkhand
 Till this time, the entire area was a part of the Bengal
and rusticated the Doab.
Presidency and the control of the Governor General
 Allahabad was ceded to the Nawab of Awadh on the was maintained in this area.
grounds that Shah Alam had ceded it to the Marathas. z 1856
z 1774  Awadh was included in the North Western Province.
 The English defeated the Rohilla commander Rehmat  After the revolt of 1857, Delhi was transferred to
Khan at Shahjahanpur and vested Rohilkhand in the Punjab, some areas of Terai were transferred to Nepal,
Nawab of Awadh. Bareilly and some areas of Moradabad were transferred
z 1775 to the Nawab of Rampur and Sagar was transferred to
 After the death of Shuja-ud-daullah, Asaf-ud-daullah
the Central Province.
became the Nawab of Awadh. The Centres of the Revolt of 1857 Leaders
 Under a treaty with the English, he placed the Benaras Centre Leader
area under the control of the English. Benaras was
Kanpur Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Azimullah
under the rule of Raja Chet Singh.
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal
z 1780
 When the Raja declined the request of troops and Jhansi Rani Laxmibai
additional money by the English, Warren Hastings Bareilly Khan Bahadur Khan
reached Benaras with a contingent and defeated Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah
Chet Singh.
Kalpi Tantia Tope
 The English then placed Maheep Narayan Singh on the
Allahabad Maulvi Liyaquat Ali
throne of Benaras and hence ensured British
paramountcy over Benaras. Meerut Kadam Singh
z 1797 Mathura Devi Singh
 Asaf-ud-daullah died, and his brother Saadat Ali
became the Nawab of Awadh. SESSIONS OF THE
 He placed the Allahabad Fort under the control of INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
the English.
First Session of the Indian National Congress
 Also, he agreed to pay a sum of `76 lakhs annually to
the British against a guarantee to protect him from any z On 28 December 1885, at the ‘Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit
College, Bombay’ the first session of the Indian National
external aggression.
Congress took place.
z 1801
z Out of the 72 representatives participating in this session,
 Saadat Ali of Awadh, placed Gorakhpur, Rohilkhand, Uttar Pradesh was represented by Ganga Prasad Varma,
Allahabad, Fatehpur, Kanpur, Ittawa, Etah, South Prannath Pandit, Munshi Jwala Prasad, Janakinath Ghoshal,
Mirzapur and Kumaon under the control of the English Ramkali Choudhary, Babu Jamunadas, Babu Shiv Prasad
against a security guarantee. Choudhary and Lala Baijnath etc.

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 19
Prominent Historical
Personalities of Uttar Pradesh
Kabir
Kabir was born in 1425 AD in the city of Varanasi. No
authentic account of his birth is available, however, he
was found near Lahartara lake by a weaver couple Neeru
and Neema, who nourished him and named him as ‘Kabir’,
which means ‘Great’. In this way, his early life was spent
in a Muslim family. Kabir never went to any school, rather
his knowledge was mainly based on the deep experiences
of life. He insisted on taking Swami Ramanand as his Guru,
for attaining knowledge. Kabir came down heavily on the
contemporary social structure and inspired people to bring
about social reform. Among the social reformers of the
medieval period, Kabir’s character and his works were extra-
ordinary. He was not merely a devotee, but a visionary par
excellence, a social reformer of exemplary calibre, a mystic
and a mahatma blessed with extraordinary qualities. With
his outstanding oratory, he tried to uplift the marginalized
sections of the population by arousing their self respect.
Nizamuddin Aulia
Nizamuddin Aulia was born in the Badaun district of Uttar
Pradesh. Born in 1236 AD, the early life of Nizamuddin Aulia
was very troublesome. In 1256 AD, Nizamuddin Aulia became
a disciple of Baba Farid. Under his influence, Nizamuddin Aulia
embraced the Chisti sect and started professing it. Sheikh
Nizamuddin Aulia, had created followers from all sections
of the society, his doors were open for people belonging to
all sections of the society irrespective of their social status.
Nizamuddin Aulia spent his entire life professing the ideas of
Sufism. He died in 1325 AD.
Bannbhatt
Bannbhatt is famous as a respectable courtier of
Harshvardhan. He was a poet and scholar of great repute.
Bannbhatt had written important works like ‘Harshcharitra’ and
‘Kadambari’. In both these works, we get information about
contemporary India. Bannbhatt who lived in Kannauj has been
praised by Huein Tsang as well as Harsha himself.
Ziauddin Barani
Ziauddin Barani was a resident of Barani (Bulandshahar
district). His most popular work Taareekh-e-Ferozeshahi is an
account of the historical events from 1265 AD to 1358 AD.
The Sultans associated with Barani include Muhammad Tuglaq
and Feroze Tughlaq, therefore his work is an important source
of contemporary history. He was an eyewitness to most of
the events. Another work of Barani, ‘Fatwa-e-Jahandari’ is an
important book on the contemporary state administration.
Amir Khusro
Amir Khusro was born in 1253 AD in Patiayali. He was a
great scholar of Persian and a historian par excellence. He has
composed several works in Hindavi (Hindi) as well. He called
himself an Indian parrot. He was proud of being an Indian. Amir
Khusro was a disciple of Nizamuddin Aulia. He was present in
the Courts of Sultan Jalaluddin Khilji and Alauddin Khilji. He had
toured the entire country, and his experiences are reflected in
his works. His works are an important source of contemporary
history. His important works are Keranussaden, Miftahul Futuh,
Nooh Sipehar, Diwalrani-Khijr Khan, Tuglaqnama and Khazainul
Futuh.
Sheikh Faizi
Sheikh Faizi was born in 1550 AD in the city of Agra. He was
the son of the famous scholar of Akbar period, Sheikh Mubarak.
He started writing poems very early. Akbar was so mesmerized
by the praises of Sheikh Faizi that he was soon given a position
in the Court. Sheikh Faizi was a scholar with independent
thoughts. He became a favourite of Akbar, for the same reason,
i.e., his criticism of blind religious fundamentalism. Sheikh Faizi
has been extensively praised by Badauni and has called him
an expert in poetry, history, medical science and essay writing.
Sheikh Faizi was a member of ‘Din-e-illahi’ founded by Akbar.
Faizi died in 1595 AD.
Abul Fazal
Abul Fazal was born in 1550 AD in Agra. Abul Fazal was
the son of Sheikh Mubarak and the younger brother of Sheikh
Faizi. Abul Fazal was talented and because of the same he
also managed to become a courtier and counselor of Akbar.
Two important works of Abul Fazal, ‘Akbarnama’ and ‘Ain-e-
Akbari’ are major sources of the history of the Akbar’s period.
Abul Fazal was a scholar of Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Sanskrit,
Arabic and Hindi. Abul Fazal had accompanied Akbar in his
expedition to the South. In 1602 AD, while he was returning
from the south, Prince Salim conspired with Bir Singh Bundela
and murdered Abul Fazal.
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 History of Uttar Pradesh, India & World and Art & Culture
Raja Todarmal
Raja Todarmal was born in the Laharpur village of the
Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh. He was blessed with a very
bright mind right from his childhood, so he managed to get
into the service of Sher Shah Suri. After the downfall of the
Suris, he started serving the Mughals and soon became the
Diwan of Akbar. Finally, Akbar was impressed by his revenue
administration and made him, his Prime Minister. Todarmal
through his intelligence and hard work, recasted and reformed
the land and revenue administration of the Mughals. Because
of this contribution, he became famous in history. Todarmal had
established the ‘Dahsaala’ system of administration. The land
was measured properly and based on the proper evaluation
of the produce, the land was categorized. Land revenue was
charged depending upon the categorization of land. This land
revenue system not only brought about benefits to the farmers,
but also helped in increasing revenue. Apart from being an
able finance minister, Todarmal was also a competent military
General. He displayed his military talents in 1565 AD in the
suppression of the Uzbeks and in the Ranthambore expedition
of 1568 AD. Todarmal died in 1589, but left his indelible fame
in this world.
Birbal
Birbal was born in 1528 AD in Kalpi (district Jalaun). He was
a Brahmin by birth and his original name was Maheshdas. He
was a child prodigy blessed with a bright and a poetic mind
with a great sense of humour. Impressed by his talents, the
Raja of Rewa, Ramchandra Baghel gave him a place in his
Court. Thereafter the Raja of Aamer Bhagwandas granted him
patronage, from where he went on to become one of the
nine jewels in Akbar’s Court. Birbal embraced Deen-e-illahi.
In 1583 AD, Birbal was appointed as the main officer of the
department of Finance and Justice. Pleased with the services
of Birbal, Akbar made him a Mansabdar of 2000, and bestowed
the title of ‘Kaviraj’ on him. Birbal died in 1586.
Tatya Tope
The original name of Tatya Tope was Ramchandra. His
nickname was Tatya, therefore he came to be called as Tatya. He
was brought up by the pensioned Peshwa Bajirao II at Bithoor,
who called him Tatya Tope, therefore he came to be known by
the same name. Manu (Laxmibai)-the daughter of Moropant
and the adopted son of Peshwa Bajirao II, Nana Saheb, also
lived in the same palace with the Peshwa, therefore the three
children had the opportunity of spending their childhood
together. As a result, there was immense love among them and
they always remained as supporters to each other throughout
their lives. Tatya Tope always served Nana Saheb and Laxmi
Bai. In the uprising of 1857, Tatya had terrorized the English
D-182 Drishti Publications
through his guerilla warfare techniques. Finally the English
used the Raja of Narwar, Mansingh to capture Tatya Tope on
7th April 1859. He was tried at the military headquarters in
Shivpuri on 15th April 1859 and hanged on 18th April 1859.
Undoubtedly by his courage and bravery, he had dominated
the English forces at Kanpur, Bithoor, Jhansi, Kalpi and other
places, during the revolt of 1857. English were terrorized by
his name. He will always be remembered for his contributions
in the history of India.
Laxmi Bai
Laxmi Bai’s original name was Manikarnika and she was
lovingly called as Manu in childhood. She was brought up
in the palace of Bajirao II at Bithoor under the supervision
of the Peshwa. Peshwa used to lovingly call her ‘Chhabili’.
Peshwa also lovingly taught her martial skills of horse riding
and sword fighting. She was married to the ruler of Jhansi,
Maharaja Gangadhar Rao and henceforth, Manikarnika came
to be known as Laxmi Bai. However, she soon became a widow.
The English under their policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ refused
to accept the succession rights of her adopted son Damodar
Rao over the throne of Jhansi. Dalhousie on 7th March 1854
annexed Jhansi to the British Empire. Laxmi Bai tried the
diplomatic channel to secure the rights of her adopted son
Damodar Rao, however, she was unsuccessful. As a result,
she was filled with anger and resentment against the English.
Finally, during the uprising of 1857 she fought bitterly against
the English in Jhansi and on 7th June 1857, she was successful
in re-occupying Jhansi. After 10 months, new English General
Huroz re-started the struggle to occupy Jhansi. Though Laxmi
Bai fought bravely, but could not match the huge war resources
of the English and hence was defeated. However, she never
surrendered and was eventually martyred fighting the British
on 18th June 1858. Laxmi Bai shall always be remembered for
her courage and bravery in the annals of history who fought
for the freedom of Jhansi and eventually laid down her life
for the same cause.
Nana Saheb
The name of Nana Saheb is unforgettable by virtue of his
contribution in the revolt of 1857. The earlier name of Nana
Sahib was Govind but he was called as ‘Ghodopant’ in his
family. He was brought up in the Bithoor palace of the Peshwa
Bajirao II under the personal care of the Peshwa himself as his
adopted son. He started being lovingly called as ‘Nana’ there.
After the death of the Peshwa Bajirao II, Nana was deprived
of the pension of the Peshwa, therefore he sent Azimullah
to England to sort out the issue, but he was unsuccessful.
As a result, he struggled very hard against the English in the
revolt of 1857. The English had declared a reward of `1 lakh
on apprehending Nana but could never catch hold of him,
 5
Decolonisation and
New Imperialism
Decolonization is a process which is the reverse of
colonization i.e. to say that it denotes the withdrawal of the
colonial powers from their colonies. This withdrawal is not
partial or sublime, but real territorial withdrawal so that
control of political and economic power is shifted from the
colonial powers to the native inhabitants.
DECOLONIZATION
Historically speaking, decolonization occurred in three
major phases.
z The first phase was in the late eighteenth century and early
19th century, starting with the creation of the United States
and ending with the freedom of Spanish and Portuguese
colonies in the American continent.
z The second phase occurred in the aftermath of World
War I, made possible by the collapse of the Russian,
German, Habsburg, and Ottoman Empires.
z The third phase occurred after the end of World War-II
and the rise of the US and USSR as the only two
superpowers.
Causes of Decolonization
There were several factors that encouraged decolonization.
Some of the important ones were the American Revolution,
the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.
The American Revolution
The rebellion by the Thirteen Colonies of North America
against the Great Britain and their eventual victory in the form
of establishing USA inspired a wave of revolutions in other
parts of the continent. The American war of independence
demonstrated that the people of the colony had every right
to be free from the mother country and the same can be
achieved by a united effort.
The French Revolution (1789-1799)
The French Revolution ushered an era of radical change
in French as well as European society. Driven by the
Enlightenment principles of democracy, citizenship, and
inalienable rights of people, common people fought for
freedom and equality.
These ideals spread to the Spanish and Portuguese
colonies, giving a strong ideological impetus to the revolutionary
movements. The Enlightenment spurred the desire for social
and economic reform to spread throughout Latin America and
the Iberian Peninsula.
The Napoleonic Wars
These were a series of wars fought between Napoleon’s
army and alliances involving Britain, Prussia, Spain, Portugal,
Russia and Austria at different times, from 1799 to 1815.
z Wherever and whenever Napoleon emerged victorious,
he fundamentally altered the political dynamics of the
defeated territory. In the context of Spain, Napoleon
forced Carlos IV and King Fernando VII (in May 1808) to
give up the claim to the throne, and installed his own
brother, Joseph Bonaparte as the Spanish king.
z This disrupted the political stability of both Spain and its
colonies. Cities throughout Spain and its colonies in
America, each formed governing bodies, primarily
consisting of local elites called juntas. The prime motive
of these juntas in taking power over their communities
was that “in absence of the king, Fernando VII, their
sovereignty devolved temporarily back to the community”.
z All colonies established their own juntas and though swore
loyalty to the captive Fernando VII, each ruled different
and diverse parts of the colony.
z However, after Fernando VII was restored to the Spanish
crown in 1814, his policy of restoring absolute power
antagonized both the juntas and his subjects.
z The violence used by the royalist forces and the prospect
of being ruled by Fernando finally shifted the majority of
the colonist population in favour of separation from Spain.
Decolonization in the New World
Haitian Revolution
The Haitian revolution was a successful anti-slavery and
anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the French colony
from 1791 to 1804 resulting in the establishment of the
sovereign state of Haiti.
z It had a huge impact on the institution of slavery throughout
the Americas. The Haitian revolution is the only instance
in the history wherein a slave revolution led to the founding
of a free state, ruled by non-whites and former captives.
z Most historians agree that the revolution was a watershed
moment in the freedom struggle of the Atlantic World.
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History of Uttar Pradesh, India & World and Art & Culture
z The most important aspect of the Haitian Revolution was
that it challenged long-held beliefs about black inferiority
and of the enslaved person’s capacity to achieve and
maintain freedom.
z The ability of slaves to organize and mobilize their efforts
and withstand the full might of a European power became
a source of inspiration throughout the continent.
Freedom of Other Latin American Countries
The aforesaid phenomenon of Napoleonic war was the
reason for several revolutions which swept across Latin
America and resulted in the independence of several Spanish
colonies during the first quarter of the 19th century.
z Argentina became independent following the May
revolution in 1816. Bolivia became independent after a 16
year long military struggle in 1825. Chile broke out from
Spain in 1810.
z After a 12 year long armed struggle against the Spanish
rule, Ecuador became independent in 1822.
z Mexico after a tortuous struggle from 1808 to 1821,
became free from Spanish control. Uruguay became
independent following the Treaty of Montevideo in 1828.
z Peru proclaimed its independence on July 28, 1821,
following long military campaigns led by Simon Bolivar.
z Venezuela became independent from Spanish rule in 1819-
20 again following the efforts of Simon Bolivar.
z Brazil, a Portuguese colony, achieved its independence in
a relatively peaceful transfer of power wherein Dom
Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese
king Dom João VI, proclaimed the country’s independence
in 1822 and became Brazil’s first Emperor. This was
generally peacefully accepted by the crown in Portugal,
although some guerrilla wars were fought between
Portuguese troops and civilians. Portugal recognized
Brazil’s independence 3 years later upon compensation.
Pattern of Decolonization in Latin America
Decolonization in Latin American countries, particularly in
Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay was marked
by a common pattern of an armed struggle which was waged
against the forces loyal to the Spanish monarch by the
revolutionaries who were members of the local elite who
largely took advantage of the weakness of the Spanish colonial
government in these countries after the defeat of Spain in the
Peninsular War and subsequent removal of King Ferdinand VII.
Absence of a rightful king in the Spanish throne reduced
the legitimacy of the office of the Viceroy and as a result the
right of Viceroys to govern came under scrutiny. The local
elites, troubled by the Spanish trade restrictions and taxes,
utilized the opportunity and mobilized the masses to wage an
armed struggle against the establishment. These local elites
promised the political and economic concessions to the
E-26 Drishti Publications
masses, which were restricted or denied by the Spanish
colonial government, to seek support from them. They were
supported by foreign powers who were adversarial to Spain
and taking advantage of the weakness of the colonial power,
were somehow able to wrest freedom from them.
In other countries such as Mexico wherein the struggle for
freedom was prolonged, was mainly because of the differences
cropping among the revolutionaries themselves on account
of various changes in circumstances which threw different
propositions for consideration.
Therefore, the history of decolonization of Latin America
is basically an account of military campaigns where the role
of interests largely preceded ideology and strategic power
dominated diplomacy. The struggle threw up some extra-
ordinary military leaders like Simon Bolivar, who are
remembered for their daring and tactics till date.
NEW IMPERIALISM
The term ‘new imperialism’ is used to refer to a new wave
of imperialism that happened in the late 1800s and early 1900s
which is characterized by the colonial expansion by European
powers, the United States, and Japan.
Causes of New Imperialism
Economic Reasons
At the heart of imperialism were the economic benefits
emanating from the industrial revolution that could only be
maintained and enhanced if the mother country had three
advantages.
One, it should have an uninterrupted supply of cheap
industrial raw materials. Secondly, it should have unrestricted
access to markets for selling their industrial products and
thirdly, it should have access to cheap labour.
All these three aspects were addressed by the access to
the colonies. Once the colonies were subjugated politically,
they could be forced to sign one sided treaties granting the
colonial powers unrestricted or duty free access to their
markets. Now, these products were prepared out of factories
which were run by cheap labourers again sourced from the
colonies, most of the time they were sourced out of the huge
slave trade racket which was being run across the world by
these colonial powers.
With the development of means of transportation in the
form of roads, railways and steamboats, the colonizers had
access to the hitherto unexplored hinterlands of these
colonies, which they utilized in brutally exploiting the natural
resources of the colonies.
Now, since the industrial revolution had not reached to
countries of Asia and Africa, these countries became prime
targets of Imperialism. All these factors cumulatively