Ocean and Coastal Management 199 (2021) 105421

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Ocean and Coastal Management

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ocecoaman

Fishermen’s participation in research and conservation of

coastal elasmobranchs
Eloísa Pinheiro Giareta a, *, Aline Cristina Prado a, Renata Daldin Leite a, Érica Padilha a,
Ingrid Hyrycena dos Santos b, Caroline Da Costa De Lima Wosiak c, Natascha Wosnick a
a
Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
b
Universidade do Vale de Itajaí, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
c
Colônia de Pescadores de Matinhos, Paraná, Brazil

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The use of animals from commercial fishing for scientific purposes is a reality in Brazil, emphasizing the
Artisanal fishing importance of a good relationship between researchers and fishermen. To assess the effectiveness of traditional
Participatory activities communities’ inclusion in research, this study provides comparative data on elasmobranch landing patterns and
Fishermen awareness
on-board processing before and after participatory activities. Through the inclusion of members of the fishing
Elasmobranch
community, a change in behavior and recognition of the importance of elasmobranch research and conservation
were detected. Such a strategy is an effective empowerment tool, benefiting not only the management of coastal
species, but also valuing traditional knowledge in research and creating a work environment based on trust and
commitment.

1. Introduction
Fishing is a commercial activity practiced worldwide, including the
Brazilian coast. It has numerous and complex characteristics that take
into account social, economic, and environmental factors intrinsic to
each region (Brasil, 2020). As artisanal fishing strongly relies on coastal
environments, intense activities of the industrial fleet and the impacts of
other anthropic activities can severely compromise this traditional ac­
tivity (Diegues, 2008; Granzotto et al., 2007). Moreover, since artisanal
fishermen depend on the production chain (i.e., primary buyer, sec­
ondary, and so on) their gross profit is usually low (Diegues, 2008). So,
to ensure their income artisanal fishermen need to increase their fishing
efforts and navigate to areas farther from the coast, increasing the
inherent risks of the profession (IBAMA, 2002; Garrone Neto et al.,
2005). Among the most commonly harvested coastal fishery resources
are sharks and batoids, given the high demand for being a relatively
low-cost and spine-free protein source (Onodenalore and Shahidi, 1996;
Vannuccini, 1999; Musick, 2005). One of the main challenges for coastal
elasmobranch conservation is the high rates of incidental catches (Pauly,
2006), due to the low selectivity of fishing gear adopted by artisanal
fleets. However, in many countries, elasmobranch fishing is an
important activity that provides food and employment for local com­
munities (Humber et al., 2017; Hacohen-Domené et al., 2020).
In Brazil, the assessment of fisheries stocks is precarious, with little
government support making the real status of most marine resources
currently unknown. Considering their biological traits (e.g., low repro­
ductive potential and long gestation periods), elasmobranchs are
particularly vulnerable to commercial capture, whether targeted or as
bycatch (Dulvy et al., 2000; Stevens et al., 2000). Historically, all
research efforts on fishing productivity have focused on species of high
commercial value (e.g., tunas) (FAO, 2012). It was only in the last two
decades that the lack of monitoring of elasmobranch fishing has become
alarming since its impacts are now measurable (Stevens et al., 2000;
Jabado and Spaet, 2017; Wosnick et al., 2019; Giovos et al., 2020).
Nowadays, there is a consensus on the ecological importance of elas­
mobranchs, with unrestrained capture being a matter of concern
worldwide (Carlson et al., 2019). In order to reduce the impacts of
commercial capture, especially for bycatch species, several management
plans have been suggested requiring extensive research to support such
measures (Simpfendorfer et al., 2011). When designing a management
plan, it is imperative to take into account that (1) many species or
populations may be in decline; (2) some species present a potential risk

* Corresponding author. Eloísa Pinheiro Giareta, Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Centro
Politécnico, Curitiba, PR, CEP 81531-990, Brazil.
E-mail address: eloisapinheiro@ufpr.br (E.P. Giareta).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105421
Received 4 June 2020; Received in revised form 19 August 2020; Accepted 18 October 2020
Available online 1 November 2020
0964-5691/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
E.P. Giareta et al.
of extinction in the near future (García et al., 2007) and (3) almost half
of the elasmobranch species have insufficient data to support any form
of assessment (Heupel and Simpfendorfer, 2010). However, in a
conservationist context, it is also necessary to consider the importance
that sharks and batoids have on the financial gain of many artisanal
fishermen and the socioeconomic impacts that unidirectional conser­
vation measurements may impose.
Considering the vast knowledge of traditional communities (Mack­
inson et al., 2011; Schafer and Reis, 2008), the joint effort between
academy and fishing communities is fundamental for proper manage­
ment. Such a partnership has already proved to be extremely beneficial,
generating products of great relevance for the management of natural
resources, such as technical reports, scientific papers, and even the
creation of conservation units (Cota-Nieto et al., 2018; Maravelias et al.,
2018; Fulton et al., 2019; Cisneros-Montemayor et al., 2020; Colloca
et al., 2020). Moreover, encouraging positive attitudes towards elas­
mobranch conservation is of utmost importance. Even indirectly, it
could reflect in reducing the impacts of bycatch, further emphasizing the
effectiveness of local and inclusive management (Johnson and Van
Densen, 2007; Lynch et al., 2010). Undoubtedly, it is essential to reduce
the professional distance between researchers and fishermen. The con­
struction of a bridge between science and traditional communities helps
to create an environment of co-learning that, in the future, may reflect
on much wider applicability (Wendt and Starr, 2009). Environmental
education and collaborative monitoring can encourage the creation of
alternative strategies and the assessment of necessary actions to estab­
lish effective practices for the sustainable use of fisheries resources
without affecting traditional communities (Wendt and Starr, 2009;
Carruthers and Neis, 2011). Moreover, increase the long-term commit­
ment to the community, always seeking to report the results of studies
carried out, is a promising way to include them in the next steps of
research and management of fish stocks (Hartley and Robertson, 2008).
The Paraná Coast (southern Brazil) presents a high diversity of
elasmobranchs besides being a place of great ecological importance for
many endemic and/or endangered species (Costa and Chaves, 2006;
Bornatowski and Abilhoa, 2012). Despite having one of the smallest
coasts in the country, Paraná is home for more than seventy fishing
communities or villages (Noernberg et al., 2008). Nevertheless, the
small-scale sector of the region still suffers from the negligence of pol­
icymakers when it comes to fishermen’s needs in decision-making pro­
cesses and the exclusion of traditional communities in the creation of
conservation plans (Da Silva, 2014). Due to previous conflicts with the
academy, many fishermen feel threatened by research carried out with
fishing resources, posing an extra challenge for cooperative activities
and inclusion (Caldeira et al., 2016). Based on this scenario, the present
study aimed to present a comparative analysis of elasmobranch landing
data previously published by Wosnick et al. (2020) in a condition of
little personal and professional interaction with fishermen and same
landing data after fishermen’s inclusion in studies carried out with
elasmobranchs in Paraná coast. Through this comparative analysis, we
hope to answer the following questions: will the commitment to research
by fishermen change after their inclusion in research activities? Will this
change be reflected significantly in the quality of the data collected? Will
other changes in behavior be observed after participatory activities?
2. Material and methods
2.1. Study focus
Studies in the municipality of Matinhos (Paraná state, southern
Brazil) have been carried out by our team since 2012. However, little
personal contact with fishermen existed until 2017. Due to previous
conflicts in the region, many of them felt uncomfortable with the ac­
tivities developed by our research group. To change their perception,
inclusive activities were carried out over the last two years (2018 and
2019). Initially, only a few members of the community showed interest
2
Ocean and Coastal Management 199 (2021) 105421
in the studies performed by our research group. Unfortunately, most
dialogues were related to the belief that research harms fishermen. To
involve more fishermen in the participative actions, our research group
adopted different interaction strategies, based on information sharing
and collaborative work. Through this approach, we aimed to empower
fishermen and establish a good relationship, allowing them to expose
their opinions, knowledge, and demands about fishing resources. We
also aimed to promote discussions about the studies that are being
developed and talk about the ecological importance of sharks and
batoids, the urgency of preserving species, current legislation, and
challenges faced by researchers in Brazil. All conversations were con­
ducted informally to avoid discomfort for fishermen once a month
throughout 2018 and 2019.
2.2. Data collection
To assess the effectiveness of the inclusive activities and willingness
to help in research, a specific issue was addressed as an evaluation cri­
terion. A common practice among artisanal fishermen is the landing of
eviscerated and beheaded animals. Although permitted by legislation,
this practice reduces the efficiency of fishing accompaniment and also
the access to biological samples needed to conduct studies (e.g., blood,
stomach content, gonads) (Wosnick et al., 2020). Throughout the ac­
tivities, awareness raising was carried out, explaining to fishermen the
difficulties faced when animals are landed without heads and gutted. It
was during these conversations that we asked to many of them to, when
incidentally captured, bring whole animals in order to help our research.
To test the effectiveness of the applied measures, monthly field trips
lasting one week were carried out in which all elasmobranchs inciden­
tally landed were counted considering the following information: spe­
cies, sex and life stage based on published literature (Lessa et al., 1999;
Mattos et al., 2001; Capapé et al., 2003, 2004; Motta et al., 2005; Saïdi
et al., 2005; Vooren and Klippel, 2005; Awruch et al., 2008; Fisher,
2010; Bejarano-Álvarez et al., 2011; Hoyos-Padilla et al., 2012; Nava
Nava and Márquez-Farías, 2014; Martins et al., 2018). Also, the number
of animals landed whole versus gutted/beheaded was taken into ac­
count. When headless, species identification was based on the popular
names that fishermen commonly use and through identification guides
(Gomes et al., 2010; Bornatowski and Abilhoa, 2012). Catch composi­
tion and seasonality data were also collected.
2.3. Statistical analysis
To verify the effectiveness of fishermen’s inclusion in the research,
the number of animals landed gutted and/or beheaded published by
Wosnick et al. (2020) were compared with data of the present study by
using a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. To assess the quality of the data
collected when whole individuals are landed, additional data on sex
ratio (Male:Female), ontogenic ratio (Juvenile:Adults), and the mini­
mum and maximum total length of landed animals were calculated.
3. Results
The results of our participatory approach are elucidated in different
aspects. Considering the community members that were reached out
during the inclusion activities, more fishermen, helpers/middlemen and
people responsible for processing the fish (called “fillet men” hereafter)
were willing to help research, giving full access to the captured animals.
In the twelve months of accompaniment, 186 elasmobranchs were
caught (125 sharks and 61 batoids). Of total, only 5% of individuals
were landed eviscerated and beheaded, which have been identified as
Sphyrna spp. (n = 4), Rhizoprionodon spp.(n = 3), Squatina spp. (n = 2)
and Pseudobatos spp. (n = 1) (Fig. 1). Due to the low percentage of an­
imals landed already processed, more robust data on sex and life stage
could be accessed. Considering all animals landed, 178 had their sex
identified (58% females and 42% males) and 181 were properly
E.P. Giareta et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 199 (2021) 105421

classified as to life stage (72% juveniles and 28% adults) (Fig. 1).
The number of gutted and beheaded elasmobranchs were smaller
when compared with previously published data for the same fishing
community before participatory activities (p = 0.03) (Fig. 2), indicating
that participatory activities had a positive effect on the fishing com­
munity’s landing patterns.
Through the landing of whole animals, it was possible to access the
current panorama of artisanal fishing in the region, as well as to eluci­
date capture patterns considering sex, life stage, and seasonality
(Table 1). Most captured elasmobranchs are small, ranging from 40.9 to
178 cm in total length (TL), with 90% of the individuals being ≤130 cm.
Pseudobatos spp. varied from 52 to 113 cm of TL and size average was 69
cm. Rhinoptera spp. ranged from 55 to 97 cm in disk width (DW) and size
average was 57.7 cm.
Considering the sex ratio, a predominance of males was observed for
Rhinoptera spp. The opposite was observed for Carcharhinus spp., Pseu­
dobatos spp., and Rhizoprionodon spp. The sex ratio was 1:1 for Sphyrna
spp. Considering the ontogenic ratio, landing patterns point to the pre­
dominance of juveniles for Carcharhinus spp., Rhinoptera spp. and Rhi­
zoprionodon spp., indicating that the region where the artisanal fleet
operates is a potential nursery ground. All Sphyrna spp. landed were
juveniles, also indicating the relevance of the Paraná coast as a nursery
area. The opposite was observed for Pseudobatos spp., with a predomi­
nance of adults. Squatina spp. were not accessed as the landing was rare
(n = 3) and all individuals were already beheaded and gutted.
A seasonal pattern was also observed on landings. Beheaded and
gutted (n = 10) elasmobranchs were landed only in spring. Landings of
Pseudobatos spp. occurred mainly in winter (100%), followed by autumn
(41%). Landings of Sphyrna spp. occurred more frequently in the spring
(41%). Landings of Rhinoptera spp. and Rhizoprionodon spp. were more
common in the summer (38% and 25%, respectively). In contrast, the
landing of Carcharhinus spp. occurred throughout the year. The per­
centage of juveniles was higher in all seasons. Furthermore, females
were more common in winter and males in autumn (Fig. 3).
Inclusive measures resulted in greater participation not only by the
fishermen but by members of the community as a whole. Activities such
as biometry, sampling, photographic record, handling, transportation,
and release of animals landed alive were some of the research activities
in which community members helped (Fig. 4).
Another relevant consequence of the activities carried out with the
community was the increased commitment to release practices (Fig. 4 C,
D, and F). The shortnose guitarfish, Zapteryx brevirostris is commonly
landed alive (Wosnick et al., 2018). Before participatory activities, they
were normally processed, sold, or in some cases (e.g., busy days) thrown
away. Unlike Pseudobatos spp., the shortnose guitarfish is sold at a low
price (R$5/kg or U$1/kg). The species is normally used as a form of
payment to middlemen for helping to pull boats out of the water.
Initially, shortnose guitarfishes were purchased by our team in a “pay to

Fig. 1. Data on elasmobranch landing after inclusion activities considering animals landed processed vs. whole. Considering the animals landed whole, the graphic
also shows the percentage between sexes and life stages. Results are presented as a percentage. Each color represents a genus. (For interpretation of the references to
color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

3
E.P. Giareta et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 199 (2021) 105421

Fig. 2. Comparison between the number of animals landed processed before (gray) and after (blue) inclusion activities with members of the traditional fishing
community of Matinhos. Previous data was taken from Wosnick et al. (2020). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred
to the Web version of this article.)

Table 1
Additional data collected with the landing of whole animals. Sex ratio (males:females), ontogenic ratio (juveniles:adults), and size
range considering total length. Data is presented for each genus.
Genus Sex ratio (M:F) Ontogenic ratio (J:A) Size range, cm (mean ± SD)

Carcharhinus spp. 13:16 (0.81:1) 28:1 (28:1) ♂66.4–131.4 (99.7 ± 21)

♀74–178 (108.5 ± 26.8)
Pseudobatos spp. 14:33 (0.42:1) 5:40 (0.12:1) ♂54–73.2 (62.7 ± 4.8)
♀52–113 (74.5 ± 16.7)
Rhinoptera spp. 8:6 (1.33:1) 12:2 (6:1) ♂55–97 (75 ± 13.7)
♀66.6–95 (75.4 ± 11.9)
Rhizoprionodon spp. 12:19 (0.63:1) 24:7 (3.42:1) ♂41.5–71.5 (53.1 ± 8.6)
♀40.9–125.9 (61.7 ± 19.5)
Sphyrna spp. 27:29 (0.93:1) – ♂91–173 (111.8 ± 18.4)
♀55.5–178 (112.3 ± 31.5)

conserve” strategy (Leduc and Hussey, 2019). After the inclusion ac­
tivities, most fishermen started to donate the animals. Reports of fish­
ermen buying live guitarfishes from other fishermen to carry out the
compensatory release are also a strong indicator of commitment. It is
important to note that the inclusion of the entire fishing community in
the activities was essential to increase the positive impacts of release. In
fact, not only fishermen started to release guitarfishes, but also mid­
dlemen, fillet men, and even fishing stalls employees. It is estimated that
around 300 guitarfishes were released back to the ocean since the
beginning of the participatory activities, indicating the success of the
practice. Finally, when felt more comfortable, some fishermen began to
report conducts commonly taken that are imperative for elasmobranch
local management such as the immediate release of schools of Rhinoptera
spp., the immediate release of manta rays and release of pregnant fe­
males and neonates when found alive in the fishing nets (personal
communication).
Besides the results previously mentioned, a great advance was ach­
ieved regarding access to biological samples (blood and gills), biometry
(length and weight), photographic record (geometric morphometric),
and diagnosis of the internal condition (ultrasound). There are currently
five postgraduate students who develop their projects with support from
community members. Furthermore, several parallel projects have been
developed and presented to the academic community at international
conferences (Giareta et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c, Leite et al., 2019a,
2019b, 2019c, Prado et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c). Also, articles already
published are a result of this partnership (Wosnick et al., 2018, 2020;
Prado et al., 2020; Leite et al., 2020).
4. Discussion
The improvement on the relationship between members of the
fishing community and researchers lead to significant changes in

4
E.P. Giareta et al.
Fig. 3. Data on elasmobranch landing after inclusion activities considering seasonality in catch patterns between sexes and life stages. Results are presented as a
percentage. Each color represents a genus. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
fishermen’s behavior and perception, generating excellent results for
elasmobranch research, opening new paths for participative manage­
ment at a local scale. When comparing four years of monitoring carried
by Wosnick et al. (2020), with monitoring and the inclusion initiative
reported in the present study, the increased commitment of community
members become clear. Many of them were considered by researchers
for the first time, allowing future partnerships that could benefit both
sides.
Considering the criteria adopted for comparative analysis, about
90% of the animals were landed whole. In the past four years, the
landing of uncharacterized elasmobranchs was predominant. Although
this practice is permitted by law and facilitates transportation (reducing
the weight on board and increasing the space for storage), the landing of
gutted and beheaded animals make it difficult to correctly identify
species (Chaves et al., 2018; Wosnick et al., 2020) and to access repro­
ductive aspects essential to determine population recovery potential (e.
g., gonadal maturation) and other biological data relevant for proper
conservation. The reduction in the landing of beheaded and gutted an­
imals observed in the present study deeply reflects our efforts to raise
awareness on elasmobranch research. Additionally, changes in percep­
tion may pave the way for a new participatory management model, in
which fishermen assistance and knowledge become essential for
research. Therefore, future studies with animals landed whole may help
to elucidate key strategies for sustainable use of resident and also
migratory species that are captured in the state, boosting local man­
agement. Furthermore, data on sexual proportion and life stage were
improved with the landing of whole animals, demonstrating that fe­
males and juveniles are a significant part of bycatch in the state. This
data also highlights the importance of a partnership between re­
searchers, fishermen, and policymakers, since they can help to improve
management plans at a regional scale especially considering the
ecological importance of the region as a parturition and nursery area
5
Ocean and Coastal Management 199 (2021) 105421
(Bornatowski and Abilhoa, 2012; Costa and Chaves, 2006).
The landing of whole animals was also essential to properly identify
the proportion and sexual composition of captured species and their
seasonality. Our data of animals landed whole reinforced previously
published data on the seasonal composition of artisanal captures (e.g.
Chaves et al., 2020; Costa and Chaves, 2006), indicating the strong in­
fluence that fishing apparatus has on elasmobranch capture. Artisanal
fishing communities in Paraná use many fishing apparatus and alternate
fishing modalities throughout the year (Afonso, 2016; Andriguetto-Filho
et al., 2009; Chaves and Robert, 2003), being commercial fishing in the
state extremely dynamic. The constant turnover of fishing gear, fishing
modalities and, fishing areas seem to have a positive effect on the re­
covery of most of the fishing stocks commonly exploited by fishermen in
the region (Kraak et al., 2013). More specifically, data shows that cap­
ture patterns change constantly, as well as the species that are captured
incidentally, except for guitarfishes that are mostly caught during
winter. The historical capture of guitarfishes during winter in the region
has a strong relationship with fishing for flatfish (Paralichthys spp.), one
of the most important marine resources in the state (Chaves et al., 2020;
Costa and Chaves, 2006). Since the type of fishing apparatus used to fish
for flatfish has little selectivity, many benthic species are captured as
bycatch. For this reason, future inclusion activities with fishermen
should focus on the elaboration of fishing exclusion devices and man­
agement protocols to reduce the capture of benthic elasmobranchs with
little commercial value.
Another positive point was the increased commitment of the com­
munity members in the compensatory release of species with little
commercial interest (e.g., Rhinoptera spp., Zapteryx brevirostris). The
compensatory release of species with some commercial value (Pseudo­
batos spp., neonates Sphyrna spp., and pregnant females in general)
became more pronounced. The compensatory release is foreseen in
management plans (IPOA-Sharks, 1999 and PAN Tubarões, 2014) as a
E.P. Giareta et al. Ocean and Coastal Management 199 (2021) 105421

Fig. 4. Inclusion activities with members of the artisanal fishing community of Matinhos. (A) Photographic record and biological sampling. (B) Fishermen observing
an ultrasound diagnosis. (C) Middleman moments before performing the release of a guitarfish landed alive. (D) Compensatory release by a member of the fishing
community. (E) Community member helping with biometry. (F) Fisherman moments before the release of guitarfishes landed alive.

measure to reduce the impacts of incidental capture. Our results with
Zapteryx brevirostris, currently listed as Vulnerable both in the national
and IUCN red lists, corroborate the use of species with low commercial
value as a way to ensure fishermen commitment. Research in partner­
ship with artisanal fishermen are also being developed in São Paulo State
(southeastern Brazil) with promising results in the compensatory release
of batoids with little commercial interest or that did not reach the
minimum size for capture (de Souza Rangel et al., 2017; Rodrigues et al.,
2019). Additional reports of voluntary compensatory release exist in
other fishing communities in Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Espírito Santo
States (personal communication), however, there is no official release
program in place for any of these locations.
There was also an improvement in communication between fisher­
men and researchers with an increase in incidental catch reports and a
greater willingness to participate in surveys and questionnaires.
Furthermore, many legal issues that bother them or they do not un­
derstand have been openly discussed. If there is no understanding and
there is no explanation on the importance of conservation measures,
prohibitions and determinations make fishermen feel excluded and
disrespected (Costa and Murata, 2015). Thus, moving further and
further away from the academic community. Studies have shown that
co-management and the involvement of fishing communities in
decision-making not only decentralize decisions but also delegate roles
and rights to fishermen. Such a strategy brings better results than pol­
icies based exclusively on decisions made by the scientific community
and the government (Pomeroy and Berkes, 1997). Fishing community
members have some uncertainty about the legal measures imposed and
sometimes disagree with fisheries management in its current form

6
E.P. Giareta et al.
(Amigo-Dobaño et al., 2012). Despite their great knowledge and expe­
rience, many of the proposed measures seem illogical and difficult to
follow. Especially considering that sharks and batoids that are threat­
ened with extinction occur in the same locations as other species of a
commercial interest with permitted or regulated capture (Mugil spp.,
Paralichthys spp., Micropogonias furnieri, Centropomus spp., Cynoscion
spp., Oligoplites spp., Scomberomorus spp.).
Another point raised is the requirement for carcass disposal, even for
animals incidentally captured. For them, it makes no sense to waste the
fish if it is already dead. Additionally, there is great difficulty in iden­
tifying congener species, and most of them use unreliable identification
criteria (personal observation). Moreover, one of the issues regarding
fishing ban lists is that they do not consider regional common names and
few fishermen can correlate scientific names or generic names with the
species commonly caught. To fill some of these gaps, extensive work on
the development of didactic material is being carried out, to generate
subsidies for proper identification. That way, fishermen will be able to
understand and adapt to current legislation, reducing financial losses
resulting from fines. However, much remains to be done, since fisher­
men are hardly ever consulted for the creation of management plans.
Such exclusion continues to be a challenge for the success of legal
measures in fisheries management, since even recognizing the impor­
tance of traditional knowledge, artisanal communities are still
constantly neglected (Schafer and Reis, 2008; Costa and Murata, 2015).
The recognition and appreciation of artisanal fishermen is impera­
tive to strengthen the link between traditional communities and the
scientific community, thus reinforcing their great value to scientific
research and elasmobranch conservation. Returns are important for
traditional communities. Public recognition of their collaboration in
scientific publications, conference presentations, and social networks
are highly esteemed by fishermen and other members of the community.
It is a simple gesture that has great significance in human relationships
and reinforces the commitment of the researchers with the community.
Lastly, new opportunities for participation in decision-making have
been taking place during the COVID-19 pandemic. As all the articula­
tions with specialists are being done remotely, it was possible to take the
testimony of an artisanal fisherman partner of our research group to the I
Workshop on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Carcharias taurus. The
workshop is an initiative of WCS Argentina in cooperation with NGOs,
researchers, policymakers, and fishermen from Argentina, Uruguay, and
Brazil. Their participation in this activity whose ultimate goal is to
create a recovery plan for the species will open new paths for inclusion
and future activities that may take into account their opinion and
demands.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank the members of the fishing community
of Matinhos for their friendship and active participation in our research.
Authors also thank CNPq and CAPES for the scholarships and fellowship.
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