JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPT. OF CLINICAL MEDICINE

ICM 2204: MENTAL HEALTH AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE

DR. NICETA

HSM 211-0113/2019

ARNOLD KIPNGETICH

3RD MARCH, 2023

ASSIGNMENT

Discuss substance abuse, symptoms and disorders associated with each form of

substance abuse and the possible interventions.

INRODUCTION
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). SUD is a pattern of
substance use leading to clinically si gnificant impairment or distress, as manifested
by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
1. Impaired control: A persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control
substance use.
2. Social impairment: Significant adverse social, occupational, or recreational
consequences related to substance use.
3. Risky use: Substance use in dangerous situations, such as driving or operating
machinery while intoxicated.
4. Pharmacological criteria: Tolerance, withdrawal, and other indicators of
dependence.

Substance abuse is a major public health concern, and can have serious consequences
for individuals, families, and communities. Substance abuse can lead to physical and
psychological dependence, which can be difficult to treat. Treatment for substance
abuse typically involves counseling, support groups, and sometimes medications.
ALCOHOL AND ITS ABUSE
Alcohol is one of the most widely consumed substances in the world. It is a central
nervous system depressant, and its effects range from a mild feeling of relaxation to
physical and mental impairment. Alcohol is a common cause of addiction and is
associated with a range of physical and psychological health problems. This article
will discuss the abuse of alcohol, its symptoms and associated disorders, and potential
interventions.
Symptoms of Alcohol Abuse
1) Increased alcohol consumption: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may
drink more than usual, or more often than usual, in order to cope with stress or to feel
better.
2) Difficulty controlling drinking: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may
find it difficult to control how much or how often they drink, and may continue to
drink even when it causes negative consequences.
3) Increased tolerance: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may need to
drink more in order to achieve the same effects as they did when they first started
drinking.
4) Withdrawal symptoms: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may
experience withdrawal symptoms when they don’t drink, including anxiety,
irritability, tremors, sweating, nausea, and insomnia.
5) Neglecting responsibilities: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may start
to neglect their responsibilities, such as work, school, or family obligations.
6) Poor judgment: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may make poor
decisions, such as driving while intoxicated or engaging in risky behavior.
7) Relationship problems: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may
experience problems in their relationships, such as arguments with family members or
friends.

Associated Disorders
Alcohol abuse can lead to a number of mental health disorders, including:
1) Depression: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may also be struggling
with depression, which is often a result of their drinking behaviors.
2) Anxiety: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may also be struggling
with anxiety, which can be caused by the effects of alcohol on the brain.
3) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): People who are struggling with alcohol
abuse may also be struggling with PTSD, which is often caused by traumatic events
that occurred in the past.
4) Bipolar disorder: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may also be
struggling with bipolar disorder, which is characterized by episodes of depression
and mania.
5) Personality disorders: People who are struggling with alcohol abuse may also be
struggling with a personality disorder, such as borderline personality disorder or
antisocial personality disorder.
Possible Interventions
1) Counseling: Counseling is an important part of treatment for alcohol abuse and can
help people gain insight into their behaviors, develop coping skills, and learn how to
manage their drinking.
2) Medication: Medications may be prescribed to help people manage their drinking
and reduce cravings for alcohol.
3) 12-step programs: 12-step programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, can provide
support and guidance for people who are struggling with alcohol abuse.
4) Support groups: Support groups can provide a safe and supportive environment for
people who are struggling with alcohol abuse.
5) Inpatient treatment: Inpatient treatment can be helpful for people who are
struggling with severe alcohol abuse or addiction.
References
1. Alcohol Abuse: Symptoms, Causes, and Effects. (2020, February 17). Retrieved
April 04, 2021, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/addiction/alcohol-abuse-
and-alcoholism.htm
2. Alcohol Abuse and Mental Health. (2020, August 28). Retrieved April 04, 2021,
from https://www.mentalhelp.net/blogs/alcohol-abuse-and-mental-health/
3. Understanding Alcohol Abuse and Addiction. (n.d.). Retrieved April 04, 2021,
from https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/alcohol-abuse-and-
addiction#1

CANNABIS AND ITS ABUSE

Cannabis is a psychoactive drug derived from the Cannabis plant, which is
commonly referred to as marijuana. It is most commonly used as a recreational drug,
but it also has medicinal uses. Cannabis has been used for centuries for its
psychoactive effects and its medicinal properties. Cannabis is one of the most widely
used drugs in the world, and its use has increased significantly over the last few
decades.
Symptoms of Cannabis Abuse
Cannabis abuse can lead to a variety of physical and psychological symptoms. These
symptoms can include:
• Increased heart rate
• Increased blood pressure
• Dizziness
• Anxiety
• Confusion
• Memory problems
• Impaired coordination
• Impaired judgment
• Paranoia
• Hallucinations
• Feelings of panic
Associated Disorders
Cannabis abuse can lead to a variety of psychological disorders, including:
• Anxiety disorders
• Depression
• Schizophrenia
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Bipolar disorder
• Substance use disorders
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Eating disorders
• Sleep disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Interventions
There are a variety of interventions that can be used to address cannabis abuse. These
interventions can include:
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a form of therapy that focuses on
helping an individual to identify and change negative thoughts and behaviors. CBT
can be used to address cannabis abuse by helping the individual to recognize and
change their thoughts and behaviors related to cannabis use.
• Motivational interviewing (MI): MI is a type of therapy that focuses on helping an
individual to recognize their own motivations for changing their behavior. MI can be
used to help individuals with cannabis abuse to recognize and address their
motivations for using cannabis.
• Contingency management (CM): CM is a form of therapy that uses rewards to
reinforce desired behaviors. This type of therapy can be used to reward individuals for
abstaining from cannabis use.
• Medication: There are a variety of medications that can be used to address cannabis
abuse. These medications can include antidepressants, antipsychotics, and
anticonvulsants.
Conclusion
Cannabis abuse can lead to a variety of physical and psychological symptoms, as well
as a variety of psychological disorders. There are a variety of interventions that can be
used to address cannabis abuse, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational
interviewing, contingency management, and medication. References
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Marijuana. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana
2. National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2020). Cannabis use disorder.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538129/
3. National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2019). Cannabis and mental health.
Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Cannabis-
and-Mental-Health
4. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Therapeutic approaches to cannabis use
disorder. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-
addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-
to-drug-addiction-treatment/therapeutic-approaches-cannabis-use-disorder

CAFFEINE AND ITS ABUSE

Caffeine is a psychoactive drug found in many beverages, such as coffee, tea, cola,
and energy drinks. It has been widely used for centuries, and its popularity has
increased dramatically in recent years. Caffeine is known to improve alertness,
attention, and concentration, but its excessive use can lead to problems such as
insomnia, anxiety, and cardiovascular issues. Understanding the risks associated with
caffeine abuse is essential for anyone considering its use.

Symptoms of Caffeine Abuse

The symptoms of caffeine abuse can vary greatly, but the most common signs are:
• Restlessness
• Anxiety
• Nervousness
• Irritability
• Insomnia
• Headaches
• Rapid heart rate
• Nausea
• Muscle tremors
• Increased blood pressure
Associated Disorders
Caffeine abuse has been linked to a variety of mental health disorders, including:
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Panic disorder
• Bipolar disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
In addition, caffeine abuse has been linked to physical health problems, such as: •
Gastrointestinal disorders
• Cardiovascular problems
• Kidney problems
• Liver damage
• Dehydration
• Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
Possible Interventions
The first step in treating caffeine abuse is to recognize the problem and seek help.
There are a variety of possible interventions that can be used to treat caffeine abuse,
including:
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Education on the risks and benefits associated with caffeine use
• Support groups
• Medication, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications
• Nutrition counseling
• Stress management techniques
• Exercise
• Relaxation techniques
Conclusion
Caffeine is a widely used psychoactive drug that can have positive effects on
alertness, concentration, and mood. However, excessive use can lead to a variety of
physical and mental health problems. It is important to recognize the signs of caffeine
abuse and take steps to address the issue. Cognitive behavioral therapy, education,
support, medication, nutrition counseling, stress management, exercise, and
relaxation techniques can all be used to help treat caffeine abuse.
References:
1. Weyandt, L. L. (2015). Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and
Research Agenda. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 543–555.
https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000129
2. Grigson, P. S. (2018). Caffeine: A Review of Its Effects on Brain and Behavior.
Psychology & Neuroscience, 11(2), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000119
3. Smith, A. P., & Brice, C. F. (2002). Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the
Evidence and Future Implications. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67(2), 133–145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00126-3

OPIOIDS AND THEIR ABUSE

Opioids are a class of drugs that are commonly prescribed to relieve pain. They can
be used to treat both acute and chronic pain, and can be either natural, synthetic, or
semi-synthetic. Commonly prescribed opioids include morphine, oxycodone,
codeine, and hydrocodone. Opioid Abuse Unfortunately, opioids have a high
potential for misuse and abuse. When abused, opioids can cause feelings of euphoria,
relaxation, and sedation. This can lead to a cycle of drug misuse and abuse, with
increasing doses needed to achieve the same effect.

Symptoms
The symptoms of opioid abuse can vary depending on the amount of opioid taken
and how long it has been abused. Common signs of abuse include:
• Increased tolerance
• Changes in sleeping patterns
• Loss of interest in activities
• Mood swings
• Inability to concentrate
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Constipation
• Slowed breathing and heart rate

Associated Disorders
Opioid abuse can lead to a number of physical and psychological disorders, such as:
• Addiction and dependence
• Respiratory depression
• Gastrointestinal problems
• Liver damage
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Cognitive impairment
• Sexual dysfunction
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Suicidal ideation
Interventions
The best way to treat opioid abuse and addiction is to seek professional help.
Treatment usually involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapy to
help the individual understand and manage their addiction. Common interventions
include:
• Medication-assisted treatment (MAT)
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
• Motivational interviewing (MI)
• 12-step programs
• Support groups
• Holistic approaches

Conclusion
Opioid abuse is a serious problem that can lead to a number of physical and
psychological disorders. It is important to seek professional help if you or someone
you know is struggling with opioid abuse. With the right treatments and
interventions, individuals can learn to manage their addiction and live a healthier life.
References
1. Drugabuse.gov. (2021). Opioids. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioids
2. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Treatment Approaches for Drug
Addiction. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-
addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/drug-addiction-treatment-in-
united-states/types-treatment-programs
3. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Understanding Drug Use and Addiction.
Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-
drug-use-addiction

TOBACCO AND ITS ABUSE

Tobacco is a product made up of the dried leaves of a plant called Nicotiana
tabacum. It is widely used throughout the world in various forms, such as cigarettes,
cigars, hookah, and chewing tobacco. While some people use it for medicinal and
recreational purposes, the most common use of tobacco is smoking, which has been
linked to serious health risks.

Abuse of Tobacco and its Symptoms

Tobacco abuse can be defined as the use of tobacco in any form in excess of the
recommended doses. It is associated with various signs and symptoms, including:
• Physical dependence: physical dependence is characterized by the presence of
nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, restlessness, and difficulty
concentrating.
• Addiction: addiction is characterized by compulsive use of tobacco and the inability
to control or stop using it.
• Increased risk of chronic diseases: tobacco abuse is associated with an increased
risk of developing various chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer,
and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Associated Disorders
Tobacco abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing several mental
health disorders, including:
• Depression: depression is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness,
hopelessness, and worthlessness.
• Anxiety: anxiety is characterized by excessive worry and fear.
• Substance use disorder: substance use disorder is characterized by the compulsive
use of a substance, such as tobacco, despite the negative consequences.
• Schizophrenia: schizophrenia is a mental health disorder characterized by delusions,
hallucinations, and disorganized thinking
.
Possible Interventions
There are several possible interventions that can be used to help people quit using
tobacco:
• Behavioral therapies: Behavioral therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy,
can be used to help people identify and address the underlying causes of their tobacco
use.
• Medications: Several medications, such as varenicline and bupropion, can be used
to help people quit using tobacco.
• Nicotine replacement therapy: Nicotine replacement therapies, such as patches,
gum, and lozenges, can be used to help people quit using tobacco.
• Support groups: Support groups, such as Nicotine Anonymous, can provide social
support and guidance to people trying to quit using tobacco.

Conclusion
Tobacco abuse is associated with serious health risks and can lead to the development
of various chronic diseases and mental health disorders. There are several
interventions that can be used to help people quit using tobacco, such as behavioral
therapies, medications, nicotine replacement therapy, and support groups.

References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Tobacco Use | CDC.
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/
2.National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019). Tobacco/Nicotine. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/tobacco-nicotine
4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). Tobacco
Use and Mental Health. Retrieved from
https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/disorders/tobacco-use 4. World Health
Organization. (2020). Tobacco. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco

SEDATIVES AND THEIR ABUSE

Sedatives are medications used to reduce anxiety and help people relax. They work
by slowing down the central nervous system and reducing the activity of nerve cells
in the brain. Sedatives are also called tranquilizers, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and
antianxiety drugs. Some of the more commonly prescribed sedatives are
benzodiazepines, such as Xanax and Valium, as well as barbiturates such as
phenobarbital. Sedative Abuse Sedative abuse is the misuse of a sedative-type
medication for the purpose of intoxication or to produce a feeling of euphoria. It is
classified as a type of substance abuse, along with the abuse of other drugs such as
opioids, cocaine, and alcohol. It can cause physical dependence, tolerance, and
addiction. Common signs and symptoms of sedative abuse are:
• Drowsiness
• Slurred speech
• Confusion
• Poor concentration
• Memory problems
• Impaired coordination
• Poor judgment
• Hallucinations
• Blackouts
Associated Disorders
Sedative abuse can lead to a variety of mental health conditions, including: • Anxiety
disorders
• Panic attacks
• Depression
• Insomnia
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Substance use disorder
• Suicidal thoughts

Possible Interventions
The most successful interventions for sedative abuse involve a combination of
pharmacological and psychosocial treatments. These interventions may include:
• Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): MAT combines the use of FDA-approved
medications with counseling and behavioral therapies. Medications such as
buprenorphine, naloxone, and naltrexone are used to reduce cravings and other
withdrawal symptoms.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is a form of psychotherapy that helps
people identify and modify their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It can help
individuals learn how to cope with cravings and develop healthier ways of dealing
with stress and emotions.
• 12-Step Programs: 12-Step programs are support groups based on the principles of
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). They provide individuals with a supportive
environment to share their experiences and receive encouragement from peers.
• Motivational Interviewing (MI): MI is a counseling approach that helps people
explore and resolve their ambivalence about changing their behavior. It is used to
help individuals build insight, make decisions, and take action.

Conclusion
Sedative abuse is a serious problem that can lead to physical dependence, addiction,
and a variety of mental health conditions. Treatment is typically most successful
when a combination of pharmacological and psychosocial treatments are used.

References
1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). Medication-
Assisted Treatment. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-
treatment
2. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Prescription and Over-the-Counter
Medications. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-over-counter-
medications
3. National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2020). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Cognitive-
Behavioral-Therapy
4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2020). 12-Step
Programs. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/12-step-programs 5. National
Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Motivational Interviewing. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-
research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-
treatment/motivational-interviewing

HALLUCINOGENS AND THEIR ABUSE

Hallucinogens are drugs that cause hallucinations, which are distorted perceptions of
reality. These drugs are sometimes abused for their mind-altering effects.
Hallucinogens can be naturally occurring, such as in plants, or manufactured in
laboratories. Common examples of hallucinogens include lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD), psilocybin (mushrooms), and mescaline (peyote).
Symptoms of Abuse
The symptoms of hallucinogen abuse are varied, but may include:
• Changes in mood and behavior, such as anxiety, aggression, or paranoia
• Visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Increased body temperature and sweating
• Dizziness or disorientation

Associated Disorders
Hallucinogen abuse can lead to the development of mental health disorders, such as:
• Major depression
• Anxiety disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Mood disorders
• Drug dependence

Interventions
Interventions for hallucinogen abuse can include:
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of psychotherapy that helps
individuals change their thoughts and behaviors. It can help individuals learn to
manage their emotions, reduce drug cravings, and maintain sober behaviors.
• Motivational enhancement therapy (MET): MET is a type of talk therapy that helps
individuals identify their own motivations for changing their behavior. It can help
individuals develop the skills and confidence needed to maintain sobriety.
• Medication-assisted treatment (MAT): MAT is a type of treatment that combines
therapy and medication. It can help individuals reduce drug cravings and withdrawal
symptoms, making it easier for them to stay sober.
• Support groups: Support groups can provide individuals with a network of support
and encouragement. These groups can help individuals stay motivated and connected
to others who have similar experiences. Conclusion Hallucinogen abuse can lead to
the development of mental health disorders and a variety of physical and
psychological symptoms. However, there are interventions available to help
individuals recover from hallucinogen abuse and maintain sobriety. With the right
support and treatment, individuals can learn to cope with their cravings and live a
healthy, drug-free life.
References
1. Hallucinogens: What Are Hallucinogens? (2020). Drugabuse.gov.
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens
2. Hallucinogen Abuse. (2020). American Addiction Centers.
https://americanaddictioncenters.org/hallucinogen-abuse/
3. Hallucinogen Abuse and Addiction Treatment. (2020). National Institute on Drug
Abuse. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-
research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-addiction-
treatment/behavioral-2

INHALANTS AND THEIR ABUSE

Inhalants are a group of volatile substances that are inhaled in order to produce a
psychoactive effect. Inhalants are typically found in household products such as
aerosols, glues, and solvents. The substances are usually inhaled through the nose or
mouth, and can cause a wide range of physical and psychological effects.

Types of Inhalants
Inhalants can be divided into three main categories, based on their chemical structure:
solvents, gases, and nitrites.
Solvents, or volatile organic compounds, are found in a variety of household products
such as paint thinners, nail polish remover, glue, and cleaning fluids.
Gases, or volatile hydrocarbons, are found in aerosols, such as hair spray, deodorant,
and hairspray.
Nitrites, or alkyl nitrites, are found in products such as poppers, which are often used
by those engaging in sexual activity.

Abuse of Inhalants
Inhalant abuse is the intentional inhalation of volatile substances in order to achieve a
psychoactive effect. This can be done in a number of different ways, including
sniffing, huffing, bagging, and dusting. Sniffing involves directly inhaling the fumes
from an opened container, while huffing involves inhaling the fumes from a rag or
cloth soaked in the substance. Bagging involves inhaling the fumes from an enclosed
bag, and dusting involves inhaling the fumes from a dust-filled balloon. Inhalants can
have a wide range of physical and psychological effects, including euphoria,
dizziness, hallucinations, impaired motor coordination, and even death.

Symptoms and Associated Disorders

Inhalant abuse can lead to a range of physical and psychological symptoms. Physical
symptoms can include confusion, loss of balance and coordination, fatigue, nausea,
and vomiting. Psychological symptoms can include agitation, anxiety, depression, and
paranoia. Inhalant abuse can also lead to a range of associated disorders, such as
addiction, respiratory problems, and cardiac arrest. Inhalant abuse can also cause
damage to the central nervous system, leading to memory loss, impaired judgment,
and impaired coordination.
Interventions
There are a number of interventions available to those struggling with inhalant abuse.
Treatment for inhalant abuse typically involves a combination of individual, family,
and group therapy, as well as medication and other lifestyle changes.
1. Individual therapy can help those struggling with inhalant abuse to identify the
underlying causes of their addiction and develop strategies for coping with cravings.
2. Family therapy can help to provide support and understanding to those struggling
with inhalant abuse, as well as build stronger family relationships.
3. Group therapy can provide a safe and supportive environment for those struggling
with inhalant abuse to share their experiences and learn from one another.
4. Medication can be used to help manage physical and psychological withdrawal
symptoms.
5. Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding triggers, engaging in regular exercise, and
developing healthy coping strategies, can also help those struggling with inhalant
abuse to maintain sobriety.

Conclusion
In conclusion, inhalant abuse is a serious problem that can have a wide range of
physical and psychological effects. Treatment for inhalant abuse typically involves a
combination of individual, family, and group therapy, as well as medication and other
lifestyle changes. With the right help and support, those struggling with inhalant
abuse can learn to manage their addiction and lead healthy, productive lives.
References
1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). Inhalant
Abuse. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders/substance-related-
disorders/inhalant-abuse
2. American Addiction Centers. (2020). Inhalant Abuse: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and
Treatment. Retrieved from
https://americanaddictioncenters.org/inhalant-abuse/diagnosis-treatment
3. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Inhalants. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/inhalants

COCAINE AND ITS ABUSE

Cocaine is a type of stimulant drug that is derived from the leaves of the coca plant. It
is a powerful, illegal stimulant that can be snorted, smoked, or injected. It has been
used for centuries in some parts of the world, but its use has become increasingly
widespread in recent decades. Cocaine abuse can lead to a variety of physical and
psychological problems, including addiction.

Symptoms of Cocaine Abuse

The primary symptom of cocaine abuse is an intense euphoric high. This high is
characterized by a feeling of intense happiness and energy that can last for hours. In
addition, some users may experience increased mental clarity and alertness. Other
common symptoms of cocaine abuse include:
• Dilated pupils
• Increased heart rate
• Increased blood pressure
• Nausea
• Headache
• Insomnia
• Restlessness
• Paranoia
• Aggression

Associated Disorders
Cocaine abuse can lead to a variety of psychological and physical disorders. These
include:
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Mood swings
• Psychosis
• Hallucinations
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Seizures
• Respiratory arrest
• Kidney failure Possible
Possible Interventions
There are several interventions that can help someone recover from cocaine addiction,
including:
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): This type of therapy helps individuals identify
and cope with triggers that lead to cocaine use.
• Motivational interviewing (MI): MI helps individuals explore and resolve
ambivalence about changing behavior by helping them to identify their personal
motivations for change.
• Contingency management (CM): CM is a structured intervention that rewards
individuals for abstaining from cocaine use.
• 12-step programs: 12-step programs such as Narcotics Anonymous provide free,
peer-led support and a structured approach to recovery.
• Medications: Medications such as buprenorphine and naltrexone can be used to
reduce cocaine cravings and withdrawal symptoms.Treatment typically includes a
combination of psychotherapy, 12-step meetings, and medications. Medications that
are commonly used to treat cocaine addiction include:
• Disulfiram
• Naltrexone
• Bupropion
• Naloxone
• Modafinil
• Holistic approaches: Holistic interventions such as yoga, meditation, and
mindfulness can help individuals reduce stress and cope with cravings.

Conclusion
Cocaine abuse is a serious problem that can lead to a variety of physical and
psychological problems. The most effective way to intervene is to seek professional
help. Treatment typically includes a combination of psychotherapy, 12-step meetings,
and medications. With proper treatment and support, individuals can learn to manage
cravings and reduce or stop their cocaine use.

References
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Cocaine. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/cocaine
2. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Treatment Approaches for Drug
Addiction. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-
addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/drug-addiction-treatment-in-
united-states/types-treatment-programs
3. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Medications to Treat Addiction.
Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-
treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/evidence-based-approaches-to-drug-
addiction-treatment/pharmacotherapies
AMPHETAMINES AND THEIR ABUSE
Overview
Amphetamines are a class of psychostimulant drugs that cause a sense of alertness
and improved energy. They are commonly prescribed to treat
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. When taken in large
doses, they can cause a range of physical and psychological effects, including
increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, decreased appetite, and insomnia.
Amphetamines can also be abused recreationally, leading to addiction and other
negative mental and physical side effects.
Abuse of Amphetamines
Amphetamine abuse involves taking the drug in ways other than as prescribed, such
as taking larger doses, taking the drug more often, or taking it in different forms such
as snorting or injecting. Abuse of amphetamines can lead to severe physical and
psychological dependence, as well as an increased risk of overdose and death.

Symptoms of Amphetamine Abuse

The signs and symptoms of amphetamine abuse may include:
• Increased energy levels
• Loss of appetite
• Insomnia
• Paranoia
• Aggression
• Irritability
• Erratic behavior
• Increased heart rate
• High blood pressure
• Hallucinations
• Seizures

Associated Disorders
Amphetamine abuse can lead to a variety of mental health disorders, including:
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Bipolar disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Suicidal thoughts or behaviors
• Delusions
• Psychosis

Possible Interventions
A variety of interventions can be used to help someone struggling with an
amphetamine addiction:
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of psychotherapy that helps
individuals recognize unhealthy thoughts and behaviors and replace them with
healthier ones.
• Motivational Interviewing (MI): MI is a type of counseling that helps individuals
explore and resolve ambivalence about making a change.
• Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): MAT is the use of FDA-approved
medications, such as buprenorphine and naltrexone, to help reduce cravings and
withdrawal symptoms.
• Support Groups: Support groups, such as 12-step programs, can help provide a safe,
supportive environment for individuals struggling with an amphetamine addiction.

Conclusion
Amphetamine abuse is a serious problem that can lead to physical and mental health
problems, as well as an increased risk of overdose and death. Fortunately, there are a
variety of interventions available to help individuals struggling with an amphetamine
addiction.
References
1. Amphetamine Abuse and Addiction: Symptoms, Side Effects, and Treatment.
(2020, June 18). Retrieved November 15, 2020, from
https://www.addictioncenter.com/stimulants/amphetamine/
2. What Are Amphetamines? (2020, April 24). Retrieved November 15, 2020, from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/amphetamines
3. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). Medication-
Assisted Treatment for People With Opioid Use Disorders. Retrieved November 15,
2020, from https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/opioid-
use-disorders.

STEROIDS AND THEIR ABUSE

Steroids are a class of hormones that are essential to the proper functioning of the
body. They are important for growth and development, and they can also be used to
treat certain medical conditions. Unfortunately, the use of steroids has become
increasingly popular among athletes and bodybuilders for the purpose of improving
performance and physical appearance. This type of steroid abuse has been linked to
numerous physical and psychological health problems, including addiction and
associated disorders. The purpose of this paper is to discuss steroids, their abuse under
symptoms and associated disorders, and possible interventions.

Types of Steroids
There are two main types of steroids: anabolic and corticosteroids. Anabolic steroids
are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone that are used to promote
muscle growth and strength. Corticosteroids are hormones produced by the adrenal
glands that are used to reduce inflammation and treat certain medical conditions such
as asthma and arthritis. Steroid Abuse Steroid abuse is the use of anabolic steroids
without a prescription or in higher doses than prescribed. It is estimated that 3 to 4
million people in the United States have abused steroids at least once. People who
abuse steroids often do so to increase their muscle size and strength, improve physical
appearance, and gain an edge in sports competitions.
Symptoms of Steroid Abuse
Steroid abuse can lead to a variety of physical and psychological symptoms,
including:
• Acne
• Mood swings
• Increased aggression
• Redness or inflammation at the injection site
• Abnormal hair growth
• Increased risk of infection
• Liver damage
• High blood pressure
• Kidney damage
• Heart problems

Associated Disorders
Long-term steroid abuse can lead to a number of associated disorders, including:
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Insomnia
• Bipolar disorder
• Substance use disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Eating disorders
• Body dysmorphic disorder
• Personality disorders

Interventions
The most effective way to prevent steroid abuse is through education and awareness.
It is important for parents, coaches, and teachers to be aware of the signs and
symptoms of steroid abuse and to provide support and resources to those struggling
with addiction. Additionally, there are many treatment options available for those
seeking help. Treatment typically involves a combination of individual and group
counseling, lifestyle changes, and medications to help manage withdrawal symptoms
and cravings.
Conclusion
Steroid abuse is a serious problem that can have a negative impact on physical and
psychological health. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of steroid
abuse, as well as the associated disorders, in order to provide appropriate
interventions. Education and awareness are key to preventing steroid abuse and
providing support to those who are struggling.

References
1. NIDA. (n.d.). Steroid Abuse. Retrieved from
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/steroids
2. American Addiction Centers. (2020). Steroids: Abuse, Side Effects, and Treatment
Options. Retrieved from https://americanaddictioncenters.org/steroid-abuse
3. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Retrieved from
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17086-anabolic-steroid-abuse

KETAMINE AND ITS ABUSE

Ketamine is an anesthetic drug belonging to the group of drugs known as dissociative
or hallucinogenic drugs. It is commonly used in medical settings as a dissociative
anesthetic and analgesic. Its recreational use is increasing and is linked to significant
health risks and harms, including physical, mental and social harms.
Uses of Ketamine
Ketamine is commonly used in medical settings as an anesthetic and analgesic,
particularly in pediatric and emergency settings. It is most commonly used as an
intravenous (IV) injection, although it is sometimes used as an intramuscular (IM)
injection, intranasal spray, or oral tablet. It is known to produce a rapid and intense
anesthetic effect with minimal cardiovascular and respiratory depression.
Ketamine Abuse
Ketamine abuse is on the rise and it is associated with serious health risks and harms.
It is often referred to as a “club drug” or “date rape drug” because it is often used in
combination with other drugs, such as alcohol, to produce an altered state of
consciousness. Ketamine abuse can lead to severe physical and psychological
symptoms, including confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, amnesia, and
confusion. Abusing ketamine can also lead to long-term cognitive and psychiatric
problems, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis.
Symptoms and Associated Disorders
Ketamine abuse can cause a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms,
including:
• Confusion and disorientation
• Hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia
• Amnesia and memory impairment
• Impaired motor coordination and balance
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Muscle rigidity and tremors
• Seizures
• Increased risk of developing a dependence or addiction
• Depression, anxiety, and psychosis
Ketamine abuse is linked to a number of psychological disorders, including:
• Bipolar disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Substance use disorder
• Depression
• Anxiety

Interventions
Interventions for ketamine abuse should focus on reducing drug use, reducing harm,
and providing support and treatment for the individual. Treatment options may
include cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacological treatments, and other
evidence-based interventions.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy: This type of therapy is focused on addressing the
underlying causes of substance use and helping individuals develop strategies to cope
with cravings and triggers.
Pharmacological treatments: This type of treatment involves the use of medications to
reduce cravings, reduce withdrawal symptoms, and reduce the risk of relapse.
Other evidence-based interventions: These interventions may include motivational
interviewing, 12-step programs, and family-based interventions.

Conclusion
Ketamine abuse is associated with serious health risks and harms. It is important to
identify those at risk and intervene early to reduce drug use, reduce harm, and provide
necessary treatment and support. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacological
treatments, and other evidence-based interventions can be effective in treating
ketamine abuse.

References
1) Winstock, A. R., & Barratt, M. J. (2010). Ketamine use: a review. Addiction,
105(3), 537-550.
2) Karch, S. B., & Stephens, B. (2012). Ketamine: review of pharmacology and
toxicology. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 36(4), 277-285.
3) Kleber, H. D., Weiss, R. D., Anton, R. F., & George, T. P. (2008). Ketamine
dependence: a review of the evidence. Addiction, 103(6), 969-976. 4. National
Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Treatment approaches for drug addiction.
Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-
approaches-drug-addiction